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This study examined changes in some aspects of mental health, as well as worries and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of older adults, during three different moments of the first year of the pandemic in Mexico. The sample consisted of 2,307 older adults (38% men and 62% women). The results indicated that older adults presented less concern about the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as less adherence to preventing procedures in the first wave, compared to subsequent evaluations. In addition, greater depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress were found in older adults in the last wave; however, the proportion of older adults identified with high scores in these variables was lower than that reported in national data.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Idoso , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Depressão/epidemiologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Saúde Mental , México/epidemiologia , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
We examined longitudinal differences in the severity of distress, depression, anxiety, and concerns and behaviors related to COVID-19 during the first two months of this pandemic, correlations between these variables, and interactions of distress with significant sociodemographics across waves. A longitudinal online survey was conducted in the State of Mexico, from 8 April to 27 May, 2020, in a sample of men and women between 18 and 60 years old, using: Impact of Event Scale-6, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, General Anxiety Disoder-7, and a questionnaire of concerns and behaviors related to COVID-19. Six hundred seventy participants were analyzed. Only a mild difference in distress was observed between the two waves and mild correlations of this variable with contagion in oneself and in a relative. Having a high-risk medical condition proved a considerable effect on distress within both waves. Perception of usefulness of preventive measures, concerns of contagion in a relative, and financial and security situations scored high within our questionnaire but did not change in the follow-up. We hypothesize that habituation to distressful events in the Mexican population (emergent resilience) might explain the absence of meaningful differences. Our research adds to the monitoring of mental health in Mexicans during the COVID-19 pandemic; its findings can serve to perform comparisons in other studies and for further meta-analyses.
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La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos directos e indirectos del apoyo social, la soledad y la vulnerabilidad percibida en la satisfacción de vida (sv) de dos grupos de personas mayores en México, uno de 60 a 69 años de edad y el otro de 70 a 99. Se contó con una muestra no probabilística de 4.433 personas mayores, 61.8 % fueron mujeres y 38.2 % hombres. Se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: la escala de soledad de la Universidad de California; la escala de Red Social de Lubben (lsns-6) para evaluar el apoyo social percibido; la Escala de Vulnerabilidad Percibida de Myall et al.; la escala de Satisfacción con la Vida de Diener et al., así como un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Los resultados mostraron un buen ajuste de los modelos, en los que se aprecia que para ambos grupos es mayor la varianza explicada de sv al relacionar apoyo social con soledad y vulnerabilidad, que si se mide el efecto directo del apoyo sobre sv. Esta investigación aporta elementos para el desarrollo de programas y políticas públicas que contribuyan al bienestar de personas mayores.
This research analyzed the direct and indirect effects of social support, loneliness and perceived vulnerability on life satisfaction (lf) of two groups of elderly adults in Mexico, one aged 60 to 69 years and the other from 70 to 99. There was a non-probabilistic sample of 4.433 older adults 61.8 % were women, and 38.2 % were men. The following instruments were used: the Loneliness Scale of the University of California; the Lubben Social Network scale (lsns-6) to assess perceived social support; the Perceived Vulnerability Scale (pvs) of Myall et al.; the Satisfaction with Life scale of Diener et al., and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The results showed a good fit of the models, which show that the explained variance for both groups of lf is more significant when relating social support with loneliness and vulnerability than if the direct effect of support on lf is measured. This research provides elements for developing programs and public policies that contribute to the wellbeing of the elderly.
