Large-scale screening for factor V Leiden (G1691A), prothrombin (G20210A), and MTHFR (C677T) mutations in Greek population.

Background and aims: To provide a fair estimate of the prevalence of factor V Leiden (FVL) (G1691A), prothrombin (G20210A), and MTHFR (C677T) mutations in the Greek population. Methods: We genotyped a representative sample of 974 apparently healthy Greek adults by the method of real-time PCR and we calculated the allele frequencies of factor V Leiden (FVL) (G1691A), prothrombin (G20210A), and MTHFR (C677T) mutations. In addition, we determined the frequency of co-occurrence of FVL (1691A) and prothrombin (20210A), FVL (1691A) and MTHFR (677T), prothrombin (20210A) and MTHFR (677T) mutations. Results: Τhe career frequencies of FVL (1691A), prothrombin (20210A), and MTHFR (677T) alleles were 7.5%, 4.5%, and 49.3% while the allele frequencies were 4%, 2.25%, and 39.5%, respectively. The coexistence of the allele frequencies combinations of two, FVL (1691A) and Prothrombin (20210A), FVL (1691A) and MTHFR (677T), prothrombin (20210A) and MTHFR (677T) was found in 1 (0.9%), 29 (3.5%), and 22 (3%) samples, respectively. Triple heterozygous carriers were not found. Conclusion: Allele frequencies of the two (FVL and MTHFR) mutations are higher compared with published data. The large sample size of our study enhances the validity of our results and suggests a biological affinity of Greek population with Southern Italian populations.

An interleukin-6 ZnO/SiO(2)/Si surface acoustic wave biosensor.

A novel high sensitivity ZnO/SiO(2)/Si Love mode surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensor for the detection of interleukin-6 (IL-6), is reported. The biosensors operating at 747.7 MHz and 1.586 GHz were functionalized by immobilizing the monoclonal IL-6 antibody onto the ZnO biosensor surface both through direct surface adsorption and through covalent binding on gluteraldehyde. The morphology of the IL-6 antibody-protein complex was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the mass of the IL-6 protein immobilized on the surface was measured from the frequency shift of the SAW resonator biosensor. The biosensor was shown to have extended linearity, which was observed to improve with higher sensor frequency and for IL-6 immobilization through the monoclonal antibody. Preliminary results of biosensor measurements of low levels of IL-6 in normal human serum are reported. The biosensor can be fully integrated with CMOS Si chips and developed as a portable real time detection system for the interleukin family of proteins in human serum.

Morphological and binding properties of interleukin-6 on thin ZnO films grown on (100) silicon substrates for biosensor applications.

To develop effective protein immobilization technology with minimal amounts of protein for high sensitivity surface acoustic wave biosensors, we determined the binding properties, and morphological characteristics of human interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, on the surface of ZnO, and SiO(2) films grown onto (100) Si substrates, for the first time. Interleukin-6 was immobilized in the range of 0.276-10 pg/ml on the surface of ZnO and SiO(2), and visualized at each stage, while protein-protein interactions were measured with the antigen/antibody immunoassay of solid-phase ELISA, which we modified for these types of substrates. A relative mass value was determined in each case. ELISA detected upward of 1 and 6 ng/ml of protein applied on ZnO and SiO(2), respectively. It is concluded that the more reactive ZnO surface is a new and more effective template for protein immobilization.

Mutational analysis of BRAF in gallbladder carcinomas in association with K-ras and p53 mutations and microsatellite instability.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the genetic changes involved in the pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the presence of mutations in exon 15 of the B-raf gene to investigate its role in gallbladder carcinogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined the mutational status in exon 15 of B-raf gene in 21 gallbladder carcinoma specimens and investigated its association with the presence of K-ras and p53 alterations, microsatellite instability and the clinicopathological features of tumors. RESULTS: B-raf mutations were observed in 7 of 21 (33%) gallbladder carcinomas examined, and all were located at the hot spot codon 599 of exon 15. K-ras and B-raf mutations were never in the same specimens. CONCLUSIONS: B-raf gene mutations seem to be a quite common event in gallbladder carcinomas, implying that B-raf may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this tumor.

B-Raf mutations, microsatellite instability and p53 protein expression in sporadic basal cell carcinomas.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy. Genes related to the Ras/Raf signalling pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of skin cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of B-Raf mutations in sporadic BCCs as well as its correlation with the phenotype of microsatellite instability (MSI), the clinicopathological parameters of the tumours and p53 protein expression. 83 BCC specimens were screened for B-Raf mutations, applying polymerase chain reaction, single-stranded conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and DNA sequencing. MSI status was examined using mononucleotide microsatellite markers and p53 protein expression was demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining. A C to T transition at 1790 nucleotide leading to a silent mutation L597L; and a T to A transversion causing an amino acid change (F610I) have been found. MSI was detected in 5% of the cases and p53 accumulation was present in 37/83 samples studied. Although rare B-Raf alterations have been observed in BCC, none of them harboured the hot-spot mutation T1799A commonly present in melanomas and colon carcinomas. Consequently, no correlation could be determined between B-Raf alterations, MSI status, the clinicopathological features and p53 protein expression. Our results are in favour of a secondary importance for Ras signalling cascade genes in BCC pathogenesis.