Sacral neuromodulation effective for neurogenic bladder: a Meta-analysis / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To evaluate the efficacy of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) in the treatment of neurogenic bladder (NB) with Meta-analysis, so as to provide reference for clinical treatment options for NB. 【Methods】 Relevant literatures regarding the efficacy of SNM in treating NB during Jan.2010 and Dec.2022 were collected from the PubMed and CNKI databases, and screened with inclusion and exclusion criteria.After the quality of literatures was assessed, data were extracted and then analyzed using Review Manager 5.3. 【Results】 The research included 14 studies involving 601 patients.Meta-analysis showed that SNM significantly improved urinary frequency (WMD=4.30, 95%CI: 2.84-5.77, P<0.01), daily episodes of urinary incontinence (WMD=2.92, 95%CI: 2.76-3.07, P<0.01), single void volume (WMD=-113.93, 95%CI: -159.91- -67.98, P<0.01), maximum flow rate (WMD=-3.23, 95%CI: -4.04- -2.42, P<0.01), residual urine (WMD=111.79, 95%CI: 79.93-143.64, P<0.01), maximum bladder capacity (WMD=-65.63, 95%CI: -84.38- -46.88, P<0.01), and bladder compliance (WMD=-4.65, 95%CI: -8.75- -0.55, P=0.03). 【Conclusion】 SNM is effective in the treatment of NB, but more randomized controlled trials are needed to verify the efficacy.

Progress in bipolar androgen therapy for castration resistant prostate cancer / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Bipolar androgen therapy (BAT), as a new therapy, can effectively reduce the serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of a part of patients with castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), delay tumor progression, improve their quality of life and restore the sensitivity to drug therapy. This paper will review the background, possible mechanism, clinical research progress and development prospect of BAT.

Reference values for urinary flow rate in elderly women: based on a national multicenter study / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To collect data on urinary flow rate in the elderly female population across the country and to analyze the range of reference values.Methods:This study enrolled 333 subjects from July 2020 to June 2022.The study implementation process was divided into two steps.In the first step, subjects completed an electronic questionnaire, which included basic information about the subject, a short form for urinary incontinence, and a scoring form for the symptoms of overactive bladder syndrome.In the second step, the staff introduced the use of a mobile uroflowmetric device and distributed the instrument and materials.Uroflow rate data were automatically uploaded to a cloud database via the mobile phone.Subsequently, two or more physicians specializing in urinary control performed Uroflow rate-qualifying screenings and conducted statistical analyses.Results:A total of 333 subjects were enrolled in the study, and the researchers collected 1375 qualified urine flow rate records using a mobile urine flow rate instrument.The age of the subjects ranged from 60 to 84 years, with a mean age of 69 years.The reference ranges for urinary flow rate were found to be 24.8-26.2 s, with a mean urinary flow rate of 12.2-12.9 ml/s, a maximum urinary flow rate of 22.2-23.4 ml/s, and a time to peak of 8.5-9.7 s. The study observed a tendency for both maximal and mean urinary flow rates to decrease in older women as their age increased(Pearson correlation coefficient: -0.1, P<0.001). Conclusions:The uroflow rate of older women decreases with aging.Specifically, the average uroflow rate of women over 80 years old is lower than that of other age groups.This study aims to establish normal uroflow parameters for uroflowmetry in healthy older women in China.

Efficacy and safety of LY01005 versus goserelin implant in Chinese patients with prostate cancer: A multicenter, randomized, open-label, phase III, non-inferiority trial / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#LY01005 (Goserelin acetate sustained-release microsphere injection) is a modified gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist injected monthly. This phase III trial study aimed to evaluated the efficacy and safety of LY01005 in Chinese patients with prostate cancer.@*METHODS@#We conducted a randomized controlled, open-label, non-inferiority trial across 49 sites in China. This study included 290 patients with prostate cancer who received either LY01005 or goserelin implants every 28 days for three injections. The primary efficacy endpoints were the percentage of patients with testosterone suppression ≤50 ng/dL at day 29 and the cumulative probability of testosterone ≤50 ng/dL from day 29 to 85. Non-inferiority was prespecified at a margin of -10%. Secondary endpoints included significant castration (≤20 ng/dL), testosterone surge within 72 h following repeated dosing, and changes in luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prostate specific antigen levels.@*RESULTS@#On day 29, in the LY01005 and goserelin implant groups, testosterone concentrations fell below medical-castration levels in 99.3% (142/143) and 100% (140/140) of patients, respectively, with a difference of -0.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], -3.9% to 2.0%) between the two groups. The cumulative probabilities of maintaining castration from days 29 to 85 were 99.3% and 97.8%, respectively, with a between-group difference of 1.5% (95% CI, -1.3% to 4.4%). Both results met the criterion for non-inferiority. Secondary endpoints were similar between groups. Both treatments were well-tolerated. LY01005 was associated with fewer injection-site reactions than the goserelin implant (0% vs . 1.4% [2/145]).@*CONCLUSION@#LY01005 is as effective as goserelin implants in reducing testosterone to castration levels, with a similar safety profile.@*TRIAL REGISTRATION@#ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04563936.