O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar os efeitos diretos e indiretos do apoio social, solidão e vulnerabilidade percebida na satisfação com a vida (sv) de dois grupos de idosos no México, um grupo entre 60 e 69 anos e outro entre 70 e 99 anos. Contouse com uma amostra não probabilística de 4.433 idosos, sendo 61.8 % mulheres e 38.2 % homens. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: a escala de solidão da Universidade da Califórnia; a Escala de Rede Social de Lubben (lsns-6) para avaliar o suporte social percebido; a Escala de Vulnerabilidade Percebida (pvs) de Myall et al.; a escala Satisfação com a Vida de Diener et al., bem como um questionário sociodemográfico. Os resultados mostra-ram um bom ajuste dos modelos, onde pode-se observar que para ambos os grupos a variância explicada da své maior quando se relaciona apoio social com solidão e vulnerabilidade do que quando se mede o efeito direto do apoio na sv. Esta pesquisa fornece elementos para o desenvolvimento de programas e políticas públicas que contribuam para o bem-estar dos idosos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Satisfação Pessoal , Pesquisa , Apoio Social , Desenvolvimento de Programas , Vulnerabilidade a Desastres , SolidãoRESUMO
Resumen La realización de actividad física desde la infancia y a lo largo de la vida adulta, permite que se mantenga un perfil de riesgo bajo respecto a numerosos padecimientos. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las dificultades que generan la inactividad física en niños, para lo cual se contó con una muestra de 2,621 niños y niñas de 13 ciudades del país, 3,754 padres de estos niños, y 134 entrenadores de diferentes escuelas presentes en la República Mexicana. Para obtener la información de esta población, se utilizó un cuestionario de 17 preguntas abiertas y cerradas, el cual fue una adaptación del instrumento: State of Play: Youth Sports Survey (The Aspen Institute, 2018), mientras que a los padres y madres de familia se les preguntó cuáles consideraban que podrían ser las principales dificultades que enfrentaban para fomentar la actividad física y/o deportiva en sus hijos e hijas, finalmente a sus entrenadores se les preguntaron las razones principales por la que los niños no practican deportes o actividad física. Los resultados mostraron que, en la muestra general de niños, el aspecto principal que genera su inactividad física se relaciona con el cumplimiento de responsabilidades; los padres mencionaron como causa principal la falta de tiempo, y los entrenadores el mal uso de la tecnología.
Abstract Physical activity from childhood and throughout adult life allows a low-risk profile to be maintained compared to many conditions. This study aimed to identify the difficulties that lead to physical inactivity in children. For the study, there was a sample of 2,621 children from 13 cities in the country, 3,754 parents of these children, and 134 coaches from different schools in the Mexican Republic. A questionnaire of 17 open and closed questions was used to obtain children's information; the questionnaire was an adaptation of the instrument State of Play: Youth Sports Survey (The Aspen Institute, s.f.). Parents were asked what they felt might be the main challenges they had in fostering physical and/or sporting activity in their children. Finally, coaches were asked the main reasons why children do not play sports or physical activity. In the general sample of children, the results showed that the main aspect of their physical inactivity relates to responsibilities; parents mentioned, as the main cause, the lack of time, and coaches reported misused the technology.
Resumo A realização de atividade física desde a infância e ao longo da vida adulta, permite que seja mantido um perfil de baixo risco em relação a muitas doenças. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as dificuldades que a inatividade física gera nas crianças, para a qual houve uma amostra de 2.621 crianças de 13 cidades do país, 3.754 eram os pais dessas crianças, e 134 eram treinadores de diferentes escolas presentes na República Mexicana. Para a obtenção das informações das crianças, foi utilizado um questionário com 17 questões abertas e fechadas, que foi uma adaptação do instrumento: Estado do jogo: Youth Sports Survey (The Aspen Institute, sd), enquanto os pais eram questionados sobre o que eles consideravam ser as principais dificuldades que enfrentavam para promover a atividade física e/ou esportiva entre seus filhos, e finalmente, os treinadores foram questionados sobre os principais motivos pelos quais as crianças não participam de esportes ou atividade física. Os resultados mostraram que, na amostra geral de crianças, o principal aspecto que gera sua inatividade física está relacionado ao cumprimento de responsabilidades; os pais citaram a falta de tempo como a principal causa e o uso indevido da tecnologia pelos treinadores.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Educação Física e Treinamento/tendências , Comportamento SedentárioRESUMO
Abstract Introduction Older adults are not only at a higher medical risk during the COVID-19 pandemic, but they may also be a group particularly vulnerable to mental health diminishing. Objective To analyze the effect of some sociodemographic factors (sex and age) and medical conditions (diabetes and hypertension) on mental health and concerns about COVID-19 in a sample of older adults. Method A non-probabilistic sample of 2,992 older adults (37.7% men and 62.3% women) was selected, with an average age of 70.45 years (SD = 7.31). Participants were given the Impact of Event Scale-6 (IES-6), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), a questionnaire of concerns about COVID-19, and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Participants' answers were captured via Google Forms. Results The results showed that women had greater concerns about COVID-19 than men. The findings in general showed significant effects, with women showing higher scores in depressive symptoms, anxiety, and greater stress generated in addition by the impact of the event. Differences concerning event-related stress and depression were found in relation to subgroups by age. Discussion and conclusion These finding could serve for the planning and development of strategies that provide attention to the mental health of this population group.
