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BACKGROUND: Opportunistic infections (OIs) are common causes of mortality among people living with HIV (PLHIV). We determined prevalence and 30-day mortality due to histoplasmosis, cryptococcosis, and TB in PLHIV with advanced HIV disease (AHD). METHODS: PLHIV 18 years and older, with a CD4 + T-cell count of less than 350 cells/mm3 newly diagnosed with HIV infection or re-engaged in care after being without ART for more than 90 days (Group A). The second group included symptomatic PLHIV regardless of ART status or CD4 + T-cell count (Group B); all followed for 30 days. Detection of Histoplasma Ag (HisAg) in urine was done by enzyme immunoassay (EIA), Cryptococcus antigen (CrAg) was detected in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens by lateral flow assay (LFA), and lipoarabinomannan (LAM) detection in urine was by LFA (TB LAM) and in sputum by GeneXpert for diagnosis of Mycobacterium infections. RESULTS: From August 2021 to June 2022, 491 PLHIV were enrolled; 482 (98%) had a CD4 + T-cell result, and 381 patients (79%) were classified with AHD according to CD4 + T-cell count (< 200 CD4/mm3). Frequency of an OI was 38% (n = 145/381). Antigen test positivity rate was 16% (72/467) for TB-LAM, 9% (43/464) for HisAg, and 11% (51/484) for CrAg. Twenty-one of 34 (62%) patients receiving CSF CrAg tests were positive, confirming meningitis. Significant differences in 30-day mortality were observed in patients with an OI (16%) vs. no OI (7%) (p = 0.002). Mortality was highest in patients with histoplasmosis (25%), co-infection (22%), cryptococcosis (18% overall; 19% for cryptococcal meningitis), and TB (10%). CONCLUSIONS: TB and fungal OIs, including co-infection, were common in PLHIV in Paraguay and had high associated mortality. Laboratories and health facilities need access to CD4 + T-cell testing and rapid diagnostic assays.
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Coinfecção , Criptococose , Infecções por HIV , Histoplasmose , Infecções Oportunistas , Tuberculose , Humanos , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Histoplasmose/diagnóstico , Histoplasmose/epidemiologia , Testes de Diagnóstico Rápido , Paraguai/epidemiologia , Criptococose/complicações , Criptococose/diagnóstico , Criptococose/epidemiologia , Tuberculose/complicações , Tuberculose/diagnóstico , Tuberculose/epidemiologia , Antígenos de FungosRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In Uruguay, productive animals are attacked by various predators, causing injuries and financial losses, leading to great concern for farmers. The objective of this study was to determine, using a cross-sectional study, if predator attacks on productive animals during the year 2021 influenced the psychological distress of farmers. METHODS: Four hundred and forty-two farmers from around the country were surveyed with questions according to the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (dependent variable), and predator attacks received in 2021 (independent variable). RESULTS: Of the total number of farmers surveyed, approximately 49% (216/442) had animals that had been attacked by predators. Farmers whose productive species were attacked in 2021 had higher levels of psychological distress than those whose animals were not attacked (p<0.01). Additionally, farmers who reported the highest levels of psychological distress had more deaths of productive species (and more financial losses) from predator attacks in 2021 than those who did not. CONCLUSION: The losses of productive species and the financial costs negatively influenced the psychological distress of farmers. This information highlights the need to generate public policies about farmers wellbeing that help them in these situations.
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Fazendeiros , Angústia Psicológica , Animais , Humanos , Fazendeiros/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Uruguai/epidemiologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Training models in laparoscopic surgery allow the surgical team to practice procedures in a safe environment. We have proposed the use of a 4-task, low-cost inert model to practice critical steps of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. METHODS: The performance of 3 groups with different levels of expertise in laparoscopic surgery, novices (A), intermediates (B), and experts (C), was evaluated using a low-cost inert model in the following tasks: (1) intraoperative cholangiography catheter insertion, (2) transcystic exploration, (3) T-tube placement, and (4) choledochoscope management. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to identify differences among the groups. RESULTS: A total of 14 individuals were evaluated: 5 novices (A), 5 intermediates (B), and 4 experts (C). The results involving intraoperative cholangiography catheter insertion were similar among the 3 groups. As for the other tasks, the expert had better results than the other 2, in which no significant differences occurred. The proposed model is able to discriminate among individuals with different levels of expertise, indicating that the abilities that the model evaluates are relevant in the surgeon's performance in CBD exploration. CONCLUSIONS: Construct validity for tasks 2 and 3 was demonstrated. However, task 1 was no capable of distinguishing between groups, and task 4 was not statistically validated.
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Ducto Colédoco/cirurgia , Cirurgia Geral/educação , Laparoscopia/educação , Ensino/métodos , Coledocolitíase/cirurgia , Humanos , Materiais de EnsinoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in patients with failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: This is a descriptive, comparative study. Patients with an indication of common bile duct exploration between February 2005 and October 2008 were included. We studied 2 groups: Group A: patients with failed ERCP who underwent LCBDE plus LC. Group B: patients with common bile duct stones managed with the 1-step approach (LCBDE + LC) with no prior ERCP. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included. Group A: 9 patients, group B: 16 patients. Success rate, operative time, and hospital stay were as follows: group A 66% vs group B 87.5%; group A 187 minutes vs 106 minutes; group A 4.5 days vs 2.3 days; respectively. CONCLUSION: Patients with failed ERCP should be considered as high-complex cases in which the laparoscopic procedure success rate decreases, and the conversion rate increases considerably.