Abiraterone for treatment of germline mutation in BRCA1 gene with low age, high tumor burden and rapid progression of prostate cancer: a case report / 中华泌尿外科杂志

The incidence of prostate cancer is increasing year by year in China. People with BRCA mutation are at high risk of prostate cancer. However, there is no clear and effective treatment for mHSPC with high metastatic load carrying BRCA mutation. In this study, we report a mHSPC patient with high metastatic burden and germline BRCA1 gene mutation who rapidly progressed to mCRPC after traditional CAB therapy and then received ADT combined with abiraterone and achieved significant PSA response, suggesting that ADT combined with abiraterone may be an effective therapy for mHSPC patients with BRCA1 germline mutation.

Prognostic relevance of preoperative platelet-to-albumin ratio(PAR) in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To assess the value of platelet-to-albumin ratio on overall survival(OS) and cancer specific survival(CSS) in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma(UTUC).Methods:169 patients with UTUC in Qilu hospital of Shandong University from January 2006 to December 2013 were included in this study, retrospectively. 107(63.3%) were male and 62(36.7%) were female. Their age ranged from 36 to 87 years old, mean 65 years old. 73(43.2%)were less than 65 years old and 96(56.8%) were more than 65 years old. 38 patients had the history of smoking.15 patients had the history of bladder cancer. The single tumor was found in 159 cases (94.1%). 10 patients(5.9) owned more than one site of tumor. For the ECOG, 159 cases (94.1%) were 0 score and 10 cases(5.9%) were ≥1 score. The mean Platelet count was 217.0×10 9/L, ranging (68.0-772.0)×10 9/L. The average serum albumin was 42.0 g/L, ranging (27.3-52.7)g/L. The mean PAR was 5.40×10 9, ranging(0-17.31)×10 9. 147(87.0%) patients accepted radical nephroureterectomy and 22(13.0%) cases accepted segmental ureterectomy.155 cases(91.7%) used postoperative adjuvant chemoradiation. The patients were divided into two groups as low PAR or high according to the receiver operating curve (ROC)analysis of PAR. And the Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the OS and CSS and test the equivalences of the curves by log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were carried out using Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results:We set 6.67×10 9 was the optimal cutoff value of PAR. Therefore, the cohort was divided into 2 groups, 133(78.7%) patients had low PAR (<6.67×10 9) and 36 patients had high PAR (≥6.67×10 9). The 3-year OS and 5-year OS of high preoperative PAR group were 50.0% and 46.2%, respectively. And low preoperative PAR group were 77.6% and 66.7%, respectively. In univariate analysis, no difference was found in gender, age, tumor size, history of smoking and LVI. Meanwhile, tumor grade (G 1-2 or G 3), pathological T stage (pT a/T 1 or pT 2-4) and PAR (<6.67×10 9 or ≥6.67×10 9) were significantly associated with OS and CSS. Multivariate analysis with a Cox proportional hazards regression model were performed and showed that PAR was significantly associated with OS and CSS (OS: HR=1.850, 95% CI 1.095-3.127, P=0.022; CSS: HR=2.154, 95% CI 1. 242-3.736, P=0.006). Conclusions:Preoperative PAR is an independent prognostic factor in predicting patient with UTUC. And the platelet and serum albumin level are low cost and easy to obtain. PAR may be expected to become a biological factor to predict the prognostic factor in patients with UTUC.