Resumen Introducción Los adultos mayores no sólo presentan un mayor riesgo médico durante la pandemia de COVID-19, sino que también pueden ser particularmente vulnerables a la disminución de la salud mental. Objetivo Analizar el efecto de algunos factores sociodemográficos (sexo y edad) y condiciones médicas (diabetes e hipertensión) sobre la salud mental y las preocupaciones sobre COVID-19 en una muestra de adultos mayores. Método Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística de 2,992 adultos mayores (37.7% hombres y 62.3% mujeres), con una edad promedio de 70.45 años (DE = 7.31). Los participantes recibieron la Estala de Impacto de Evento-6, el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9, el Trastorno de Ansiedad Generalizada-7, un cuestionario de preocupaciones sobre COVID-19 y un cuestionario sociodemográfico. Resultados Las mujeres presentaron mayores preocupaciones por COVID-19 que los hombres. Las respuestas de los participantes se capturaron en Google Forms. Resultados En general, los hallazgos mostraron efectos significativos, siendo las mujeres quienes presentaron puntuaciones más altas en síntomas depresivos y ansiedad, así como mayor estrés asociado a evento. Además, se encontraron efectos diferenciados por subgrupos de edad en relación con estrés asociado a evento y síntomas depresivos. Discusión y conclusión Estos hallazgos pudieran ser útiles para planificar y desarrollar estrategias que brinden atención a la salud mental de este grupo de población.
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The purpose of this research was to analyze changes in body mass index and risk eating behaviors in a group of students through a longitudinal study and determine the differences in risk eating behaviors between men and women with different rates of body mass. 5780 students participated, 37.5% were male and 62.5% female, mean age for each measurement times were: 15.1 years first measurement, 18.0 yearssecond measurement, 22.1 years last measurement. For purposes of this study indicators were used from automated medical examination, which serves to collect information on the physical and mental health, family and environment of students at a public university in Mexico. The measurements were made for weight and height of each student to then calculate the body mass index based on the proposal of the World Health Organization. Risk eating behaviors were evaluated with seven indicators that measure the presence or absence of such things as: the use of laxatives, vomiting after eating, exercising 2 h a day, stop eating for a day or moreover, use of pills or diuretics, being on more than two. Significant differences were found in the risk eating behavior with respect to different categories of body mass index only in the first measurement, where young people were of less underweight risk eating behavior than those who are overweight.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Assunção de Riscos , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Índice de Massa Corporal , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , México , Fatores Sexuais , Estudantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión revisada de la escala de fortalezas internas y externas para adolescentes (FIE-AR). Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística de 1486 estudiantes de escuelas públicas de Ciudad de México, 47.3% fueron hombres y 52.7% mujeres, con un promedio de edad de 14.6 años (DE=1.7). Se utilizó la segunda versión de la FIE-AR, la cual es una escala que evalúa siete fortalezas externas (supervisión de la madre, apoyo de la madre, apoyo y supervisión del padre, reglas en la casa, amigos sin conductas de riesgo, amigos sanos y no acceso a drogas) y ocho fortalezas internas (responsabilidad, importancia de la salud, evitación de conductas de riesgo, resistencia a la presión de pares, importancia de la religión, toma de decisiones, expresión del enojo y expectativas escolares). Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios identificaron un buen ajuste de los modelos (uno para fortalezas externas y otro para internas).
The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the revised version of the scale of internal and external assets for adolescents (FIE-AR). A nonprobabilistic sample of 1486 public school students from Mexico City was selected, 47.3% were men and 52.7% were women, with an average age of 14.6 years (SD = 1.7). The second version of the FIE-AR was used, which is a scale that evaluates seven external assets (mother's supervision, support from the mother, father's support and supervision, rules at home, friends without risky behaviors, healthy friends and no access to drugs) and eight internal strengths (responsibility, health's importance, avoidance of risky behaviors, resistance to peer pressure, religion's importance, decision making, anger expression and school expectations). The confirmatory factor analyzes identified a good adjustment of the models (one for external assets and another for internal ones).
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Humanos , Adolescente , Testes Psicológicos , Psicometria , Análise Fatorial , Psicologia do Adolescente , MéxicoRESUMO
Resumen (analítico): Nuestro objetivo en la presente investigación fue analizar si las personas adolescentes de México y Colombia que nunca han intentado suicidarse, presentan más fortalezas internas y externas que quienes sí lo han intentado. Método: se trató de un diseño pre-experimental, de un estudio de caso con una medición. Participaron en el estudio 1987 estudiantes de bachillerato -hombres y mujeres de 15 a 18 años de edad-, seleccionados de manera no probabilística: 991 estudiantes de Colombia y 996 de México. Utilizamos la escala (FIE-A) para medir fortalezas, y cinco indicadores de intento de suicidio. Los resultados principales muestran que los individuos adolescentes que nunca han intentado suicidarse presentan puntajes significativamente más altos en las siguientes fortalezas: apoyo y supervisión de la madre y el padre, importancia de la salud y toma de decisiones. Concluimos que siguen siendo fortalezas protectoras las buenas relaciones parentales, específicamente la importancia que tiene para el individuo joven contar con el apoyo y comunicación del padre y de la madre.
