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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Chronic hepatitis C(CHC) related decompensated cirrhosis is associated with lower SVR-12 rates and variable regression of disease severity following direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs). We assessed rates of SVR-12, recompensation (Baveno VII criteria), and survival in such patients. METHODS: Between July 2018-July 2023, patients with decompensated CHC-related cirrhosis post DAAs treatment, were evaluated for SVR-12 and then had 6-monthly follow-up. RESULTS: Of 6516 patients with cirrhosis, 1152 with decompensated cirrhosis (age 53.2±11.5 years,63% men, MELD-Na:16.5± 4.6,87% genotype 3) were enrolled. SVR-12 was 81.8% after one course; ultimately SVR was 90.8% following additional treatment. Decompensation events included ascites (1098,95.3%), hepatic encephalopathy (191,16.6%), and variceal bleeding (284,24.7%). Ascites resolved in 86% (diuretic withdrawal achieved in 24% patients). Recompensation occurred in 284(24.7%) at a median time of 16.5(IQR-14.5-20.5) months. On multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis, low bilirubin(aHR-0.6,95%CI-0.5-0.8,P<0.001), INR(aHR-0.2,95%CI:0.1-0.3,P<0.001), absence of large esophageal varices(aHR-0.4,95%CI:0.2-0.9,P=0.048), or gastric varices (aHR-0.5,95%CI:0.3-0.7,P=0.022) predicted recompensation. Portal hypertension (PHT) progressed in 158(13.7%) patients, with rebleed in 4%. Prior decompensation with variceal bleeding (aHR-1.6,95%CI:1.2-2.8, P=0.042), and presence of large varices (aHR-2.9,95%CI:1.3-6.5,P<0.001) were associated with PHT progression. Further decompensation was seen in 221(19%);145 patients died and 6 underwent liver transplant. A decrease in MELDNa of ≥3 was in 409(35.5%) and a final MELDNa score of <10 was in 335(29%), but 2.9% developed HCC despite SVR-12. CONCLUSIONS: SVR-12 in HCV-related decompensated cirrhosis in a predominant genotype 3 population, led to recompensation in 24.7% of patients over a follow-up of 4 years in a public health setting. Despite SVR-12, new hepatic decompensation evolved in 19% and HCC developed in 2.9% of patients.
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Hospitalized patients with cirrhosis frequently require critical care management for sepsis, HE, respiratory failure, acute variceal bleeding, acute kidney injury (AKI), shock, and optimization for liver transplantation, while outpatients have unique care considerations. Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) enhances bedside examination of the hepatobiliary system and relevant extrahepatic sites. POCUS includes cardiac US and is used to assess volume status and hemodynamic parameters like cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac contractility, and pulmonary artery pressure, which aid in the early and accurate diagnosis of heart failure, cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, porto-pulmonary hypertension, hepatopulmonary syndrome, arrhythmia, and pulmonary embolism. This also helps in fluid management and vasopressor use in the resuscitation of patients with cirrhosis. Lung ultrasound (LUS) can help in differentiating pneumonia, effusion, and edema. Further, US guides interventions such as line placement, drainage of abdominal collections/abscesses, relief of tension pneumothorax, drainage of pleural and pericardial effusions, and biliary drainage in cholangitis. Additionally, its role is essential to assess liver masses foci of sepsis, for appropriate sites for paracentesis, and to assess for vascular disorders such as portal vein or hepatic vein thrombosis. Renal US can identify renal and postrenal causes of AKI and aid in diagnosis of prerenal AKI through volume assessment. In this review, we address the principles and methods of POCUS in hospitalized patients and in outpatients with cirrhosis and discuss the application of this diverse modality in clinical hepatology.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Treatment of hepatorenal syndrome-acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI), with terlipressin and albumin, provides survival benefits, but may be associated with cardiopulmonary complications. We analyzed the predictors of terlipressin response and mortality using point-of-care echocardiography (POC-Echo) and cardiac and renal biomarkers. APPROACH: Between December 2021 and January 2023, patients with HRS-AKI were assessed with POC-Echo and lung ultrasound within 6 hours of admission, at the time of starting terlipressin (48 h), and at 72 hours. Volume expansion was done with 20% albumin, followed by terlipressin infusion. Clinical data, POC-Echo data, and serum biomarkers were prospectively collected. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) was defined per 2020 criteria. RESULTS: One hundred and forty patients were enrolled (84% men, 59% alcohol-associated disease, mean MELD-Na 25±SD 5.6). A median daily dose of infused terlipressin was 4.3 (interquartile range: 3.9-4.6) mg/day; mean duration 6.4 ± SD 1.9 days; the complete response was in 62% and partial response in 11%. Overall mortality was 14% and 16% at 30 and 90 days, respectively. Cutoffs for prediction of terlipressin nonresponse were cardiac variables [ratio of early mitral inflow velocity and mitral annular early diastolic tissue doppler velocity > 12.5 (indicating increased left filling pressures, C-statistic: 0.774), tissue doppler mitral velocity < 7 cm/s (indicating impaired relaxation; C-statistic: 0.791), > 20.5% reduction in cardiac index at 72 hours (C-statistic: 0.885); p < 0.001] and pretreatment biomarkers (CysC > 2.2 mg/l, C-statistic: 0.640 and N-terminal proBNP > 350 pg/mL, C-statistic: 0.655; p <0.050). About 6% of all patients with HRS-AKI and 26% of patients with CCM had pulmonary edema. The presence of CCM (adjusted HR 1.9; CI: 1.8-4.5, p = 0.009) and terlipressin nonresponse (adjusted HR 5.2; CI: 2.2-12.2, p <0.001) were predictors of mortality independent of age, sex, obesity, DM-2, etiology, and baseline creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: CCM and reduction in cardiac index, reliably predict terlipressin nonresponse. CCM is independently associated with poor survival in HRS-AKI.
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Injúria Renal Aguda , Síndrome Hepatorrenal , Masculino , Humanos , Feminino , Terlipressina/uso terapêutico , Vasoconstritores/uso terapêutico , Síndrome Hepatorrenal/diagnóstico por imagem , Síndrome Hepatorrenal/tratamento farmacológico , Lipressina/uso terapêutico , Sistemas Automatizados de Assistência Junto ao Leito , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Albuminas/uso terapêutico , Ecocardiografia , Biomarcadores , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (SLCTs) are rare, mixed sex-cord stromal tumours composed of varying proportions of both Sertoli and Leydig cells, which account for <0.5% of all ovarian tumours. The cytomorphologic features of SLCTs are not well described in literature. Herein, we describe the cytomorphologic features of an SLCT at an uncommon metastatic site in a young female. Sertoli-Leydig cell tumours (SLCTs) are rare, mixed sex-cord stromal tumours composed of varying proportions of both Sertoli and Leydig cells, which account for <0.5% of all ovarian tumours. The cytomorphologic features of SLCTs are not well described in literature. Herein, we describe the cytomorphologic features of an SLCT at an uncommon metastatic site in a young female.
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Neoplasias Ovarianas , Tumor de Células de Sertoli-Leydig , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/diagnóstico , Tumor de Células de Sertoli-Leydig/patologia , Tumor de Células de Sertoli-Leydig/diagnóstico , AdultoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard management for benign gallbladder diseases. It has been observed that there is alteration in vitamin D levels and bone mineral density after cholecystectomy due to altered enterohepatic circulation. With increase in average age expectancy of the population, low levels of vitamin D levels and osteoporosis after cholecystectomies might cause increased health care burden. METHODS: A prospective observational study was planned between 1 January 2022 and 30 June 2023 in the Department of General Surgery at PGIMER Chandigarh, a tertiary care hospital in north India. One hundred and three post-menopausal women who underwent LC and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the study. All participants underwent estimation of vitamin D and bone mineral density preoperatively and third-post operative month (POM). RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 58.46 ± 7.44. Pain abdomen was present in 68(66%) patients, 18 had epigastric discomfort and 17 had dyspepsia. The mean levels of vitamin D decreased from 21.92 at the baseline to 20.12 at third POM (p < .001). There was a significant change in t score Femoral Neck (-1.12 vs -1.15, p < .001) and Lumbar spine L1-L4 - 1.98 vs -1.98 (p = .033). z-scores of the femoral neck were -0.34 vs -0.54 (p < .001) and of lumbar spine L1-L4 were -0.95 vs 1.02 (p < .001). The decrease in fracture risk for the femoral neck (p = .344) and the lumbar spine (p = .223) was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: There is a significant decrease in vitamin D and BMD levels after LC in post-menopausal females.