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Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica , Colecistectomia Laparoscópica , Colecistolitíase/cirurgia , Coledocolitíase/cirurgia , Ducto Colédoco/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Laparoscopia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Training and experience of the surgical team are fundamental for the safety and success of complex surgical procedures, such as laparoscopic common bile duct exploration. METHODS: We describe an inert, simple, very low-cost, and readily available training model. Created using a "black box" and basic medical and surgical material, it allows training in the fundamental steps necessary for laparoscopic biliary tract surgery, namely, (1) intraoperative cholangiography, (2) transcystic exploration, and (3) laparoscopic choledochotomy, and t-tube insertion. RESULTS: The proposed model has allowed for the development of the skills necessary for partaking in said procedures, contributing to its development and diminishing surgery time as the trainee advances down the learning curve. Further studies are directed towards objectively determining the impact of the model on skill acquisition. CONCLUSION: The described model is simple and readily available allowing for accurate reproduction of the main steps and maneuvers that take place during laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, with the purpose of reducing failure and complications.
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Competência Clínica , Ducto Colédoco/cirurgia , Cirurgia Geral/educação , Colangiografia , Endoscopia/educação , Humanos , Laparoscopia , Ensino/métodos , Materiais de EnsinoRESUMO
Objetivo: Caracterizar los trastornos mentales de los pacientes consultantes del Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Universitario de Caracas enero 2020 enero 2021, que acudieron por primera vez y habían presentado infección por COVID-19 3 a 6 meses antes de consultar. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal en pacientes que acudieron al Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital Universitario de Caracas para emergencia (por primera vez y sucesivas) por presentar patologías mentales durante y posterior a infección por COVID-19 durante el periodo enero 2020-enero 2021. Resultados: De 718 pacientes, 53 que acudieron con patologías mentales habían presentado infección previa por COVID-19 representando el 7,38%. Edad promedio 27-29 años (66,03 %). La mayoría del sexo femenino (71,69 %). El 77,35 % provenían del Distrito Capital; el 18,86 % del estado Miranda, siendo el estado civil predominante la soltería con 73,58 %; el 56,60 % estaban desempleados y el 79,24 % no poseían nivel de instrucción. En relación a los diagnósticos: trastorno depresivo mayor con síntomas ansiosos (30,18 %), trastorno depresivo (18,86 %), episodio maniforme (1,88 %) episodio psicótico agudo (18,86 %), trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (7,54 %), entre otros. Conclusión: Los síntomas psiquiátricos originados por infección por COVID-19 aparecen de forma más tardía y persisten después de la infección. Las mujeres manifestaron mayor riesgo de presentar síntomas relacionados con la salud mental; se asocia a alto nivel de vulnerabilidad a causa de la influencia de los roles sociales, ciclo reproductivo y mayor morbilidad psiquiátrica(AU)
Objective: To characterize the mental disorders of the consulting patients of the Psychiatry Service of the University Hospital of Caracas January 2020 -January 2021, who came for the first time and hapresented COVID-19 infection 3 to 6 monthsbefore consulting. Methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out in patients who attended the Psychiatry Service of the University Hospital of Caracas for emergencies (for the first time and successive ones) due to presenting mental pathologies during and after COVID-19 during the period January 2020-January 2021. Results: Of 718 patients, 53 who came with mental pathologies had previous COVID-19 infection, representing 7.38%. Average age 27-29 years(66.03%). The majority were female (71.69%). 77.35% came from the Capital District; 18.86% from the state of Miranda, with the predominant marital status being single with 73.58%; 56.60% were unemployed and 79.24% had no educational level. In relation to the diagnoses: major depressive disorder with anxious symptoms (30.18%), depressive disorder (18.86%), maniform episode (1.88%), acute psychotic episode (18.86%), generalized anxiety disorder (7.54%), among others. Conclusion: Psychiatric symptoms caused by COVID-19 infection appear later and persist after infection. Women expressed a greater risk of presenting symptoms related to mental health; It is associated with a high level of vulnerability due to the influence of social roles, reproductive cycle and greater psychiatric morbidit(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , COVID-19 , Estresse PsicológicoRESUMO
Se hace un análisis de la Evolución Histórica del Sistema Nacional de Salud en Venezuela desde 1909 hasta el año 2023. Se realizó un desglose de seis etapas: etapa "A" o Gomecista (1905 1935), etapa "B" o de la Segunda Guerra Mundial (1936- 1945), etapa "C" o de la División de Hospitales(1946-1949), etapa "D" o Perezjimenista (1950 1958), etapa "E" o de inicio de la Democracia (1959 1963), etapa "F" de Modelo Curativo y de Expansión Hospitalaria (1963 1998),etapa "G" de la Revolución Bolivariana (1999 2023). Se analizó también el Plan Nacional de Salud 2019 2025(AU)
An analysis of the Historical Evolution of the National Health System in Venezuela is made from 1909 to the year 2023. A breakdown of six stages is made: stage "A" or Gomez (1905 - 1935), stage "B" or Second World War (1936-1945),stage "C" or the Hospital Division (1946-1949), stage "D" or Perezjimenista (1950-1958), stage "E" or the beginning of Democracy (1959-1963), stage "F" of the Curative Model and Hospital Expansion (1963-1998), stage "G" of the Bolivarian Revolution (1999 - 2023). The National Health Plan 2019 -2025 is also analyzed(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , História da Medicina , Venezuela , Acesso à Atenção Primária , Política de SaúdeRESUMO
La toxoplasmosis es una zoonosis causada por el protozoarioToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), de gran impacto en la salud fetal cuando se adquiere durante el embarazo, debido al riesgo de transmisión vertical. Puede producir manifestaciones clínicas en los recién nacidos: coriorretinitis, hidrocefalia, calcificaciones y retardo psicomotor. La detección precoz y la instauración de una terapéutica adecuada son claves para evitar complicaciones asociadas a la transmisión materno fetal. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas de gestantes con diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis y de los recién nacidos de éstas, durante los años 2018 al 2021 que acudieron al Servicio de Infectología del Instituto de Previsión Social (IPS). Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasversal, utilizando un registro de datos de pacientes gestantes que acudieron al IPS durante los años 2018 al 2021. Resultados: Se incluyeron 62 gestantes; mediana de edad de 30 años, (21-44 años); 4 (6%) gestantes, realizaron su primera consulta en el primer trimestre, 39 (63%) en el segundo y 19 (31%) en el tercer trimestre. 9 (15%) pacientes fueron clasificadas como seroconversión, y 53 (85%) con sospecha de infección aguda. 55 pacientes fueron sometidas a amniocentesis; 26 (47%) tuvieron resultado de PCR detectable para Toxoplasma gondii en liquido amniótico, y 29 (53%) no detectable. Sólo 19 recién nacidos contaban con serologías para diagnóstico de toxoplasmosis congénita. Entre las complicaciones fetales se encontraron macrocefalia, e ictericia del RN.