Abstract (analytical): The objective of this research was to analyze whether Mexican and Colombian adolescents who have never attempted suicide present more internal and external strengths than those who have tried. Method: This study used a pre-experimental design and a methodology using case studies. 1,987 students from 15 to 18 years of age were selected in a non-probabilistic manner for participation in the study; 991 Colombian students and 996 Mexican students. A scale (FIE-A) was used to measure strengths and five indicators for attempted suicide. The main results showed that adolescents who have never attempted suicide had significantly higher scores in the following strengths: support and supervision of mother and father, importance of looking after their health and decision-making. The authors conclude that the key differences for young people that have never attempted suicide include good relationships with parents continue to be protective strengths, specifically the importance for a young person to have the support and communication of both parents.
Resumo (analítico): O objetivo da presente investigação foi analisar se os adolescentes mexicanos e colombianos que nunca tentaram se suicidar apresentam mais forças internas e externas que aqueles que sim o tentaram. Método: tratou-se de um desenho preexperimental, de um estudo de caso com uma medida. Participaram no estudo 1987 estudantes de bachillerato homens e mulheres de 15 a 18 anos de idade, selecionados de maneira não probabilística; 991 estudantes colombianos e 996 mexicanos. Utilizou-se a escala (FIE-A) para medir forças e cinco indicadores de tentativa de suicídio. Os resultados principais mostraram que os adolescentes que nunca tentaram se suicidar apresentaram pontuações significativamente mais altas nas seguintes forças: apoio e supervisão dos pais, importância da saúde e tomada de decisões. Conclui-se que os bons relacionamentos parentais continuam a ser pontos fortes de proteção, especificamente a importância para o jovem de ter o apoio e a comunicação de ambos os país.
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Tentativa de Suicídio , AdolescenteRESUMO
Resumen El objetivo de este estudio retroprospectivo fue analizar la relación de la sintomatología de depresión, de ansiedad y el trastorno por atracón (TPA) con el gen del neuropéptido relacionado con Agouti en pacientes sometidos a cirugía bariátrica. Participó una cohorte de 249 adultos (edad media = 41.1, DE =11.3), 64.1% mujeres y 35.9% hombres. La evaluación de la sintomatología depresiva, de ansiedad y de TPA se llevó a cabo a través de una entrevista semiestructurada. Además, se calculó el índice de masa corporal y se tomaron muestras de sangre para realizar un análisis de discriminación alélica. Del total de pacientes, un 20.2% fueron diagnosticados con TPA, encontrando una asociación de este trastorno con una menor pérdida de peso posterior a la cirugía bariátrica a los 6,12, 18 y 24 meses. Las medidas de depresión y de ansiedad no difirieron entre pacientes con TPA vs. sin TPA. Los pacientes con un alelo mutante en el gen del neuropéptido relacionado con Agouti tuvieron un riesgo 2.6 veces mayor de presentar TPA (IC 95% 1.0-6.8; p = 0.04). Además, el TPA parece ser más frecuente en pacientes con el gen del neuropéptido relacionado con Agouti mutado. Destaca la necesidad de que en el estudio de la obesidad se aborden tanto los aspectos psicológicos como los genéticos.
Abstract The objective of this retrospective study was to analyze the relationship between the symptoms of depression, anxiety and binge eating disorder (BED) with the gene related to the Agouti neuropeptide in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. A cohort of 249 adults (average age = 41.1, SD = 11.3), 64.1% women and 35.9% men, were included. The assessment of depression, anxiety and BED symptoms was carried out through a semi-structured interview. In addition, the body mass index was calculated, and blood samples were taken for an allelic discrimination analysis. Of the total number of patients 20.2% were diagnosed with BED, finding an association of this disorder with a lower weight loss after bariatric surgery at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. The measures of depression and anxiety did not differ between patients with BED vs. without BED. Patients with a mutant allele in the gene related to the Agouti neuropeptide were 2.6 times more likely to present BED (95% C11.0-6.8, P = 0.04). In addition, BED appears to be more frequent in patients with a gene related to the Agouti neuropeptide mutated. When obesity is studied, it is emphasized the need to address both psychological and genetic factors.