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INTRODUCTION: Occlusion of spontaneous portosystemic shunts (SPSSs) in patients with cirrhosis may be required in recurrent or refractory hepatic encephalopathy. We describe a novel method for occlusion of SPSS using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). METHODS: EUS-guided transgastric shunt obliteration was performed by injecting glue and coils directly into SPSS. RESULTS: EUS-guided transgastric shunt obliteration was performed for 7 patients in 9 sessions. Complete cessation of Doppler flow was achieved in 6/7 cases. Adequate clinical response was observed in 6/7 patients. No procedure-related severe adverse events were seen. DISCUSSION: This novel technique is a potentially effective and efficient method for shunt obliteration.
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Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas , Encefalopatia Hepática , Humanos , Encefalopatia Hepática/etiologia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/diagnóstico por imagem , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/cirurgia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologia , Derivação Portossistêmica Cirúrgica/efeitos adversos , Derivação Portossistêmica Cirúrgica/métodos , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Ultrassonografia de IntervençãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Incidence and risk factors for the development of extremity deep vein thrombosis (eDVT) in admitted patients of acute pancreatitis have been rarely explored. AIMS: To identify the incidence of eDVT and to explore role of clinical scores for predicting eDVT in admitted patients of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled admitted patients of acute pancreatitis and performed a weekly eDVT screen for the duration of their admission. Well's score and Padua's score were also calculated weekly. The incidence of venous thrombosis (eDVT and splanchnic thrombosis based on contrast-enhanced CT scan abdomen) was noted, and the risk factors were determined using multivariate analysis. The correlation between Well's score, Padua's score, and development of DVT was calculated using Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients of acute pancreatitis enrolled, 73.5% of patients had necrotizing pancreatitis. Total of 46 patients (45.1%) developed thrombosis: 43 patients had splanchnic vein thrombosis; 5 patients had eDVT; and 1 patient had pulmonary embolism. Patients with eDVT had higher BISAP score (2.6 ± 0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.8; p = 0.039), requirement of mechanical ventilation (60% vs 8.2%; p = 0.008), and mortality (60% vs 12.4%; p = 0.022). Well's score of ≥ 2 had sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 96.9% for prediction of eDVT and it had better correlation with the development of eDVT compared to Pauda's score. CONCLUSION: Incidence of DVT is 5% in patients with acute pancreatitis requiring admission. It is associated with higher disease severity and mortality. The Well's score is useful to predict the development of eDVT in routine clinical practice.
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Pancreatite , Trombose , Trombose Venosa , Humanos , Pancreatite/complicações , Pancreatite/epidemiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Doença Aguda , Trombose Venosa/diagnóstico por imagem , Trombose Venosa/epidemiologia , Trombose Venosa/complicaçõesRESUMO
Most salivary gland neoplasms are of epithelial origin. Sarcomas of the parotid gland, including leiomyosarcoma, are exceedingly rare mesenchymal tumours. A definitive diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma is challenging on cytomorphology alone. We herein describe a case of a 41-year-old woman who presented with parotid gland swelling. The patient was previously diagnosed with leiomyosarcoma of the parotid gland on histopathology. Fine needle aspiration cytology was done from this recurrent swelling. Cytomorphology combined with cell block immunocytochemistry was fruitful in confirming the tumour recurrence. Primary and recurrent/metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the parotid gland is a rarity and cannot be distinguished on cytology. Such a distinction is based on the known history of prior malignancy, which was forthcoming in the present case, or after an exhaustive work-up. Pertinent clinical history and radiology provide leads for the cytopathologist. They must be sought so that immunocytochemistry can be applied judiciously and a precise/nearly precise cytological diagnosis rendered, as it guides patient management. The diagnosis is challenging on cytology as the spindle cell lesions of the parotid gland range from reactive to benign to malignant tumours.
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Umbilical metastasis is a rare event, with a majority being adenocarcinomas. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, lymphoma, melanoma, and rarely malignant mesenchymal tumours like leiomyosarcoma can occur as umbilical nodules. These often emerge during a known malignancy, but once in a while they may be an initial presentation of an undetected tumour. An extensive literature search failed to reveal a case of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) with umbilical metastasis as an initial presentation. We believe that this is an exceptional phenomenon. The diagnosis may easily be missed considering the rarity of this occurrence. A history of primary diagnosis of GIST, when available, is helpful. Here we present cytological findings of metastatic GIST presenting as an umbilical lump, where the diagnosis was reached with the help of limited immunocytochemistry. A timely diagnosis is valuable for locating the primary and initiating surgical management, which may have survival benefits for the patient.