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), with a great impact on fetal health when acquired during pregnancy, due to the risk of vertical transmission. It can produce clinical manifestations in newborns: chorioretinitis, hydrocephalus, calcifications and psychomotor retardation. Early detection and the establishment of adequate therapy are key to avoiding complications associated with fetal-maternal transmission. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of pregnant women diagnosed with toxoplasmosis and their newborns, during the years 2018 to 2021 who attended the Infectious Diseases Service of the Social Welfare Institute (IPS). Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, using a data registry of pregnant patients who attended the IPS during the years 2018 to 2021. Results: 62 pregnant women were included; median age 30 years, (21-44 years); 4 (6%) pregnant women had their first consultation in the first trimester, 39 (63%) in the second and 19 (31%) in the third trimester. 9 (15%) patients were classified as having seroconversion, and 53 (85%) with suspected acute infection. 55 patients underwent amniocentesis; 26 (47%) had detectable PCR results for Toxoplasma gondii in amniotic fluid, and 29 (53%) undetectable. Only 19 newborns had serology tests for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Among the fetal complications were macrocephaly, and newborn jaundice.
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Introducción: La fiebre chikungunya (FCHIK) es una enfermedad emergente transmitida por mosquitos y causada por un alfavirus, el virus chikungunya (CHIKV). Aunque la mayoría de las personas se recuperan completamente en pocos días o semanas, algunos pacientes requieren hospitalización, pudiendo incluso desarrollar manifestaciones graves e incluso observarse un desenlace fatal. El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación es describir las características de los pacientes atendidos en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT), en el marco de la actual Epidemia de Arbovirosis por Chikungunya. Materiales y Métodos: observacional, descriptivo, transversal con componente analítico, de pacientes de ambos sexos, atendidos en el IMT en sala de urgencia y en el área de hospitalización, con diagnóstico Confirmado o Sospechoso de FCHIK. Los datos fueron obtenidos de los sistemas informáticos del hospital (HIS). Resultados: Durante el periodo I (junio a octubre, 2022) fueron atendidos 19.645 pacientes (promedio de 3929 consultas mensuales) y durante el periodo II (noviembre 2022 a marzo 2023) 27.673 pacientes (promedio de 5.534,6 consultas mensuales); reflejando un incremento del 41% de consultas. El número de pacientes que requirieron hidratación y analgesia endovenosa fue incrementándose, con énfasis en los meses de enero, febrero y marzo (590, 781 y 608 casos, respectivamente). requiriendo consecuentemente el incremento de camas de hospitalización de 5 a 15 y de sillones de hidratación, de 10 a 15 sillones. Por otro lado, el número de pacientes que requirieron hospitalización se incrementó de 2 pacientes en el mes de noviembre a 54 pacientes en el mes de marzo. La letalidad fue significativamente superior en los >15 años, comparados con los ≤15 años: 12,5% (7/56) vs 2.9% (2/69), respectivamente (p<0.03. OR=4,8. (IC95%. 1 - 24.0). Conclusión: La epidemia de Chikungunya tuvo un importante impacto en la atención médica en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical, con un aumento significativo en la asistencia de pacientes febriles, traducida en alta tasa de pacientes atendidos en áreas de urgencias, y una pequeña proporción en área de internación. Este estudio subraya la importancia de una preparación adecuada y una respuesta rápida en el contexto de una epidemia para minimizar la repercusión en los servicios de atención médica hospitalaria.