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El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las diferencias en el control parental entre adolescentes que han y no han intentado suicidarse. Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística de 507 adolescentes (54.3% hombres y 45.7% mujeres), estudiantes de nivel secundaria, con un rango de edad entre 11 a 15 años. Para obtener los datos se utilizó el instrumento de Control Parental para Adolescentes de Betancourt (2007), que consta de dos escalas, una para mamá y otra para papá; la escala de mamá se conforma de cinco dimensiones: Control Psicológico, Comunicación, Monitoreo, Sobreprotección y Supervisión de amigos. La escala de papá contiene siete dimensiones: Control conductual, Control psicológico, Sobreprotección, Razanomiento, Castigos, Permisividad Y Castigos físicos. Ambas escalas son tipo Likert con cuatro opciones de respuesta, que van de nunca a siempre. El intento de suicidio se evaluó con cinco indicadores sobre frecuencia, método utilizado, motivo para hacerlo, edad y gravedad. Los resultados mostraron que el 11.2% de los adolescentes informó que ha intentado suicidarse al menos una vez en su vida, en tanto que el 4.4% indicó que lo ha intentado más de una vez. Se efectuaron pruebas t de Student para muestras independientes, con la finalidad de comparar a los jóvenes que han y no han intentado suicidarse respecto a las dimensiones del control parental. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, por lo cual se puede decir que de manera general los jóvenes que han intentado suicidarse percibieron un mayor control psicológico y un menor control conductual de sus padres en comparación con quienes no han tenido intento de suicidio
The purpose of this study is to analyze differences in parental control among adolescents who have and have not attempt ed suicide. A non-probabilistic sample of 507 adolescents (54,3% male and 45,7% female), high school students, ranging between 11 to 15 years of age were selected. The Betancourt Scale for Adolescent Parental Control (2007) was used to obtain the data. This scale consists of two scales, one for mothers and one for fathers. The maternal scale is made up of five dimensions: psychological control, communication, monitoring, overprotection and supervision friends. The paternal scale includes seven dimensions: behavioral control, psychological control, overprotection, reasoning, punishment, physical punishment and permissiveness. Both scales are Likert with four multiple choice answers, rang ing from never to always. The suicide attempt was assessed with five frequency indicators, the method that was employed, and the reason for it, the age and the graveness. The results showed that 11,2% of adolescents reported at least one suicide attempt in their lifetime, while 4,4% said they had tried more than once. Student t tests for independent samples were performed, with the purpose of comparing those who have attempted suicide and have no regard to the dimensions of parental control. The results showed significant differences, so we can say that generally young people who have attempted suicide perceived greater psychological control and less behavioral control from their parents than those who have not attempted suicide.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Psicologia do Adolescente , Tentativa de Suicídio/psicologia , Relações Pai-Filho , Ideação Suicida , MéxicoRESUMO
El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar las diferencias en sintomatología depresiva, violencia intrafamiliar y agresión en 801 adolescentes y jóvenes con diferentes niveles de exposición a videojuegos con y sin contenidos violentos. La media de edad de los participantes fue de 17.5 años, el 55.4% eran hombres y 44.6% mujeres. Para evaluar la sintomatología depresiva se utilizó la Cédula del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos, para la violencia intrafamiliar, se diseñó una escala de 16 reactivos que miden: agresión verbal, agresión física, humillación y respeto; en cuanto a la agresión, se diseñó una escala tipo Likert de 13 reactivos con cuatro opciones de respuesta: nunca a siempre. Respecto al uso de videojuegos, se preguntó si los utilizan o no, motivo por el cual los juegan, el tiempo aproximado a la semana que pasan jugándolos, si los videojuegos que utilizan tienen contenido violento y de qué tipo. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en las variables evaluadas respecto al nivel de exposición de videojuegos con contenido violento, donde de manera general los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes que reportaron una mayor exposición (de 11 horas o más por semana) presentaron mayor sintomatología depresiva, agresión y violencia intrafamiliar que aquellos con un menor nivel de exposición.
The objective of this research was to determine differences on depressive symptoms, family violence and aggression in 801 adolescents and young people with different levels of exposure to video games with and without violent content. The average age of the participants was 17.5 years, of which 55.4% were male and 44.6% female. To assess depressive symptoms, the Certificate Center for Epidemiologic Studies was used, and for domestic violence, a scale was designed from 16 reactants that measure verbal and physical aggression, humiliation and respect; with regards to aggression, a Likert scale was designed from 13 reactants with four-response options: from never to always. And with regards to the use of video games, it was asked whether they use them or not, the motive why they like them, the approximate time a week playing them, and whether those video games have violent content and its type. The results showed significant differences in the variables evaluated as to the level of exposure to video games with violent content, which generally teenagers and young adults who reported higher exposure (more than 11 hours a week) had higher depressive symptoms, aggression and domestic violence than those with a lower level of exposure.