The feasibility and efficacy of total laparoscopic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal Xing's orthotopic neobladder / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To explore the feasibility and clinical effect of laparoscopic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal Xing's orthotopic neobladder.Methods Forty-one patients who underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy with intracorporeal Xing's orthotopic neobladder from July 2013 to August 2019.There were 31 cases performed in Beijing Chaoyang hospital and 10 cases in National Cancer Center.Mean age was 59 (range 44-78) years,mean BMI was 25.3 (range 20.1-34.7) kg/m2,and mean CCI was 3 (range 2-6).No urethral stricture or urinary incontinence was found by preoperative examination.No distant metastasis was identified by bone scans,chest X-ray and sonography.Cystoscopy or TURBT was performed on all patients and biopsy was taken to confirm the diagnosis.Preoperative pathology showed 30 cases (73.2％) of MIBC,9 cases of NMIBC (22.0％) and 2 cases (4.9％) of in-situ cancer.Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and lymphadenectomy were performed under general anesthesia.Urinary diversion was completed in the peritoneal cavity,by intercepting the terminal ileum about 60 cm,and taking the proximal ileum 10 cm as input loop on the right side with proximal to distal way,and the middle 40 cm ileum was detubated.After u-shaped suture,the ileum was folded back and stitched into a sphere building a novd orthotopic neobladder with bilateral isoperistaltic afferent limbs.The prognosis of perioperative data and postoperative satisfaction regarding continence were analyzed,continence was defined as 0-1 pad/day.The 41 patients were divided into two groups to compare the difference in term of operation time and blood loss between the first 21 patients and the last 20 patients.Results Mean total operative time was 324.9 mins (range 210-480) mins,and mean estimated blood loss was 177.6(range 50-700) ml.There were significant statistical differences in term of total operation time,construction time and blood loss between the first 21 patients and the next 20 patients (P ＜ 0.05).Postoperative pathological results were urothelial carcinoma in 40 cases (2 in situ carcinoma) and small cell carcinoma in 1 case.Mean number of dissected lymph nodes was 19 (range 11-58),with 7 cases(17.1％)of positive lymph nodes,and 3 cases(7.3％) had positive surgical margin.At a mean follow up of 17.6 (range 2-64) months,36 patients (87.8％) survived,including 2 patients (4.9％) with metastasis and 1 patient (2.4％) with recurrence,and 5 cases (12.2％)died.All patients were able to urinate without catheterization.Thirty-seven patients (90.2％) were satisfied with voiding control during the daytime (0-1 urinal pad),and 29 patients (70.7％) were satisfied with voiding control at nighttime (0-1 urinal pad) by the follow-up 12 months after the operation.Conclusions Total laparoscopic radical cystectomy combined with Xing's orthotopic ileum neobladder is a simple method with fewer postoperative complications and a satisfactory continence rate.

The distribution characteristics of urine flora in patients with ureteral stent tube crusting / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the distribution characteristics of bacteria in urine of patients with ureteral stent crusting.Methods:Thirty-five patients who underwent ureteral stent placement at the Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, Jinan Central Hospital, and Jinan Jigang Hospital were selected from October, 2018 to March, 2019(the clinical study registration number is ChiCTR1800020025). The inclusion criteria were patients who had the stent intubated for 4 weeks after ureteroscopic lithotripsy, aged between 18 and 65 years. Exclusion criteria were patients with positive urine bacterial culture, severe gross hematuria, recent oral antibiotics, and patients with significant residual stones. This clinical study uses a cross-sectional study method, and those patients were divided into crusting group (n=23) and non-crusting group (n=12) according to the presence or absence of stent crusting. On the day of extubation, urine of the patients was collected for bacterial 16s DNA detection. The distribution characteristics of bacteria in urine of the two groups were analyzed using UPARSE, UCHIME and RDP calssifier. The total number of bacteria species, bacterial abundance and bacterial species with large-scale abundance in urine of the two groups were determined. The quantity of bacteria species and bacterial abundance in the urine between the two groups were compared, and the bacterial species with large-scale abundance in urine of the patients with stent crusting were identified.Results:There were no significant differences in general information such as age, body mass index, gender, affected side, type of stent tube, and stone composition between the two groups. Using 16s DNA sequencing to detect the bacteria in the urine of the two groups revealed that the number of bacterial species with abundance >1% was 11, and the number of bacterial species with abundance >0.01% was 74 in the crusting group. In the non-crusting group, the number of bacterial species with abundance >1% and >0.01% was 7 and 11, respectively. Compared with the non-crusting group, the number of bacterial species with abundance >1% in the crusting group was significantly larger ( t=5.12, P=0.000). In the crusting group, bacterial species with the top three abundance were g_Lactobacillus (23.1%), g_Bacteroides (18.8%) and g_norank_Bacteroides (17.1%). In the non-crusting group, bacterial species with the top three abundance were g_Escherichia-Shigella (32.2%), g_Enterococcus (24.9%) and g_Pseudomonas (18.2%). The three bacteria with the greatest difference between the two groups were g_ Lactobacillus ( P=0.010), g_Bacteroides ( P=0.004) and g_norank_Bacteroides ( P=0.004), respectively. Conclusion:The species and quantity of bacteria in the urine of patients with stent crusting are both significantly larger than those of patients without stent crusting. Bacteroides with larger-scale abundance in the urine of patients with stent crusting may promote the deposition of crystals on the stent wall through its structure, function and urease positive characteristics.