Introduction: Chikungunya fever (CHIKF) is an emerging mosquito-borne disease caused by an alphavirus, chikungunya virus (CHIKV). Although most people fully recover in a few days or weeks, some patients require hospitalization and may even develop serious manifestations and even be fatal. The objective of this research work is to describe the characteristics of the patients treated at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (IMT), within the framework of the current Chikungunya Arbovirosis Epidemic. Materials and Methods: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional with an analytical component, of patients of both sexes, treated at the IMT in the emergency room and in the hospitalization area, with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of FCHIK. Data were obtained from the hospital computer systems (HIS). Results: During period I (June to October 2022), 19,645 patients were attended (average of 3,929 monthly consultations) and during period II (November 2022 to March 2023) 27,673 patients (average of 5,534.6 monthly consultations); reflecting a 41% increase in inquiries. The number of patients who required intravenous hydration and analgesia increased, with emphasis on the months of January, February, and March (590, 781, and 608 cases, respectively). consequently requiring the increase of hospitalization beds from 5 to 15 and hydration chairs, from 10 to 15 chairs. On the other hand, the number of patients requiring hospitalization increased from 2 patients in November to 54 patients in March. Mortality was significantly higher in those >15 years, compared to those ≤15 years: 12.5% (7/56) vs 2.9% (2/69), respectively (p<0.03. OR=4.8. (IC95 %. 1 - 24.0) Conclusion: The Chikungunya epidemic had a significant impact on medical care at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, with a significant increase in the attendance of febrile patients, translated into a high rate of patients treated in emergency areas. and a small proportion in the hospitalization area. This study underscores the importance of adequate preparation and rapid response in the context of an epidemic to minimize the impact on hospital medical care services.
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Las vacunas previenen millones de muertes cada año y su eficacia y seguridad han sido ampliamente establecidas. En términos económicos, la vacunación es una de las intervenciones sanitarias más costo efectivas, generando un importante ahorro y crecimiento económico que supone a largo plazo. Se ha demostrado que la vacunación de adultos disminuye la morbilidad y la mortalidad asociadas a enfermedades infecciosas prevenibles, reduciendo las complicaciones y las hospitalizaciones, incluidos los ingresos a las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Hemos elaborado este documento de consenso con el objeto de diseñar un esquema de vacunación pragmático, accesible y estandarizado del adulto, según categoría de riesgo y edad, sobre la base de la evidencia disponible de vacunas accesibles y nuevas vacunas habiendo utilizado el Tercer Consenso de la Sociedad Paraguaya de Infectología del 2019 como base para las recomendaciones finales.
SUMMARY Vaccines prevent millions of deaths each year, and their efficacy and safety have been widely established. In economic terms, vaccination is one of the most cost-effective health interventions, generating significant savings and long-term economic growth. Adult vaccination has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with preventable Infectious diseases, reducing complications and hospitalizations, including admissions to intensive care units. We have prepared this consensus document in order to design a pragmatic, accessible and standardized vaccination scheme for adults, according to risk category and age, based on the available evidence of available vaccines and new vaccines, having used the third consensus of the Paraguayan Infectious Diseases Society of 2019 as a basis for the final recommendations.
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Introducción: En Paraguay y en otras partes del mundo el Streptococcus pneumoniae es el principal agente causante de neumonía bacteriana, otitis media, meningitis y septicemia. Objetivo: Describir las características clínico-epidemiológicas de pacientes con enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pneumoniae atendidos en el Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMT) durante los años 2016 al 2019. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyeron a todos los pacientes con enfermedad invasiva por Streptococcus pneumoniae confirmada. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 34 pacientes, la edad promedio fue de 44años, 76% fueron varones, 61% diagnóstico de infección por VIH. El foco infeccioso predominante fue el pulmonar. De las muestras biológicas con cultivos positivos, el 73% fueron aislados en sangre, y los restantes distribuidos entre muestras de esputo, líquido ceflorraquideo y liquido pleural. El 24% de los pacientes presentaron complicaciones, entre falla orgánica (15%) y empiema (9%). El 59% de los pacientes recibió tratamiento con cefalosporinas. La mortalidad intrahospitalaria registrada fue del 18%.Conclusión: Los pacientes con enfermedad invasiva que acudieron al IMT durante los años 2016 al 2019 fueron en su mayoría adultos jóvenes, inmunosuprimidos, con neumonía.
Introduction: In Paraguay and in other parts of the world, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main causative agent of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and septicemia. Objective: To describe the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae treated at the Institute of Tropical Medicine (IMT) during the years 2016 to 2019. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. All patients with confirmed invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae were included. Results: 34 patients were included, the average age was 44 years, 76% were male, 61% diagnosed with HIV infection. The predominant infectious focus was the lung. Of the biological samples with positive cultures, 73% were isolated from blood, and the rest distributed among samples of sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, and pleural fluid. 24% of the patients presented complications, between organic failure (15%) and empyema (9%). 59% of the patients received treatment with cephalosporins. The registered intrahospital mortality was 18%. Conclusion: The patients with invasive disease who attended the IMT during the years 2016 to 2019 were mostly young adults, immunosuppressed, with pneumonia.
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Desde hace varios años es conocida la infección transmitida por el virus de la viruela símica, caracterizada por afecciones que transitan desde leves lesiones cutáneas hasta afecciones más complejas; sin embargo, desde el mes de mayo, ha habido un rebrote de casos con notificación de alerta epidemiológica a nivel mundial, declarándose luego una emergencia de salud pública por la OMS en el mes de julio. La mayoría de los casos fueron observados en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres lo que sugiere la mayor exposición las relaciones sexuales y eventualmente ha propuesto la interrogante de nuevas mutaciones genéticas. Se presenta el primer caso de Viruela del Mono en Paraguay, en paciente adulto joven, masculino, de compromiso leve, sin repercusión sistémica, y con evolución favorable. Las medidas sanitarias son nuevamente el pilar fundamental para la toma de directrices y manejos protocolizados a fin de alcanzar una correcta vigilancia en salud pública.