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Humanos , Psicologia do Adolescente , Jogos de Vídeo/efeitos adversos , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Agressão/psicologia , Depressão/psicologiaRESUMO
En México el consumo de alcohol se ha incrementado principalmente en los adolescentes. Aunque se ha demostrado que la habilidad de resistencia a la presión de pares es un factor que protege al joven del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas, aún no se cuenta con un instrumento que evalúe dicha habilidad específicamente para el consumo de alcohol. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar y validar una escala que evalúa la resistencia a la presión de pares, específicamente para el consumo de alcohol en estudiantes de nivel medio y medio superior de la ciudad de México; además se evaluó si existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el nivel de resistencia por sexo y por nivel de consumo de alcohol. La muestra fue no probabilística y estuvo conformada por 900 estudiantes de nivel medio (38.6%) y medio superior (61.4%) de la Ciudad de México (42.9% hombres y 57.1% mujeres) con una media de edad de 15.6 años (de=2.5). Mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio se obtuvo un solo factor de seis reactivos con buen nivel de confiabilidad, posteriormente se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio el cual tuvo buenos índices de ajuste y mantuvo los seis reactivos. Las mujeres mostraron mayor resistencia a la presión de pares que los hombres y se encontró que los jóvenes que tienen un déficit en la habilidad de resistir a la presión de pares presentan mayores niveles de consumo de alcohol, por lo que es importante el fortalecimiento de dicha habilidad en programas de prevención.
In Mexico alcohol consumption has increased mainly in adolescents. It has been identified that the ability to resist peer pressure can be a factor that protects the young from alcohol, tobacco and drugs, although this does not have an instrument to assess the skill specifically for alcohol. The aim of this work was to design and validate a scale that assesses the ability to resist peer pressure specifically for alcohol in public high schools and college students from Mexico City, and assessed whether there were significant differences in the resistance level by gender and level of alcohol consumption. The sample was not random and consisted of 900 public high schools (38.6%) and college (61.4%) students of Mexico City (42.9% men and 57.1% women) with a average age was 15.6 years (sd = 2.5). Exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor of six items with good level of reliability, afterwards was a confirmatory factor analysis in which the fit indices performed well and kept the six items. Women showed greater resistance to peer pressure than men and it was found that young people who have a deficit in the ability to resist peer pressure have higher levels of alcohol consumption so it is important to strengthen that skill in prevention programs.
RESUMO
Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo y correlacional, cuyo propósito fue analizar los niveles de violencia intrafamiliar, el consumo de alcohol y la sintomatología depresiva en un grupo de internos de un centro de readaptación social, así como determinar la relación de estas variables con el tipo de delito cometido. Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilística de 385 hombres, que se encontraban internos en un centro de readaptación social en México; el mayor porcentaje de ellos tenían entre 18 y 30 años de edad. Se utilizó un instrumento que evaluó: el consumo de alcohol, en cuanto a frecuencia y cantidad (indicadores de la Encuesta Nacional de Adicciones); la sintomatología depresiva (Cédula del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos, CES-D) y la violencia intrafamiliar (agresión verbal, agresión física, humillación y respeto). Los resultados mostraron que el 75,6% de los internos habían cometido robo y que más de la mitad aún se encontraban en proceso de recibir su sentencia. Respecto a los niveles de violencia intrafamiliar y el consumo de alcohol, el mayor porcentaje de los internos reportó niveles bajos (81,8 y 49,5%, respectivamente). Sin embargo, en niveles de depresión, el 50% presentó niveles altos. Se encontró un mayor número de internos que habían cometido secuestro con violencia intrafamiliar severa; se detectó un mayor porcentaje de ellos que habían cometido homicidio, con consumo severo de alcohol, y respecto a la sintomatología depresiva, se halló, en este grupo, una mayor cantidad con niveles severos, que reportaron haber cometido violaciones
A transversal, descriptive and correlational study was carried out for the purpose of analyzing domestic violence, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptomatology in a group of inmates in a social re-adaptation center, and to determine as well the relationship between these variables and the type of crimes committed. A non-probabilistic sample of 385 men confined in a social re-adaptation center in Mexico was selected, of which the highest percentage consisted of males between 18 and 30 years of age.An instrument was used to assess: alcohol consumption in terms of frequency and amount (indicators of the National Addiction Survey); depressive symptomatology (Scale of the Epidemiological Study Center CES-D), and domestic violence (verbal aggression, physical aggression, humiliation, and disrespect). The results showed that 75.6% of the inmates had committed theft, and more than half of them were still awaiting sentencing. With respect to domestic violence and alcohol consumption, the highest percentage of inmates reported low volumes (81.8 and 49.5%, respectively). Nevertheless, in depression situations, 50% exhibited high levels. It was found that a larger number of inmates with a history of intense domestic violence had committed kidnappings, and a higher percentage of those with a heavy consumption of alcohol were charged with murder or manslaughter. As per those with high depressive symptomatology rates, most of them reported having committed rapes
