RESUMO
Background: West Nile virus (WNV) was first sequenced in Brazil in 2019, when it was isolated from a horse in the Espírito Santo state. Despite multiple studies reporting serological evidence suggestive of past circulation since 2004, WNV remains a low priority for surveillance and public health, such that much is still unknown about its genomic diversity, evolution, and transmission in the country. Methods: A combination of diagnostic assays, nanopore sequencing, phylogenetic inference, and epidemiological modeling are here used to provide a holistic overview of what is known about WNV in Brazil. Results: We report new genetic evidence of WNV circulation in southern (Minas Gerais, São Paulo) and northeastern (Piauí) states isolated from equine red blood cells. A novel, climate-informed theoretical perspective of the potential transmission of WNV across the country highlights the state of Piauí as particularly relevant for WNV epidemiology in Brazil, although it does not reject possible circulation in other states. Conclusion: Our output demonstrates the scarceness of existing data, and that although there is sufficient evidence for the circulation and persistence of the virus, much is still unknown on its local evolution, epidemiology, and activity. We advocate for a shift to active surveillance, to ensure adequate preparedness for future epidemics with spill-over potential to humans.
RESUMO
This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of the immunostimulant combined with anthelmintic on the helminthiasis treatment in sheep. The animals of group I (n=29) received the anthelmintic albendazole (11mg kg-1) in a single administration and the immunostimulant composed with Propionibacterium granulosum (16ug kg-1) and lypopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli (1,2ug kg-1) into two doses every 48 hours and the animals from group II (n=29) received anthelmintic albendazole (11mg g-1). Samples were collected weekly during 28 days, to carry out the total and differential count of leukocytes, hematocrit and the eggs count per gram of feces (EPG). The animals that received immunostimulant combined with anthelmintic showed significantly increases of eosinophils and lymphocytes (P 0.05) compared to animals that only received the anthelmintic. In eggs count per gram of feces (EPG), there were no significant differences between groups (P>0.05). Based on these results it was concluded that immunostimulants can be used when combined with anthelminthic as an alternative therapy for the treatment of helminthiasis in sheep, since they promote the activation of immune response with participation of cells and mediators important for the removal of helminths in sheep.
Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência do uso de imunoestimulante associado a anti-helmíntico no tratamento das helmintoses de ovinos. Os animais do grupo I (n=29) receberam o anti-helmíntico albendazole (11mg kg-1) em administração única e o imunoestimulante composto de Propionibacterium granulosum (16ug kg-1) e lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli (1,2ug kg-1) em duas doses com intervalo de 48 horas e os animais do grupo II (n=29) receberam o anti-helmíntico albendazole (11mg kg-1). Amostras foram colhidas semanalmente durante 28 dias para a realização da contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos, hematócrito e contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Os animais que receberam imunoestimulante associado a anti-helmíntico apresentaram aumento significativo dos valores de eosinófilos e linfócitos (P 0,05) em relação aos animais que receberam somente anti-helmíntico. Na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos (P>0,05). Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que imunoestimulantes podem ser utilizados associados a anti-helmínticos como alternativa terapêutica no tratamento das helmintíases em ovinos, uma vez que promovem a ativação da resposta imune com participação de células e mediadores importantes para a eliminação de helmintos em ovinos.
RESUMO
This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of the immunostimulant combined with anthelmintic on the helminthiasis treatment in sheep. The animals of group I (n=29) received the anthelmintic albendazole (11mg kg-1) in a single administration and the immunostimulant composed with Propionibacterium granulosum (16ug kg-1) and lypopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli (1,2ug kg-1) into two doses every 48 hours and the animals from group II (n=29) received anthelmintic albendazole (11mg g-1). Samples were collected weekly during 28 days, to carry out the total and differential count of leukocytes, hematocrit and the eggs count per gram of feces (EPG). The animals that received immunostimulant combined with anthelmintic showed significantly increases of eosinophils and lymphocytes (P 0.05) compared to animals that only received the anthelmintic. In eggs count per gram of feces (EPG), there were no significant differences between groups (P>0.05). Based on these results it was concluded that immunostimulants can be used when combined with anthelminthic as an alternative therapy for the treatment of helminthiasis in sheep, since they promote the activation of immune response with participation of cells and mediators important for the removal of helminths in sheep.
Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência do uso de imunoestimulante associado a anti-helmíntico no tratamento das helmintoses de ovinos. Os animais do grupo I (n=29) receberam o anti-helmíntico albendazole (11mg kg-1) em administração única e o imunoestimulante composto de Propionibacterium granulosum (16ug kg-1) e lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli (1,2ug kg-1) em duas doses com intervalo de 48 horas e os animais do grupo II (n=29) receberam o anti-helmíntico albendazole (11mg kg-1). Amostras foram colhidas semanalmente durante 28 dias para a realização da contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos, hematócrito e contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Os animais que receberam imunoestimulante associado a anti-helmíntico apresentaram aumento significativo dos valores de eosinófilos e linfócitos (P 0,05) em relação aos animais que receberam somente anti-helmíntico. Na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos (P>0,05). Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que imunoestimulantes podem ser utilizados associados a anti-helmínticos como alternativa terapêutica no tratamento das helmintíases em ovinos, uma vez que promovem a ativação da resposta imune com participação de células e mediadores importantes para a eliminação de helmintos em ovinos.
RESUMO
This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of the immunostimulant combined with anthelmintic on the helminthiasis treatment in sheep. The animals of group I (n=29) received the anthelmintic albendazole (11mg kg-1) in a single administration and the immunostimulant composed with Propionibacterium granulosum (16ug kg-1) and lypopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli (1,2ug kg-1) into two doses every 48 hours and the animals from group II (n=29) received anthelmintic albendazole (11mg g-1). Samples were collected weekly during 28 days, to carry out the total and differential count of leukocytes, hematocrit and the eggs count per gram of feces (EPG). The animals that received immunostimulant combined with anthelmintic showed significantly increases of eosinophils and lymphocytes (P 0.05) compared to animals that only received the anthelmintic. In eggs count per gram of feces (EPG), there were no significant differences between groups (P>0.05). Based on these results it was concluded that immunostimulants can be used when combined with anthelminthic as an alternative therapy for the treatment of helminthiasis in sheep, since they promote the activation of immune response with participation of cells and mediators important for the removal of helminths in sheep.
Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência do uso de imunoestimulante associado a anti-helmíntico no tratamento das helmintoses de ovinos. Os animais do grupo I (n=29) receberam o anti-helmíntico albendazole (11mg kg-1) em administração única e o imunoestimulante composto de Propionibacterium granulosum (16ug kg-1) e lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli (1,2ug kg-1) em duas doses com intervalo de 48 horas e os animais do grupo II (n=29) receberam o anti-helmíntico albendazole (11mg kg-1). Amostras foram colhidas semanalmente durante 28 dias para a realização da contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos, hematócrito e contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Os animais que receberam imunoestimulante associado a anti-helmíntico apresentaram aumento significativo dos valores de eosinófilos e linfócitos (P 0,05) em relação aos animais que receberam somente anti-helmíntico. Na contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos (P>0,05). Com base nesses resultados, pode-se concluir que imunoestimulantes podem ser utilizados associados a anti-helmínticos como alternativa terapêutica no tratamento das helmintíases em ovinos, uma vez que promovem a ativação da resposta imune com participação de células e mediadores importantes para a eliminação de helmintos em ovinos.