The efficacy of intravesical instillation of domestic BCG versus epirubicin in the prevention of recurrence of intermediate-risk or high-risk non-muscular invasive bladder cancer and predictive factors of BCG instillation: a randomized, controlled, multi-center clinical trial with 2 years’ follow-up / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the 2 years’ efficacy of intravesical instillation of domestic BCG versus epirubicin in the prevention of recurrence of intermediate-risk or high-risk non-muscular invasive bladder cancer and predictive factors of BCG instillation.Methods:From July 2015 to June 2020, 18-75 years old patients with moderate to high-risk non muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) confirmed by pathological examination were involved. The ECOG score was 0-2. Exclusion criteria included ①immune deficiency or impairment (such as AIDS), using immunosuppressive drugs or radiotherapy, suspected allergic to BCG or epirubicin or excipients of the two drugs, fever or acute infectious diseases including active tuberculosis or receiving anti tuberculosis treatment, with severe chronic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases or chronic kidney disease; ②combined with other urogenital system tumors or other organ tumors; ③combined with muscle invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma (≥T 2); ④undergoing chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy within 4 weeks (immediate instillation after surgery not included); ⑤ pregnant or lactating women; ⑥ comfirmed or suspected bladder perforation; ⑦gross hematuria; ⑧cystitis with severe bladder irritation that may affect the evaluation; ⑨participat in other clinical trials within 3 months; ⑩alcohol or drug addiction; ?any risk factors that may increasing the risk of patients. Epirubicin 50 mg was irrigated immediately after the operation(TURBT or laser resection). The patients were randomly divided into BCG15 group, BCG19 group and epirubicin group by the ratio of 2∶2∶1, and the patients were maintained intravescical instillation for 1 year. The recurrence and adverse events of the three groups were compared. Univariate and multivariate analysis was performed to predict the risk factors of BCG irrigated therapy failure. Result:By June 15, 2020, the median follow-up duration was 22.1 months(12.1, 32.3), and there was no statistical difference between the groups ( P=0.9024). There were 274 patients enrolled in BCG19 group, 277 patients enrolled in BCG15 group and 130 patients enrolled in the epirubicin group. The drop-off rate was 16.6%(113 cases)and made no difference between groups( P=0.6222). There were no significant difference in age, gender, BMI, or ECOG score( P>0.05). During the follow-up, 116 cases was detected recurrence or progression. The recurrence rate of the three groups was 14.2% and 14.8% in BCG19 group and BCG15 group, and 27.7% in the epirubicin group. There was no difference in recurrence rate between BCG19 and BCG15 group( P=0.9464). The recurrence rate of BCG19 group was lower than that of the epirubicin group ( P=0.0017). The recurrence rate of BCG15 group was lower than that of the epirubicin group ( P=0.0020). There was no difference in the cumulative recurrence free survival rate between BCG19 and BCG15 group (95% CI0.57-1.46, P=0.7173). The cumulative recurrence free survival rate of BCG 19 group was better than that of the epirubicin group( HR=0.439, 95% CI0.26-0.74, P=0.0006), and the cumulative recurrence free survival rate of BCG15 group was better than that of the epirubicin group ( HR=0.448, 95% CI0.29-0.80, P=0.0021). The total incidence of adverse events in 19 BCG19, BCG15 and epirubicin group were 74.5%, 72.6% and 69.8% respectively. There was no difference in the incidence of adverse events between BCG19 and BCG15 group( P=0.6153). The incidence of adverse events in epirubicin group was lower than that of BCG19( P=0.0051) and BCG15( P=0.0167) groups.There was no significant difference in the incidence of serious adverse events (SAE) among the three groups ( P=0.5064). Log rank test univariate analysis and Cox risk regression model multivariate analysis showed that the history of bladder cancer recurrence( HR=6.397, 95% CI1.95-20.94, P=0.0001)was independent risk factor for BCG irrigation failure. Conclusions:The 2 years’ efficacy of intravesical instillation of domestic BCG is better than than of epirubicin with good tolerance and safety. There is no difference between BCG19 and BCG15 group. BCG doesn’t increase SAE compared with epirubicin. Recurrence status was an independent prognostic factor regarding recurrence-free survival.