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Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal , Leiomiossarcoma , Citodiagnóstico , Tumores do Estroma Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Humanos , Imuno-HistoquímicaRESUMO
Literature on COVID-19-associated pulmonary mucormycosis (CAPM) is sparse. Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAP) is an uncommon complication of pulmonary mucormycosis (PM), and rarely reported in CAPM. Herein, we report five cases of CAPM with PAP managed at our center and perform a systematic review of the literature. We diagnosed PM in those with clinico-radiological suspicion and confirmed it by microbiology or histopathology. We encountered five cases of CAPM with PAP (size ranged from 1 × 0.8 cm to ~ 4.9 × 4.8 cm). All subjects had diabetes and were aged 55-62 years (75% men). In two cases, COVID-19 and mucormycosis were diagnosed simultaneously, while in three others, COVID-19 preceded PM. One subject who underwent surgery survived, while all others died (80% mortality). From our systematic review, we identified one additional case of CAPM with PAP in a transplant recipient. CAPM with PAP is rare with high mortality. Early diagnosis and multimodality management are imperative to improve outcomes.
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Falso Aneurisma , COVID-19 , Mucormicose , Falso Aneurisma/diagnóstico , Falso Aneurisma/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mucormicose/complicações , Mucormicose/diagnóstico , Artéria Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagem , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The data regarding overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) following irreversible electroporation (IRE) is scarce. We performed a systematic review of the safety and efficacy of IRE for liver malignancies. METHODS: Searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases were performed through September 1, 2019. Studies reporting the survival data (OS and PFS) and complications (graded according to the Society of interventional Radiology classification) were included. A generalized linear mixed method with a random-effects model was used for assessing pooled incidence rates and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 25 studies (n = 776, 15 prospective, 10 retrospective) were included. Metastasis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and cholangiocarcinoma were present in 354, 285, and 100 patients, respectively. The pooled OS at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months was 93.28% (95% CI: 63.23-99.12, I2= 67%), 81.29% (95% CI: 69.80-89.22, I2 = 73%), 61.47% (95% CI: 52.81-69.46, I2 = 0%), and 40.88% (95% CI: 28.43-54.61, I2 = 64%), respectively. The pooled PFS at 6, 12, and 24 months was 79.72% (95% CI: 67.88-87.97, I2 = 70%), 64.19% (95% CI: 56.68-71.06, I2 = 57%), 49.05% (95% CI: 11.47-87.73, I2 = 96%), respectively. Overall complication rate was 23.7%. Major complications (grade C-F) occurred in 6.9% patients. CONCLUSION: IRE is associated with favorable OS and PFS. Although the overall complication rate is high, most complications are graded as minor. KEY POINTS: ⢠The pooled OS and PFS at 6, 12, and 24 months for all the tumor types was 93.28% and 79.72%, 81.29% and 64.19%, and 61.47% and 49.05%, respectively. ⢠HCC was associated with a better OS at 12 and 36 months. ⢠The overall complication rate was 23.7%, with major complications (SIR grade C-F) comprising 6.9%.
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Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Ductos Biliares Intra-Hepáticos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Eletroporação , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: There is increasing adoption of Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) treatment response (LR-TR) criteria. However, there is still a relative lack of evidence evaluating the performance of these criteria. We performed this study to assess the diagnostic accuracy of LI-RADS LR-TR criteria. METHODS: A thorough search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for studies reporting diagnostic accuracy of LI-RADS LR-TR criteria was conducted through 30 June 2020. The meta-analytic summary of sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio of LI-RADS LR-TR criteria was computed using explant histopathology as the reference standard. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 tool. RESULTS: Four studies were found eligible for meta-analysis. The total number of LR-TR observations was 462 (240 patients, 82.5% males). Different locoregional therapies (LRTs), including bland embolization, chemoembolization, radiofrequency ablation, and microwave ablation, had been used. The mean time interval between LRT and liver transplantation ranged from 181 to 219 days. There was a moderate to good inter-reader agreement for LR-TR criteria. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of LR-TR criteria for viable disease were 62% (95% CI, 49-74%; I2 = 69%) and 87% (95% CI, 76-93%; I2 = 57%), respectively. The pooled diagnostic odds ratio and area under the curve were 9.83 (95% CI, 5.34-18.08; I2 = 19%) and 0.80. CONCLUSIONS: LI-RADS LR-TR criteria have acceptable diagnostic performance for the diagnosis of viable tumor after LRT. Well-designed prospective studies evaluating criteria of equivocal lesions and effect of different LRTs should be performed. KEY POINTS: ⢠The pooled sensitivity and specificity of LI-RADS LR-TR criteria for the diagnosis of viable tumor were 62% and 87%, respectively. ⢠The pooled diagnostic odds ratio and area under the curve were 9.83 and 0.80. ⢠LR-TR criteria had a moderate to good inter-reader agreement.