The infection transmitted by the monkeypox virus has been known for a few years, characterized by conditions from mild skin lesions to another more complex; however, since the month of May, there has been a resurgence of cases with notification of epidemiological alert worldwide, later declaring a public health emergency by the WHO in July. Most of the cases were observed in men who have sex with men, suggesting the greatest exposure to sexual intercourse and eventually raising the question of new genetic mutations. The first case of Monkeypox in Paraguay is presented, in a young adult male patient, with mild involvement, without systemic repercussions, and with a favorable evolution. Sanitary measures are once again the fundamental pillar for the adoption of protocolized guidelines and procedures in order to achieve proper public health surveillance.
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Construir el Perfil del Cirujano General en Venezuela. Método: Estudio cuantitativo, constructivista, con aplicación del método Delphi para la construcción del consenso. Fases: revisión de la literatura, redacción de propuestas, rondas itinerantes de consulta a expertos, adecuación del modelo según la interacción con participantes.Resultados : Población: 30 expertos miembros del Consejo Nacional de la Sociedad Venezolana de Cirugía y profesores de Postgrado de Cirugía General. Aprobación de 100% de las competencias de segundo nivel en la segunda ronda itinerante. En relación a las habilidades prácticas se obtuvo aprobación en 98,2% de las propuestas. El número de años de formación de postgrado y el número de intervenciones al momento del egreso, propuesta por los participantes, no obtuvo consenso. La fiabilidad del instrumento mediante el Alpha Cronbach fue de 0,98.Conclusiones : El Perfil de Competencia Profesional del Cirujano General en Venezuela fue creado por consenso describiendo la necesidad de un Cirujano General quien de respuestas éticas, inclusivas, con sentido de responsabilidad humana y social, capacidad de autoevaluación y cumplimiento de normativas internacionales adaptadas a la realidad local y ajustadas al medio de trabajo. De igual manera, se identificaron las habilidades prácticas que deben ser dominadas por el egresado para dar respuesta a la asistencia médica institucional. Consideramos que este perfil de competencia debe servir de referente para el diseño de los nuevos currículos por competencia profesional de nuestros postgrados a nivel nacional que permitan la formación del especialista que atienda y responda a la necesidades de nuestra población(AU)
Build the Profile of the General Surgeon in Venezuela. Method: Quantitative, constructivist study, with application of the Delphi method for prospective consensus. Phases: review of the literature, writing of proposals, itinerant consultation rounds with experts, adaptation of the model according to the interaction with participants. Results: Population: 30 expert members of the National Council of the Venezuelan Society of Surgery and Postgraduate professors of General Surgery. 100% of the level II competitions were approved in the first and second rounds. In relation to practical skills, approval was obtained in 98.2% of the proposals. In relation to the number of years of postgraduate training and the number of interventions at the time of graduation, proposed by the participants, no consensus was obtained. The reliability of the instrument using the Alpha Cronbach was 0.98.Conclusions : The Professional Competence Profile of the General Surgeon in Venezuela was created by consensus describing the need for a Surgeon General who, with ethical, inclusive responses, with a sense of human and social responsibility, self-assessment capacity and compliance with international regulations adapted to the local reality, and adjusted to the work environment. Similarly, the practical skills that must be mastered by the graduate to respond to institutional medical care were identified. We believe that this profile of competence should serve as a reference for the design of the new curricula for professional competence of our postgraduate courses at the national level that allow the training of the specialist who attends and responds to the needs of our population(AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Competência Profissional , Cirurgia Geral , Currículo , Técnica Delphi , Consenso , Cursos , Docentes , Descrição de CargoRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Technical skills assessment is considered an important part of surgical training. Subjective assessment is not appropriate for training feedback, and there is now increased demand for objective assessment of surgical performance. Economy of movement has been proposed as an excellent alternative for this purpose. The investigators describe a readily available method to evaluate surgical skills through motion analysis using accelerometers in Apple's iPod Touch device. METHODS: Two groups of individuals with different minimally invasive surgery skill levels (experts and novices) were evaluated. Each group was asked to perform a given task with an iPod Touch placed on the dominant-hand wrist. The Accelerometer Data Pro application makes it possible to obtain movement-related data detected by the accelerometers. Average acceleration and maximum acceleration for each axis (x, y, and z) were determined and compared. RESULTS: The analysis of average acceleration and maximum acceleration showed statistically significant differences between groups on both the y (P = .04, P = .03) and z (P = .04, P = .04) axes. This demonstrates the ability to distinguish between experts and novices. The analysis of the x axis showed no significant differences between groups, which could be explained by the fact that the task involves few movements on this axis. CONCLUSION: Accelerometer-based motion analysis is a useful tool to evaluate laparoscopic skill development of surgeons and should be used in training programs. Validation of this device in an in vivo setting is a research goal of the investigators' team.