The efficacy and safety of BCG in the prevention of postoperative recurrence of intermediate and high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a randomized, controlled, multi-center clinical trial (mid-term report) / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of intravesical instillation of BCG vaccine in the prevention of early recurrence of middle and high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.Methods From July 2015,patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer aged 18-75 years with informed consent were screened and underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT).Immediately intravesical instillation of epirubicin 50 mg was given postoperatively.After pathology was comfirmed,patients was enrolled in group 1 (BCG15) or group 2 (BCG 19) or the control group (epirubicin 18) randomly with SAS 9.3 software.Data of follow-up and Adverse event was collected and analyzed.Results By May 31,2019,531 patients were enrolled in the study.The drop-off rate was 20.1％.167 patients (143 males and 24 females)in group 1,172 patients (141 males and 31 females)in group2 and 84(75 males and 9 females) in the control group with follow-up data were analyzed.There were no significant differences in age,gender,BMI,ECOG score,risk stratification between the three groups (P =0.8641,P =0.2906,P =0.9384,P =0.6126).The median follow-up time makes no statistical difference between the groups (P =0.9251),12.0 (6.0,22.5) months,13.0 (6.0,22.3) months,and 13.0 (7.0,22.3) months.The median recurrence time of the three groups was 4.0 (3.0,6.0) months,4.5 (3.0,9.8) months,4.5 (3.0,8.8) months.There was no statistical difference between the three groups (P =0.2852).Risk stratification in the patients got no significant difference between the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).The 1-year recurrence-free survival rates were 80.0％ in the group 1 and 88.3％ in the group 2 and 73.7％ in the control group.The group 2 was superior to the group 1 and the control group (P =0.0281,P =0.0031).There was no significant difference between group 1 and control group (P =0.2951).There was no significant difference in the cumulative recurrence-free survival between the experimental group 1 and the experimental group 2,(95％ CI 0.80-2.43,P =0.2433).The cumulative recurrence-free survival in the group 1 and the group 2 was better than the control group (95 ％ CI 0.31-0.92,P =0.0266;95 ％ CI 0.20-0.65,P =0.0008).All the cases underwent instillation were analyzed for adverse events.The incidence of overall AE(adverse events) in group 1 was 68.5％ (152/222),the incidence of grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ AE was 53.2％ (118/222),the incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ AE was 15.3％ (32/222).The incidence of overall AE in the group 2 was 71.8％ (160/223),the incidence of grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ AE was 60.1％ (134/223),and the incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ AE was 11.7％ (26/223).The overall AE rate in the control group was 53.2％ (59/111),of which the incidence of grade Ⅰ-Ⅱ AE was 42.4％ (47/111),and the incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ AE was 10.8％ (12/111).There was no difference in the incidence of overall AE between the group 1 and the group 2 (P =0.4497).The incidence of AE in the two experimental groups was higher than that in the control group (P =0.0062,P =0.0008).There was no difference in the incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ AE between the three groups (P =0.3902).Conclusions BCG(19 instillation schedule) has a better effect on preventing recurrence after 1 year of bladder surgery,which is superior to epirubicin group.The long-term efficacy of BCG in preventing recurrence and the efficacy of different schedules need to be further followed up.The lower urinary tract symptoms,which are mainly urinary frequency,are one of the causes of case fallout and should be fouced in future.Compared with epirubicin,BCG perfusion does not increase the incidence of grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ adverse reactions,and is safe to use.

Experimental study on preparation and targeting in vitro of nanobubbles with two-fold amount of folate / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To investigate the selective targeting ability of a novel folate-modified nanobubbles with two-fold amount of folate [(FOL)2-NBs] . Methods DSPE-PEG2000-AD-(FOL)2with two-fold of folate per DSPE-PEG2000 chain was synthesized and then tested by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) . The novel (FOL)2-NBs was prepared using the mechanical shaking method based on lipid-stabilized perfluoropropane . The bubble size was measured by Malvern laser particle size analyzer and the contrast enhancement ability was also detected with imaging machine using a self-made agarose mold . The experiment of selective targeting ability was also carried out in human breast cancer MCF-7 cell with over-expression of folate receptor ( FR) using fluorescence activated cell sorting ( FACS) . Results The result of 1H NMR proved that DSPE-PEG2000-AD-( FOL )2was successfully synthesized ,and the purity reached up to 90% . The novel prepared ( FOL) 2-NBs showed superior contrast enhancement ability with a particle size of ( 286 .87 ± 22 .96) nm . Compared with the conventional NBs ,the novel ( FOL) 2-NBs exhibited improved selective cellular targeting ability proven by FACS . Conclusions A novel nanobubble with improved selective targeting ability is successfully prepared and shows great potential in extravascular imaging and curation in FR overexpressed tumors .

The effect study of bladder perfusion with sodium hyaluronate combined with ultrashort wave in treatment of glandular cystitis / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of bladder perfusion with sodium hyaluronate combined with ultrashort wave irradiation in bladder region in treatment of glandular cystitis.Methods 22 patients diagnosed as typical glandular cystitis were selected from our hospital between March 2013 and March 2013. Those patients were given bladder perfusion with sodium hyaluronate combined with ultrashort wave irradiation in bladder region according to the designed course. The lesion areas were taked photos and bited samples for microscopic observation and HE staining.The evaluation indicators include pelvic pain and urgency/frequency symptom scores,cystitis histologic scores ,infiltrating lymphocyte counts, Brunn nest or cystica counts and residual urine volume were measured in the self-control expertiment before treatment and after. Results Over the course of treatment, above mentioned indicators had significant improvement compared with original data among those patients (P<0.01).Only 1 patient appeared itchy skin two times after bladder perfusion with sodium hyaluronate, others without serious complications. Conclusions The method that bladder perfusion with sodium hyaluronate combined with ultrashort wave irradiation has clear effect without serious complications.This method provides a new train of thought for glandular cystitis and opens up a new space.

