RESUMO
Bananas are major agricultural commodities in Cuba. One of the main constraints of banana production worldwide is Fusarium wilt of banana. Recent outbreaks in Colombia, Perú, and Venezuela have raised widespread concern in Latin America due to the potential devastating impact on the sustainability of banana production, food security, and livelihoods of millions of people in the region. Here, we phenotyped 18 important Cuban banana and plantain varieties with two Fusarium strains-Tropical Race 4 (TR4) and Race 1-under greenhouse conditions. These varieties represent 72.8% of the national banana acreage in Cuba and are also widely distributed in Latin America and the Caribbean region. A broad range of disease responses from resistant to very susceptible was observed against Race 1. On the contrary, not a single banana variety was resistant to TR4. These results underscore that TR4 potentially threatens nearly 56% of the contemporary Cuban banana production area, which is planted with susceptible and very susceptible varieties, and call for a preemptive evaluation of new varieties obtained in the national breeding program and the strengthening of quarantine measures to prevent the introduction of TR4 into the country.
Assuntos
Fusarium , Musa , Humanos , Fusarium/fisiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Melhoramento Vegetal , FenótipoRESUMO
La embriogénesis somática representa una alternativa para la regeneración de plantas, sobre la cual influyen diversos factores durante el cultivo in vitro. Entre estos, las condiciones de iluminación durante la formación de embriones somáticos es determinante. Sin embargo, no existen trabajos que refieran el efecto de la luz solar en la formación de embriones somáticos de soya. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del tipo e intensidad de luz en la formación y multiplicación de embriones somáticos de soya cultivar INCASoy-27. Para ello, cotiledones inmaduros de 3,0-4,0 mm de longitud fueron colocados en medio de cultivo con 40 mg.l-1 de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético, sacarosa 3% y pH 7,0 en cámaras de crecimiento con luz artificial e intensidades luminosas de 5-10 µmol.m-2.s-1 y 68-73 µmol.m-2.s-1, y en cámaras de crecimiento con luz solar con 50-65µmol.m-2.s-1. El mayor número de cotiledones embriogénicos (95,31) se obtuvo en condiciones de luz artificial con alta intensidad luminosa. La mayor formación de embriones somáticos se obtuvo en luz artificial (9,65) y luz solar (8,45) respectivamente con alta intensidad luminosa. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la multiplicación de los embriones somáticos, al emplear ambas fuente de luz con alta intensidad luminosa. Esta es la primera referencia sobre formación y multiplicación de embriones somáticos de soya con empleo de luz solar.
The somatic embryogenesis represents an alternative for the regeneration of plants, in which influence diverse factors during the cultivation. Among these factors, the conditions of illumination during the induction of somatic embryos are determinant. However, works not exist that refer the effect of the sunlight on the formation of embryos in soybean. The goal of this work was to evaluate the effect of light type and intensity on the induction and proliferation of somatic embryos in soybean cultivar INCASoy-27. Immature cotyledons for 3,0-4,0 mm in length was placed on culture medium with 40 mg.l-1 2,4-diclorophenoxiacetic acid, sucrose 3%, and pH 7,0 under growth chamber with artificial light and range luminous intensity between 5-10 µmol.m-2.s-1 and 68-73 µmol.m-2.s-1 and growth chamber with sunlight from 50-65 µmol.m-2.s-1 were evaluated. The higher number of embryogenic cotyledons (95,31) was obtained into growth chamber with artificial light and intensity high. The results showed the major formation of embryos in artificial light (9,65) and sunlight (8,45) with luminous intensity high. They were not significant differences between two light types during somatic embryos multiplication. This is the first report on induction of somatic embryos in soybean with employment of sunlight as illumination source.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Cultura Embrionária , Luz , Glycine max , Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Fotoperíodo , Plantas , RegeneraçãoRESUMO
Los genes marcadores de la selección son ampliamente utilizados para la transformación eficiente de diferentes cultivos, sin embargo, existen muy pocas referencias sobre el desarrollo de métodos de selección temprana en campo de plantas supuestamente transformadas con marcador de selección tipo herbicidas. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto del glufosinato de amonio a partir del herbicida Finale en los fragmentos de hojas de plantas de campo cultivados in vitro, para la selección de líneas transformadas de banano cv. Grande naine (Musa spp. AAA), con una construcción que porta como marcador de selección el gen bar. A partir del método desarrollado con el empleo de fragmentos de hojas de plantas procedentes de campo, cultivados in vitro en el medio de cultivo agar al 1% más agua y 30,0 g/l-1 de glufosinato de amonio se logró diferenciar las dos líneas transformadas del control no transformado, a partir de la expresión del gen bar. Ambas líneas fueron positivas en el análisis molecular de PCR. Estos resultados permiten disponer de una herramienta útil y simple como parte de un protocolo de transformación genética para el cultivo del banano, siendo el primer informe de este resultado a nivel internacional.
Selector marker genes are widely used for the efficient transformation of different crops; however, there are very few references on the development of early selection methods in the fields of potentially transformed plants for herbicides. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of ammonium gluphosinate from the herbicide Finale in leaf fragments from in vitro plants grown in the fields for the selection of putative transformed lines of banana cv. Grande naine (Musa spp. AAA), with a construction that has the bar gene as the selector marker gene. Since the method developed with the use of leaf fragments from field plants culture in vitro in the agar at 1% more water and 30.0 gl-1 ammonium gluphosinate did differentiate the two transformed lines untransformed control, from the bar gene expression. Both lines were positive in the PCR molecular analysis. These results were a useful tool and form a part of a protocol of genetic transformation for banana, being the first reported result.