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Acelerometria/instrumentação , Competência Clínica , Educação Médica Continuada/métodos , Avaliação Educacional/métodos , Laparoscopia/educação , Especialidades Cirúrgicas/educação , Desenho de Equipamento , HumanosRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN: Los resultados de la reparación de lesiones SLAP en pacientes con compensación laboral son peores que en la población general. El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la evolución postquirúrgica de una serie de pacientes laborales, operados por SLAP, con dos técnicas diferentes: reparación y tenodesis, y comparar dos técnicas de tenodesis. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron retrospectivamente 58 pacientes, con un seguimiento promedio de 18 meses, y edad media de 34 años. El diagnóstico principal en todos los casos fue SLAP. Se formaron dos grupos de tratamiento según la edad y lesiones asociadas: Grupo A- Reparación, 17 casos; Grupo B- Tenodesis, 41 casos. En el grupo B se realizaron dos técnicas: tenodesis suprapectoral artroscópica (23 casos) y subpectoral abierta (18 casos). Se analiza aquí la evolución de ambos grupos de pacientes, y se comparan los resultados de las dos técnicas de tenodesis realizadas. Se utilizó SST, UCLA y Satisfacción personal para evaluar los resultados. RESULTADOS: Los valores medios de SST fueron de 74.5% y 77,8%, y los de UCLA 25.2 y 26.9 puntos para los grupos A y B respectivamente. El porcentaje de pacientes con UCLA satisfactorio fue de 47% en el grupo A y 66% en el grupo B. El porcentaje de pacientes satisfechos con el tratamiento recibido fue: 65% en el grupo reparación y 93% en el grupo tenodesis. La comparación de los resultados de ambas técnicas de tenodesis no encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los subgrupos. CONCLUSIÓN: El tratamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones SLAP en pacientes con compensación laboral arrojó bajos resultados en los scores de SST y UCLA en esta serie. Hubo mayor porcentaje de pacientes satisfechos en el grupo tenodesis. No encontramos diferencias entre la tenodesis artroscópica y la subpectoral. Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos. Nivel de evidencia: IV.
INTRODUCTION: SLAP lesions in worker´s compensation patients yield worse results than in the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative evolution of a series of worker´s compensation patients operated for SLAP lesions, with two different techniques: repair and tenodesis, and to compare two different types of tenodesis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 58 patients were retrospectively evaluated with an average follow-up of 18 months, average age of 34 years. The primary diagnosis in all cases was SLAP. Two treatment groups were formed according to age and associated injuries: Group A Repair, 17 cases; Group B Tenodesis, 41 cases. Group B was subdivided in Arthroscopic tenodesis (23 cases) and Open subpectoral tenodesis (18 cases). SST, UCLA scores and patient´s satisfaction were used to assess the results of groups A and B. Besides, both groups of tenodesis were compared. RESULTS: SST mean values were 74.5% and 77.8%, and UCLA mean values were 25.2 and 26.9 points respectively for groups A and B. The percentage of patients with satisfactory UCLA was 47% in the Repair group and 66% in the Tenodesis group. The percentage of patients satisfied with the treatment was 65% in the Repair group and 93% in the Tenodesis group. Comparing results of both types of tenodesis found not statistically significant differences between subgroups. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of SLAP lesions in worker´s compensation patients showed low results in SST and UCLA scores in this series. There was a higher percentage of satisfied patients in the tenodesis group. We found no differences between arthroscopic and subpectoral tenodesis. Type Study: Case series. Level of Evidence: IV.
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Adulto , Artroscopia/métodos , Doenças Profissionais , Satisfação do Paciente , Lesões do Ombro/cirurgia , Articulação do Ombro/cirurgia , Traumatismos dos Tendões/cirurgia , Tenodese/métodosRESUMO
Resumen La Paracoccidioidomicosis es una micosis sistémica de gran importancia para los países de América Latina. Cuando no es diagnositicada y tratada oportunamente puede progresar a formas diseminadas graves. Se describen aislados casos de afectación ósea única o múltiple, por lo general en la forma diseminada. Caso clínico: Varón, 73 años, albañil, procedente de San Antonio - Pte. Hayes, cuadro de 3 meses de evolución, lesión ulcerada en región maleolar externa del tobillo izquierdo, inicia como lesión única, aproximadamente 1 cm de diámetro, luego aumenta de tamaño y aparece lesión de pequeño tamaño con similar característica en vecindad. Una semana antes, dolor y secreción serosa a nivel de las lesiones por lo cual consulta. Se le realiza escarificación de la lesión: esporos micóticos exoesporulados compatibles con Paracoccidioides sp. y se decide internación. En paladar duro se observa lesión ulcerada de aspecto granulomatoso de 0.5 x 1 cm. En piel palidez generalizada y lesiones ulceradas en región maleolar externa del pie izquierdo, en número de 2, redondeadas, bordes netos, con secreción serosa y tumefacción dolorosa perilesional. Escarificación de úlcera en paladar: Paracoccidioides sp. Serología para Paracoccidioides brazilienzis: positivo 1 / 2. TAC tórax: infiltrado parenquimatoso perihiliar y bibasal con imágenes cavitarias. TAC MII: lesión osteolítica en sacabocado en peroné. Recibió 1,5 gr. acumulativo de AmB desoxicolato con buena evolución y se externa con Cotrimoxazol con plan de tratamiento estimativo mínimo de 2 años
Abstract Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis of great importance for the countries of Latin America. When it is not diagnosed and treated timely it can progress to severe disseminated forms. Isolated cases of single or multiple bone involvement are described, usually in the disseminated form. Clinical case: Male, aged 73, bricklayer, from San Antonio - Pte. Hayes, a 3 months evolution, ulcerated lesion in the external malleolar region of the left ankle, starts as a single lesion, approximately 1 cm in diameter, then increases size and small lesion appears with similar feature in neighborhood. One week before, pain and serous discharge at the level of the lesions for which he consults. Scarification of the lesion is performed: exoesporulated mycotic spores compatible with Paracoccidioides sp. and hospitalization is decided. In the hard palate, an ulcerated granulomatous lesion of 0.5 x 1 cm is observed. In generalized pallor skin and ulcerated lesions in the external malleolar region of the left foot, number of 2, rounded, net borders, with serous secretion and painful perilesional swelling. Escharification of ulcer on the palate: Paracoccidioides sp. Serology for Paracoccidioides brazilienzis: positive 1 / 2. Chest CT: perihilar and bibasal parenchymal infiltrate with cavitary images. TAC MII: osteolytic lesion in a fibula sac. Received 1.5 gr. accumulation of AmB deoxycholate with good evolution and external with Cotrimoxazole with a treatment plan of at least 2 years.