The role of TRPV1 receptor in detrusor overactivity induced by partial bladder outlet obstrucion in rats / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid tpye 1 (TRPV1) in the pathological process of detrusor overactivity (DO) induced by partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO).Methods Between June 2014 and December 2014,40 female Wistar rats received partial urethral ligation and urodynamic analysis 6 weeks after.Urinary bladder and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were removed and RT-PCR,Western Blot and IHC were performed to investigate the expression and location of TRPV1 in control and DO rats.Effect of different concentrations of TRPV1 agonist,as well as TRPV1 antagonist,was also evaluated with isolated detrusor strips.Results 40 female Wistar rats received BOO surgery and 26 of them developed DO.Immunohistochemistry observed linear TRPV1-reactive staining mainly in sub-urothelial and muscular layer.Expression of TRPV1 mRNA and protein in urinary bladder [(0.18±0.02) vs.(0.36 ±0.03),P＜0.05] and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) [(0.41 ±0.05) vs.(0.66 ±0.04),P ＜ 0.05] significantly increased in BOO induced OAB rats.In isolated detrusor strips studies,the amplitude [(0.26 ±0.05)g vs.(0.69 ±0.11)g,P ＜0.05] and frequency [(5.91 ±0.59) Hz vs.(8.75 ± 0.54) Hz,P ＜ 0.05] of contractions of DO tissues were significantly higher than that of control ones.Capsaicin significantly increased the amplitude but not frequency of detrusor intrinsic contractility and this effect was enhanced in OAB conditions.All changes induced by capsaicin were blocked by capsazepine pre-incubated.Conclusions In BOO induced DO rats,over-expressed TRPV1 was involved in DO pathological process by directly sensitizing bladder afferent fibers or indirectly enhancing detrusor intrinsic properties.

Efficacy and safety of oral fosfomycin trometamol for the treatment of lower urinary tract infections caused by multi drug resistant bacteria：an open-label, uncontrolled, multicenter study / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of oral fosfomycin trometamal in patients with lower urinary tract infections ( UTIs) caused by multi drug resistant ( MDR) bacteria in the clinical setting in China.Methods Multicenter study was conducted from January 2011 to December 2011 in 12 hospitals in China.Three hundred and fifty-six patients with non-fever lower UTls were treated by fosfomycin trometamal 3 g once daily.Three hundred and fifty cases with complete data were further evaluated .One hundred and twenty ( 34.3%) were male and 230 ( 65.7%) were female.The average age was ( 49.9 ± 16.6) years.Depending of the results of urine culture at the first visit ,142 patients with E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, proteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and entercocous were analyzed.The susceptibility of MDR bacteria to fosfomycin trometamol were calculated . The clinical efficacy , bacteriological efficacy of fosfomycin trometamol to these patients was evaluated .Results For the gram-negative bacteria detected by culture , among the E.coli, Klebsiella pneumonia and proteus, 50%(52/104) were Extended-Spectrum β-lactamases producing organisms . For the gram-positive bacteria ( n =38 ) detected by culture, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus accounts for 55%(11/20) of all the Staphylococcus and the other gram-positive bacteria were Enterococcus ( n=18 ) .Higher susceptibility rates to fosfomycin trometamol were observed among MDR bacteria (85.7%) and the clinical effective rate and bacteriological effective rate of fosfomycin trometamol were 96.4%( 53/55 ) and 87.5%( 42/48 ) , respectively .The incidence of drug-related adverse events (AEs) was 5.6%(20/356).The most common AE was diarrhea. No drug-related serious adverse events were found .Conclusions The distributions of uropathogens in China are complicated. The detection rate of MDR uropathogens is high . The dosing regimen of fosfomycin trometamal 3 g once daily is effective and tolerable for the patients with lower UTIs caused by MDR bacteria . It may represent good options for the empiric therapy for the patients with lower UTIs .