Um estudo transversal, descritivo e de correlação foi realizado. O objetivo foi analisar os níveis de violência doméstica, o consumo de álcool e os sintomas da depressão em um grupo de prisioneiros de um centro de reabilitação social, bem como a determinação da relação destas variáveis com o tipo de crime cometido. Uma amostra não probabilística de 385 homens foi selecionada. Os homens ficavam presos em um centro de reabilitação social no México; a maior percentagem deles tinham entre 18 e 30 anos de idade. Nós usamos um instrumento que avaliou: o consumo de álcool, em termos de frequência e quantidade (indicadores da Escola Nacional de Vícios); sintomas depressivos (Cédula do Centro de Estudos Epidemiológicos, CES-D) e violência doméstica (agressão verbal, agressão física, humilhação e respeito). Os resultados mostraram que 75,6 % dos detentos havia cometido roubo e que mais da metade estavam ainda em processo de receber sua sentença. Com relação aos níveis de violência doméstica e o consumo de álcool, a maior percentagem de detidos reportou níveis baixos (81,8 e 49,5%, respectivamente). No entanto, nos níveis de depressão, o 50% apresentou níveis elevados. Encontramos um maior número de presos que cometeram rapto com violência doméstica severa; uma percentagem mais elevada daqueles que tinham cometido assassinato foi detectada, com consumo de álcool grave e sintomas depressivos. A maioria neste grupo apresentava níveis graves, que relatou ter cometido estupro
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Homens/psicologia , Prisões/educação , Prisões/estatística & dados numéricos , Prisões/éticaRESUMO
Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: determinar si existen diferencias entre padres e hijos en prácticas parentales y problemas emocionales y conductuales de los hijos; analizar el grado de acuerdo entre la percepción de los hijos acerca de las prácticas parentales y sus problemas emocionales y conductuales y las prácticas parentales y problemas de los hijos expresados por el padre y la madre y comparar el nivel de predicción de las prácticas parentales en los problemas emocionales y conductuales de los hijos desde la perspectiva de la madre, el padre y el hijo(a). Participaron 552 niños (52.5% niños y 47.5% niñas), con una edad promedio de 10.8 años; también participaron 395 mamás y 349 papás de los niños. Se utilizó la escala de Prácticas Parentales de Andrade y Betancourt (2010) y la escala de Problemas Emocionales y Conductuales de Andrade y Betancourt (2009). En cuanto el nivel de predicción de las prácticas parentales en los problemas emocionales y conductuales de los hijos, los resultados mostraron mayores porcentajes de varianza explicados cuando los niños y niñas son los informantes que cuando lo son la madre o el padre.
The objectives of this study were to determine whether differences exist between parents and children in parenting practices, and behavioral and emotional problems of children, to analyze the degree of agreement between the perceptions of children about parenting practices and their emotional and behavioral problems, and parenting practices and problems of the children expressed by the father and mother, and comparing the prediction of parenting practices in emotional and behavioral problems of children from the perspective of the mother, father and children. 552 children participated (52.5% boys and 47.5% girls), with an average age of 10.8 years, students from public schools; 395 mothers and 349 fathers of children were also involved. To measure parenting practices Andrade and Betancourt scale (2010) was used, which consists of five dimensions for mother (Communication, Autonomy, Imposition, Behavioral control and Psychological control) and four for father. (Communication/Behavioral Control, Autonomy, Imposition and psychological control). Andrade and Betancourt scale (2009) was used for measuring emotional and behavioral problems; it assesses eight dimensions (rule breaking, somatic problems, depression, attention problems, harassment, friend's problems, aggressive behavior and thought problems). The results showed that significant differences exist between parents and children in the reporting of emotional problems but not for behavioral problems, we also found no significant differences between the assessments made for mothers and fathers in both types of problems. Regarding parenting practices, only significant differences were found between the perceptions of children, and what was expressed by mothers, in the comparison between parents and children no significant differences were found. As for predicting the level of parenting practices in emotional and behavioral problems of children, from the perspective of different informants, the results showed that the percentages of explained variance of emotional and behavioral problems of children when they are informants are higher than, when the mother and father are the informants.