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Introducción: la infección por el citomegalovirus (CMV) se adquiere por contacto directo de secreciones infectadas, frecuente en países en desarrollo, produciendo estado de latencia, cronicidad e infección activa con replicación en ausencia de enfermedad clínica. En trasplantados se relaciona a desarrollo tardío de enfermedad y en recién nacidos (RN) a infección congénita. Objetivo: identificar el ADN del CMV por PCR (Reacción en cadena de la Polimerasa) cualitativa para confirmar la infección y el desarrollo de la enfermedad con la carga viral, en pacientes de diferentes servicios de salud con algún tipo de inmunosupresión en Paraguay. Metodología: diseño descriptivo, corte transversal realizado del 2008 a 2015. Se tomaron muestras de sangre con EDTA o líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). La extracción del ADN se realizó con Qiagen®, seguido de una Nested PCR, que detecta un producto de 78 pb, para carga viral el CMV artus de Qiagen® en equipo Rotor Gene por PCR en tiempo real. Resultados: se incluyeron 521 muestras, 416 para PCR cualitativa: 338 de sangre, 78 de LCR y 105 para cargas virales. Hombres fueron 247, mujeres 246 y RN 28; 303 del Hospital Central Instituto Previsión Social, 129 del Ministerio de Salud y 89 de hospitales privados. La PCR detectó el ADN del CMV en 248 (60%): 63% en sangre y 45% en LCR; 124 en mujeres y 107 en hombres, 17 en RN y 60 a 62 % en el grupo de 0 a 30 años. La carga viral resultó en 81 (77%): <10 copias/ml o no detectable, en 24 muestras se observaron valores desde 30 a 221.000 copias/mL. Conclusiones: se confirmó en Paraguay infección por CMV con la PCR cualitativa y el desarrollo de enfermedad por carga viral, en inmunocomprometidos: trasplantados, dializados, con HIV; en RN a infección congénita. La mayoría fue joven (0-30 años), de servicios públicos, instaurándose la profilaxis o terapia anticipada con el antiviral.
Introduction: The infection by cytomegalovirus (CMV) is acquired by direct contact with infected secretions, is frequent in developing countries, and produces latency state, chronicity and active infection with replication in the absence of clinical disease. In transplant recipients, it is related to a late development of the disease and in newborns (NB) to congenital infection. Objective: The aim was to identify CMV DNA by qualitative PCR (polymerase chain reaction) to confirm infection and the development of the disease by viral load in patients from different health services who have some form of immunosuppression in Paraguay. Methodology: Design: descriptive cross-sectional study from 2008 to 2015. We included EDTA blood samples or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The DNA extraction was made with Qiagen® followed by nested PCR which detects a product of 78 bp, Artus® CMV Rotor Gene Qiagen Test in a real time PCR equipment was used for viral load. Results: In total, 521 samples were included, 416 for qualitative PCR: 338 from blood, 78 from CSF and 105 for viral loads. There were 247 men, 246 women and 28 NBs; 303 from the Central Hospital of the Social Security Institute, 129 from the Ministry of Health and 89 from private hospitals. PCR detected CMV DNA in 248 (60%) samples: 63% in blood and 45% in CSF; 124 in women and 107 in men, 17 in NBs and 60-62% in the group of 0-30 years. Viral load resulted in 81 (77%) samples: <10 copies/mL or undetectable, in 24 samples values from 30 to 221,000 copies/mL. Conclusions: CMV infection was confirmed in Paraguay using qualitative PCR and development of the disease by viral load in immunocompromised patients: transplanted, dialyzed, and with HIV; in NBs due to congenital infection. Most patients were young (0-30 years) and from public services, viral prophylaxis or early therapy was implemented.