Primary renal synovial sarcoma：a case report and literature review / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To improve the diagnosis and therapy of primary renal synovial sarcoma . Methods A single case of primary renal synovial sarcoma was reported .A 54-year-old female presented with left flank pain for six days .Enhanced CT scan revealed a nearly-circular mass with the diameter of 2.0 cm in the superior portion of the left kidney .It showed low and high density with punctate calcification .There were low and high density in left kidney around .A possible diagnosis of left renal tumor with rupturing was given prior to exploratory operation .During the operation , a large hematoma was found on the lateral peri-re-nal fascia, which adjoined with other organs .The hematoma was opened and the 1 000 ml dated clot and blood were removed .The tissue inside the hematoma showed fish meat like .The fast pathologic examination showed sarcomatoid tissue , then the case underwent radical left nephrectomy . Results Gross pathologic examination showed a ashen and fish-liked tumor of 3.0 cm×2.5 cm×1.5 cm with multiple sites of necrosis and hemorrhage .The histopathological examination revealed the tumor cells were spindle shaped .The tumor cells organized as bundle with indistinct border line and larger quantity of mitotic phase , which were positive for BCL-2, vimentin, EMA, CD79a and SMA, but negative for CD34, CK and CD10.A diagnosis of renal syn-ovial sarcoma was then determined .Targeted therapy with sunitinib ( 37.5 mg po qd ) was carried out postopreratively .There was no recurrence and metastasis during the six months following up . Conclusions Primary renal synovial sarcoma is an extremely rare entity .It is very difficult to diagnose through clinical symptoms and imaging .The accurate diagnosis is based on pathology or genetic and molecular tests .Radical nephrectomy and adjuvant therapy are the preferred strategy for the treatment .The prognosis is poor .Targeted therapy with sunitinib may be effective .

Expression of transforming growth factor beta1 gene, basic fibroblast growth factor gene and hydroxyproline in diabetes-induced bladder dysfunction in a rat model.

AIMS: To investigate the content of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and the expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF beta1) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the bladder 8 weeks after diabetes induction. METHODS: Thirty wistar rats were divided into three groups: control (n = 10), streptozotocin-induced diabetic group (n = 10), TAD group (n = 10; diabetic rats were fed with Tadenan 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1)). Eight weeks later, the bladders were dissected. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA were used to detect the expression of TGF beta1 and bFGF in the bladder. Also hydroxyproline (Hyp) was measured using a method based on alkaline hydrolysis. RESULTS: The content of hydroxyproline in the diabetic group was greater than that of control group (P < 0.05); we found significantly increased expression of TGF beta1 mRNA and bFGF mRNA in the bladder from the diabetic group compared with the control group; immunohistochemical and ELISA studies showed a statistically significant increased expression of TGF beta1 protein and bFGF protein in the bladder from the diabetic group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The content of hydroxyproline in TAD group was less than that of diabetic group (P < 0.05); mRNA expression of TGF beta1 and bFGF greatly decreased in TAD group compared with that of the diabetic group; immunohistochemical and ELISA studies showed decreased levels of TGF beta1 protein and bFGF protein in the bladder from TAD group compared with the diabetic group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Rats with streptozoticin-induced diabetes mellitus showed significant increase in hydroxyproline, TGF beta1 and bFGF levels in their bladders, which may be an important mechanism inducing diabetic cystopathy. Tadenan could effectively reduce hydroxyproline, TGF beta1, and bFGF levels.

Clinical significance of intravesical prostatic protrusion in patients with benign prostatic enlargement.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated a noninvasive method to predict bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and bladder function in patients with benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) based on intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP) using transabdominal ultrasound. METHODS: The records of 206 first-visit patients with BPE were reviewed. We divided patients into two groups based on the degree of IPP: the significant IPP group (greater than 10 mm) and the no significant IPP group (10 mm or less). We analyzed clinical data and urodynamic findings of the two groups to define the clinical significance of IPP. RESULTS: In the clinical data, increased prostate volume, serum prostate specific antigen, postvoiding residual urine volume (PVR), incidence of acute urine residual (AUR), and bladder trabeculation appeared more often in the significant IPP group (P <0.05). Positive correlation was found between IPP and prostate volume as well as PVR (Spearman's rho = 0.401 and 0.342, respectively). In the urodynamic findings, significantly lower peak flow rate (Qmax) and higher incidence of detrusor overactivity and low bladder compliance both existed in the significant IPP group (P <0.0l). In addition, maximum detrusor pressure (Pdet.max) and BOO index (BOOI) were significantly higher in the significant IPP group (P <0.05). The correlation coefficient (Spearman's rho) between IPP and Qmax, Pdet.max, and BOOI was -0.284, 0.252, and 0.456, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Intravesical prostatic protrusion is a useful predictor for evaluating BOO and detrusor function. BOO and impaired detrusor function in significant IPP patients are more severe. The significant IPP patients, especially those presenting with AUR, may benefit from early surgical intervention.