RESUMO
The objective of this study was to analyze the predictive power that parental practices have in adolescents' depressive symptomatology considering children's and parents' gender. A non-probabilistic sample was used, consisting of 1934 adolescents, from three different cities from the Mexican Republic (26.5% from Mexico City, 26.7% from Poza Rica, Veracruz, and 46.8% from Culiacán, Sinaloa). 51.4% were males and 48.6% were females, with an age range from 11 to 17 years old, and a mean of 13.3 years old. Nine dimensions of parental practices were evaluated, five for the mother: Communication, Autonomy, Imposition, Psychological control, and Behavioral control; and four dimensions for the father: Communication/Behavioral control, Autonomy, Imposition, and Psychological control. To evaluate the depressive symptomatology, a revised and adapted for Mexican population version of the Scale of Depression of the Epidemiologic Studies Center (CES-D-R) was used. The results showed that women obtained higher scores in depressive symptomatology than men. Depressive symptomatology was associated in a positive way to psychological control and imposition, in both parents, and in a negative way with communication, autonomy and behavioral control, both maternal and paternal. Linear regression analyses were done to determine the effect of parental practices in the depressive symptomatology, which were conducted by gender and by city. In general, the results showed that women had a higher percentage of explained variance (from 26% to 31%) than men (from 6% to 25%) and the dimension that explained the higher variance in most of the groups was maternal psychological control, except on men from Mexico City and Culiacán.
El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el poder predictivo de las prácticas parentales en la sintomatologia depresiva de los adolescentes, considerando el sexo del hijo y el sexo de los padres. Se seleccionó una muestra no probabilistica de 1934 adolescentes, procedentes de tres ciudades de la República Mexicana (26.5% de la Ciudad de México, 26.7% de Poza Rica, Veracruz y 46.8% de Culiacán, Sinaloa). El 51.4% fueron hombres y el 48.6% mujeres, con un rango de edad de 11 a 17 años y una media de 13.3 años. Se evaluaron nueve dimensiones de prácticas parentales, cinco para la madre: Comunicación, Autonomia, Imposición, Control psicológico y Control conductual; y cuatro dimensiones para el padre: Comunicación/Control conductual, Autonomia, Imposición y Control psicológico. Para evaluar la sintomatologia depresiva, se utilizó la versión revisada y adaptada para población mexicana de la Escala de Depresión del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos (CES-D-R). Los resultados mostraron que las mujeres obtuvieron puntajes más altos en sintomatologia depresiva que los hombres. La sintomatologia depresiva se asoció de forma positiva con el control psicológico e imposición de ambos padres y de forma negativa con la comunicación, autonomia y control conductual tanto materno como paterno. Se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal para determinar el efecto de las prácticas parentales en la sintomatologia depresiva, los cuales se llevaron a cabo por sexo y por lugar de residencia. De manera general, los resultados mostraron que en las mujeres fue mayor el porcentaje de varianza explicado (de 26 a 31%) en comparación con los hombres (de 6 a 25%) y la dimensión que mayor varianza explicó en la mayoria de los grupos fue el control psicológico materno, excepto en los hombres de la Ciudad de México y Culiacán.
RESUMO
El propósito de esta investigación es determinar si existen diferenciasde acuerdo con el género de los padres en los efectos del control parental psicológico y conductual en los problemas emocionales y de conducta de los hijos hombres y mujeres. Seseleccionó una muestra no probabilística de 587 estudiantesde secundaria pública de Ciudad de México. El 46,8% fueron hombres y el 53,2%, mujeres, con una media de edad de 13,8 años. Se utilizó la Escala de Percepción de Control Paterno y Materno para Adolescentes y la versión ajustada del Youth Self-Report. Los resultados mostraron que, en general, el control psicológico tanto materno como paterno tuvo una mayor influencia que el control conductual en la presencia de problemas emocionales y de conducta.
The purpose of this research project was to determine whether gender made a difference with respect to the effectsof psychological and behavioral parental control on the emotional and behavioral problems in male and female adolescents. A non-random sample of 587 Mexico City public high school students with a mean age of 13.8 was selected, of which 46.8% were male and 53.2% female. The Maternal and Paternal Control Perception Scale for Adolescents and the adjustedversion of the Youth Self-Report were used. The overall results showed that both maternal and paternal psychological control had a greater influence than behavioral control on thepresence of emotional and behavioral problems.