[Review on Analytical Methods of Doping Elements in Synthetic Crystals].

During the synthesis of crystal material, specific dopant can enhance the qualities and performance of crystals, while the types, concentrations and distributions of doping elements also have significant influence on the structures and properties of artificial crystals. Hence, it is very important to determine the concentrations of doping elements for further improving the crystal material formulas, crystal growth process, andits quality control. Currently, the analysis techniques for doping elements' characterization include atomic spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, inorganic mass spectrometry, electron probe microanalysis, etc. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of these techniques are discussed in this paper. Considering the specialties and scope of application, it is necessary to choose the suitable methods to improve the efficiency and accuracy. Meanwhile, the developing trends of analysis methods for doping elements are also prospected.

Effects of oxidative stress reaction for the Eisenia fetida with exposure in Cd2.

Earthworms are widely used in all kinds of pollutants as sensitive bio-indicator organisms because of their immediately oxidative stress response under the stress of heavy metal. However, there are a large number of indexes associated with the oxidative stress response. Finding out the key monitoring indexes in the stress process becomes a practical demand of the pollution monitoring and warning process. We studied two groups, the short-term test and the long-term test. The former one is for 10 days, taking out an earthworm every day. The latter test lasted 30 days, taking out an earthworm every 10 days. The Cd2+ concentration was set at 50, 100, 125, 250, and 500 mg kg-1. Post-clitellum segments of earthworms were chosen to determine superoxide enzyme (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione-S transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), vitamin E (VE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The results showed that the main bio-indicators associating with oxidative stress reaction in short-term group were CAT, SOD, and POD. MDA could be used as a bio-indicator in the early and mid-term. VE was only the bio-indicator in the mid-term stress. While with the long-term test, the main bio-indicators associated with oxidative stress reaction were GSH-Px and MDA. The AChE activity was only suitable for oxidative stress response caused by heavy metal stress more than 30 days.