Safety and efficacy of Holmium laser resection for primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer versus transurethral electroresection / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Holmium laser resection for primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (HoLRBt) compared with transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBt). Methods Data of 212 patients with primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer were collected retrospectively. The patients were divided into HoLRBt group(n= 101) and TURBt group (n= 111). The patients in each group were stratified into 3 risk groups (low, intermediate and high risk) according to prognostic factors for recurrence based on EAU guideline. Then, the safety of HoLRBt and TURBt groups were compared, concerning the intraoperative complications and postoperative recovery. Efficacy indicated by recurrence-free survival of the 2 groups was analyzed and compared by Kaplan-Meier technique. Results Patients' demographics including age, gender, tumor characteristics, and recurrence risk of tumor between the 2 groups were comparable(P＞0.05). No obturator nerve reflex occurred in the HoLRBt group. Meanwhile, 7 out of 111 patients in the TURBt group experienced this complication resulted bladder perforation in 3 patients. The proportion of patients needing postoperative bladder irrigation in the HoLRBt group was lower compared to the TURBt group (P＜0.05). HoLRBt was associated with shorter postoperative catheter drainage period (P＜0.05). The mean postoperative follow-up was 34 months (range 18 to 43). Recurrence-free survival after HoLRBt was similar with that of TURBt (P = 0. 283). Conclusions Compared with TURBt, HoLRBt is a feasible, safe and effective alternative for the management of primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with similar therapeutic efficacy and fewer perioperative complications.HoLRBt can be widely used in clinical practice in the treatment of primary non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Ultrasonic measurement of intravesical prostatic protrusion in benign prostatic hyperplasia patients / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To study a noninvasive method in evaluating the bladder outlet obstruc-tion (BOO) and bladder function in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) based on the transabdominal ultrasonic measurement of intravesical prostatic protrusion (IPP). Methods The da-ta of 206 first visit BPH patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) were retrospectively re-viewed. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the degree of IPP: the research group with IPP greater than 10 mm(n=78) and control group with IPP 10 mm or less(n=128). Clinical data and uro-dynamic findings of the 2 groups were analyzed to find the clinical significance of IPP. Resells In-creased prostate volume(73.7±35.9 ml vs 62.8±36.5 ml), serum prostate specific antigen(1.81± 0.67 ng/ml vs 1. 64±0.36 ng/ml), post-voiding residual urine volume (PVR)(290.2±217.2 ml vs 228.2±167.9 ml), incidence of acute urine retention(33.3% vs 18.0%)and bladder trabeculation (23.1% vs 11.7%)had signicant differences between the 2 groups (P<0.05). Positive correlation was found between IPP and prostate volume as well as PVR (r=0.401 and 0.342, respectively). In the urodynamic study, significantly lower peak flow rate (Qmax) (7.6±4.1 ml/s vs 9.1±3.6 ml/s), higher incidence of detrusor overactivity (82.1% vs 17.2%) and low bladder compliance (35.9% vs 12.5%)were found in research group (P<0.01). In addition, maximum detrusor pressure(109.8± 84.9 cm H2O vs 84.9±44.1 cm H2O) and BOO index (BOOI) (75.2±27.1 vs 65.9±34.6) were significantly higher in the research group (p<0.05). The correlation study showed that r between IPP and Qmax, Pdet. max and BOOI was-0.284, 0.252 and 0.456, respectively. The incidence of acute urinary intention recurrence was higher in research group than in control group (64.3% vs 23.5%) (P<0.05). Conclusions IPP is a useful predictor in evaluating BOO and detrusor function. BOO and impaired detrusor function in obvious IPP patients are more severe. The obvious IPP pa-tients, especially those presenting with acute urine retention, may benefit more from early surgical in-tervention.

A comparison of three procedures for renal cysts: Report of 106 cases / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To evaluate advantages and disadvantages of three procedures-percutaneous ethanol injection,small incision unroofing,and laparoscopic unroofing-in the treatment of renal cysts.Methods Clinical data of 106 cases of renal cysts from January 2001 to November 2004,treated either by percutaneous ethanol injection(Percutaneous Group),or small incision unroofing(Small Incision Group),or laparoscopic unroofing (Laparoscopic Group),were reviewed.The operation time,intraoperative blood loss,hospitalization costs,and cure rate were compared among the three procedures.Results The Percutaneous Group presented the least hospitalization costs(3 261.8?779.2 yuan),the lowest cure rate(78.6%,22/28),and the highest recurrence rate(21.4%,6/28).The Small Incision Group had the shortest operation time(44.1?5.7 min),and the Laparoscopic Group had the highest hospitalization costs(9 050.9?1 116.2 yuan).There were significant differences in these parameters among the three groups(P0.05).Conclusions The three procedures,with each having its own advantages,should be selected depending on individual conditions.For patients with a simple renal cyst