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Meios de Contraste , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To compare overall survival (OS) and local recurrence (LR) following radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), and cryoablation (CA) for very early and early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies were included. OS and LR at 1 year and 3 years were assessed. OS was reported as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% credible intervals (CrI) and LR as relative risk (RR) with 95% CrI, to summarize effect of each comparison. RESULTS: Nineteen studies (3043 patients), including six RCTs and 13 observational studies, met inclusion criteria. For OS at 1 year, as compared to RFA, CA had HR of 0.81 (95% CrI: 0.43-1.51), and MWA had HR of 1.01 (95% CrI: 0.71-1.43). For OS at 3 years, as compared to RFA, CA had HR of 0.90 (95% CrI: 0.48-1.64) and MWA had HR of 1.07 (95% CrI: 0.73-1.50). For LR at 1 year, CA and MWA had RR of 0.75 (95% CrI: 0.45-1.24) and 0.93 (95% CrI: 0.78-1.14), respectively, as compared to RFA. For LR at 3 years, CA and MWA had RR of 0.96 (0.74-1.23) and 0.98 (0.87-1.09), respectively, as compared to RFA. Overall, none of the comparisons was statistically significant. Age of patients and tumor size did not influence treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS: RFA, MWA, and CA are equally effective for locoregional treatment of very early and early HCC. KEY POINTS: ⢠There is no significant difference in the OS and LR (at 1 year and 3 years) following ablation of very early and early HCC with RFA, MWA, and CA. ⢠There was no effect of tumor size on the treatment efficacy. ⢠More RCTs comparing CA with RFA and MWA should be performed.
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Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Ablação por Cateter , Criocirurgia , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Ablação por Radiofrequência , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirurgia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirurgia , Micro-Ondas , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Metanálise em Rede , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Embolização Terapêutica , Endossonografia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal , Humanos , Embolização Terapêutica/métodos , Endossonografia/métodos , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/terapia , Cirrose Hepática/complicações , Masculino , Varizes/terapia , Varizes/complicações , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Ultrassonografia de Intervenção , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/terapia , Varizes Esofágicas e Gástricas/etiologiaAssuntos
Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/diagnóstico por imagem , Carcinoma Neuroendócrino/patologia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Adulto , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia ComputadorizadaAssuntos
Biópsia por Agulha Fina , Citodiagnóstico , Hepatoblastoma/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Abdome/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Hepatoblastoma/genética , Hepatoblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Masculino , PediatriaRESUMO
Background: Hemoptysis is defined as coughing out of blood. Pulmonary tuberculosis is the most common cause of hemoptysis in tuberculosis-endemic countries like India. Rasmussen aneurysm is a pseudoaneurysm arising from the pulmonary artery adjacent to or within a tuberculous cavity. Chest radiographs, chest computed tomography angiography (CTA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) are the imaging tools for evaluating a case of hemoptysis. Case: A 32-year-old man with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis presented with complaints of recurrent hemoptysis. On imaging evaluation, multiple pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysms were seen in the left lung. The patient was shifted to the DSA lab and the pseudoaneurysms were subsequently treated by endovascular coil embolization. Hemoptysis resolved following the procedure and the patient was again started on anti-tubercular therapy. Conclusion: Endovascular coiling is minimally invasive, safe, and effective management of multiple Rasmussen aneurysms for preventing possible torrential blood loss and unfortunate death.
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Microsporidia are highly specialized obligate intracellular organisms closely related to fungi, traditionally linked to diarrheal diseases in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Over the past two decades, an increasing incidence of extraintestinal infections affecting various organ systems, especially in immunocompromised individuals, has been observed. The report presents a unique case of lymph node microsporidiosis in a 38-year-old male, positive for human immunodeficiency virus, with coinfections of hepatitis B and C. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) from cervical lymph node yielded pus-like, necrotic material with periodic acid-Schiff stained smear uncovering small round to oval spores on microscopy suspicious for microsporidia. Based on polymerase chain reaction and sequencing done with aspiration material, the causative agent was identified as Vittaforma corneae. This rare encounter highlights the significance of recognizing unique morphological characteristics of infectious organisms and employing appropriate ancillary techniques for precise identification. The case underscores the crucial role of FNAC in diagnosing opportunistic infections involving the lymph nodes and the growing significance of molecular tests for specific pathogen confirmation.