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La incorporación de la cirugía laparoscópica ha conducido a cambios en el método de entrenamiento. La adquisición de habilidades debe realizarse fuera del área quirúrgica mediante programas de adiestramiento en "caja negra", modelos animales y simulado- res virtuales. Existen múltiples herramientas para la adquisición de destrezas quirúrgicas pero muy poco para el manejo de la óptica de 30. Objetivo: Validar el sistema virtual QUIRO®, al determinar su capacidad de diferenciar entre individuos con distintos niveles de experiencia. Métodos: Es un estudio comparativo, transversal, basado en la validación constructiva del sistema virtual de entrenamiento en manejo de óptica de 30o (Quiro ®). Se evaluaron un total de 25 individuos divididos en dos grupos de trabajo: grupo de novatos, constituido por 13 participantes; y grupo de expertos por 12 participantes. El desempeño de cada uno de los participantes fue medido a través de las variables utilizadas por el sistema virtual Quiro® identificados como: fulcrum 1, espacial 2, espacial 3 y ángulo 1. Resultados: Los resultados obtenidos no fueron diferentes para los ejercicios fulcrum 1 y espacial 2 ya que se tratan de ejercicios de introducción. Para los ejercicios espacial 3 y ángulo 1 hubo diferencia en relación al tiempo y colisiones (p<0.05). Conclusión: El sistema virtual Quiro® permite diferenciar entre individuos con diferentes niveles de experiencia en el manejo de óptica de 30°, por lo que puede ser considerado como instrumento de enseñanza para el manejo de la misma(AU)
The incorporation of laparoscopic surgery has led to changes in the method of training The acquisition of skills must be done outside the surgical area through training programmes on "black box", virtual simulators and animal models. There are multiple tools for surgical skills but very little for the management of the optics of 30. Objective: Validate CHIRO® virtual system, to determine their ability to differentiate between individuals with different levels of experience. Methods: It is a comparative, cross-sectional study, based on the constructive validation of virtual training system in management of 30 ° (Chiro®) optics. We evaluated a total of 25 individuals divided into two working groups: novice group, consisting of 13 participants; and group of experts by 12 participants. The performance of each of the participants was measured through the variables used by the virtual system Quiro® identified as: fulcrum 1, space 2, space 3 and angle 1. Results: The results were not different for Fulcrum 1 and space 2 years since they are exercises of introduction. For exercises 3 spatial and 1 angle there was difference in relation to weather and collisions (p<0.05). Conclusion: Quiro® virtual system allows to differentiate between individuals with different levels of experience in the management of optics of 30 °, so it can be considered as a teaching instrument for the management of the same(AU)
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Humanos , Laparoscopia , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Minimamente Invasivos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico por Cirurgia , Ensino , Estudos Transversais , Treinamento por SimulaçãoRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción Rhodococcus equi, patógeno intracelular, afecta a pacientes inmunodeprimidos, en ellos la infección pulmonar es la forma más frecuente de presentación. La Histoplasmosis, micosis profunda, habitualmente diseminada en pacientes con SIDA, relacionada al CD4 bajo. Caso Clínico Varón de 43 años, HIV+, con WB: 08/04/15, CD4: 13, CV: 92.076, TARV con Tenofovir + Lamivudina + Efavirenz, cuadro de 5 días de sensación febril, tos con expectoración amarillenta y dolor tipo puntada en hemitórax izquierdo. Examen físico MV disminuido en hemitórax izquierdo, crepitantes en campo medio. Hepatoesplenomegalia leve. Lesiones papulares violáceas indoloras en tórax y miembro superior derecho. Hemocultivo: Rhodococcus equi. TAC de tórax: imagen hiperdensa con cavitaciones en campo medio del parénquima pulmonar izquierdo. Biopsia de piel, anatomía patológica: SK en estadio de mácula. Fibrobroncoscopía + Bx transbronquial: BAL (-), anatomía patológica: proceso inflamatorio granulomatoso severo. Pancitopenia durante internación. PAMO: (-). BxMO: microgranuloma de etiología a determinar. Cultivo de MO: Histoplasma capsulatum. Recibió tratamiento con Levofloxacina 750mg/d + Azitromicina 500mg/d + Rifampicina 900 mg/d y Anfotercina B desoxicolato con buena evolución clínica. Discución La persistencia de picos febriles obligó a la realización de procedimientos invasivos para diagnosticar una coinfección oculta. Es bien conocida la afección de inmunodeprimidos por estos patógenos.
ABSTRACT Introduction Rhodococcus equi, an intracellular pathogen, affects immunecompromised patients, where lung infection is the most frequent form of presentation. Histoplasmosis, deep mycosis, usually disseminated in patients with AIDS, is related to low CD4. Clinical Case Male, 43 years, HIV +, with WB: 08/04/15, CD4: 13, CV: 92.076, ART with Tenofovir + Lamivudine + Efavirenz, 5-day fever, cough with yellowish expectoration and type pain Stitch in left hemithorax. MV physical examination decreased in left hemithorax, crackling in midfield. Mild hepatosplenomegaly. Painless violaceous papular lesions in the thorax and right upper limb. Hemoculture: Rhodococcus equi. Chest CT: hyperdense image with cavitations in the middle field of the left lung parenchyma. Skin biopsy, pathological anatomy: SK at macula stage. Fibrobronchoscopy + transbronchial Bx: BAL (-), pathological anatomy: severe granulomatous inflammatory process. Pancytopenia during hospitalization. PAMO (-). BxMO: microgranuloma of aetiology to be determined. Culture of MO: Histoplasma capsulatum. Received treatment with Levofloxacin 750mg / d + Azithromycin 500mg / d + Rifampicin 900mg / d and amphotericin B deoxycholate with good clinical evolution. Discussion The persistence of febrile spikes forced invasive procedures to diagnose occult coinfection. It is well known the condition of immunosuppressed by these pathogens.
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We present a case of a 32-year-old female patient with the diagnosis of gallstone disease and choledocholithiasis. Prior to in vivo surgery, we practiced the critical steps of the procedure using a proposed inert training model. We performed a robot-assisted laparoscopic common bile duct exploration, obtaining one stone. The operating time was 140 min (console time: 120 min) with no complications during the procedure. The patient was discharged 2 days after the operation. Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery of the common bile duct is a safe and effective procedure and seems to have some benefits over conventional laparoscopic surgery.