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1.
J Exp Child Psychol ; 228: 105606, 2023 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36535204

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to explore how young children's vocal and facial cues contribute to conveying to adults important information about children's attributes when presented together. In particular, the study aimed to disentangle whether children's vocal or facial cues, if either, are more dominant when both types of cues are displayed in a contradictory mode. To do this, we assigned 127 college students to one of three between-participants conditions. In the Voices-Only condition, participants listened to four pairs of synthetized voices simulating the voices of 4-5-year-old and 9-10-year-old children verbalizing a neutral-content sentence. Participants needed to indicate which voice was better associated with a series of 14 attributes organized into four trait dimensions (Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Intelligence, and Helpless), potentially meaningful in young child-adult interactions. In the Consistent condition, the same four pairs of voices delivered in the Voices-Only condition were presented jointly with morphed photographs of children's faces of equivalent age. In the Inconsistent condition, the four pairs of voices and faces were paired in a contradictory manner (immature voices with mature faces vs. mature voices with immature faces). Results revealed that vocal cues were more effective than facial cues in conveying young children's attributes to adults and that women were more efficient (i.e., faster) than men in responding to children's cues. These results confirm and extend previous evidence on the relevance of children's vocal cues to signaling important information about children's attributes and needs during their first 6 years of life.


Assuntos
Sinais (Psicologia) , Voz , Masculino , Adulto , Humanos , Feminino , Pré-Escolar , Percepção Auditiva , Emoções , Estudantes
2.
Behav Brain Sci ; 46: e56, 2023 05 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37154369

RESUMO

Although we find many merits to Grossmann's fearful ape hypothesis, unlike Grossmann, we see heightened fearfulness as an ontogenetic adaptation, signaling helplessness and fostering caregiving during infancy, which subsequently became exapted to promote cooperation. We also argue that, rather than being the "breeding ground" for enhanced infant fearfulness, cooperative care is more likely the evolved product of enhanced fearfulness.


Assuntos
Medo , Humanos , Lactente
3.
Clin Infect Dis ; 74(7): 1199-1207, 2022 04 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34216464

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The effect of primaquine in preventing Plasmodium vivax relapses from dormant stages is well established. For Plasmodium ovale, the relapse characteristics and the use of primaquine is not as well studied. We set to evaluate the relapsing properties of these 2 species, in relation to primaquine use among imported malaria cases in a nonendemic setting. METHODS: We performed a nationwide retrospective study of malaria diagnosed in Sweden 1995-2019, by reviewing medical records of 3254 cases. All episodes of P. vivax (n = 972) and P. ovale (n = 251) were selected for analysis. RESULTS: First time relapses were reported in 80/857 (9.3%) P. vivax and 9/220 (4.1%) P. ovale episodes, respectively (P < .01). Without primaquine, the risk for relapse was higher in P. vivax, 20/60 (33.3%), compared to 3/30 (10.0%) in P. ovale (hazard ratio [HR] 3.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-12.0). In P. vivax, patients prescribed primaquine had a reduced risk of relapse compared to episodes without relapse preventing treatment, 7.1% vs 33.3% (HR 0.2, 95% CI .1-.3). In P. ovale, the effect of primaquine on the risk of relapse did not reach statistical significance, with relapses seen in 2.8% of the episodes compared to 10.0% in patients not receiving relapse preventing treatment (HR 0.3, 95% CI .1-1.1). CONCLUSIONS: The risk of relapse was considerably lower in P. ovale than in P. vivax infections indicating different relapsing features between the two species. Primaquine was effective in preventing P. vivax relapse. In P. ovale, relapse episodes were few, and the supportive evidence for primaquine remains limited.


Assuntos
Antimaláricos , Malária Vivax , Malária , Plasmodium ovale , Antimaláricos/farmacologia , Antimaláricos/uso terapêutico , Doença Crônica , Humanos , Malária/tratamento farmacológico , Malária/epidemiologia , Malária Vivax/tratamento farmacológico , Malária Vivax/epidemiologia , Plasmodium vivax , Primaquina/efeitos adversos , Recidiva , Estudos Retrospectivos
5.
Child Dev ; 89(6): 2288-2302, 2018 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29336015

RESUMO

In 1997, I argued that with the loss of Piaget's theory as an overarching guide, cognitive development had become disjointed and a new metatheory was needed to unify the field. I suggested developmental biology, particularly evolutionary theory, as a candidate. Here, I examine the increasing emphasis of biology in cognitive development research over the past 2 decades. I describe briefly the emergence of evolutionary developmental psychology and examine areas in which proximal and distal biological causation have been particularly influential. I argue that developmental biology will continue to increasingly influence research and theory in cognitive development and that evolutionary theory is well on its way to becoming a metatheory, not just for cognitive development, but for developmental psychology generally.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Desenvolvimento Infantil/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Psicologia do Desenvolvimento , Adaptação Fisiológica/fisiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Epigenômica , Genética Comportamental , Humanos , Lactente , Pesquisa
6.
Child Dev ; 89(5): 1462-1466, 2018 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29336025

RESUMO

I use the commentaries of Legare, Clegg, and Wen and of Frankenhuis and Tiokhin as jumping-off points to discuss an issue hinted at both in my essay and their commentaries: How a developmental perspective can help us achieve a better understanding of evolution. I examine briefly how neoteny may have contributed to human morphology; how developmental plasticity in great apes, and presumably our common ancestor with them, may have led the way to advances in social cognition; and how the "invention" of childhood contributed to unique human cognitive abilities. I conclude by acknowledging that not all developmentalists have adopted an evolutionary perspective, but that we are approaching a time when an evolutionary perspective will be implicit in the thinking of all psychologists.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Cognição/fisiologia , Criança , Humanos , Imaginação/fisiologia , Comportamento Social
7.
J Exp Child Psychol ; 127: 36-51, 2014 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24813540

RESUMO

Prospective memory (PM) is remembering to perform an action in the future and is crucial to achieving goal-directed activities in everyday life. Doing so requires that an intention is encoded, retained during a delay interval, and retrieved at the appropriate time of execution. We examined PM ability in preschool children by manipulating factors related to agency and incentive. We further explored how metacognition, executive functioning, and theory of mind-factors known to account for individual differences in PM-influenced performance on these PM tasks. A sample of 31 preschool children were asked to carry out a delayed intention or to remind an adult to carry out an intention that was of high or low incentive to the children. Findings indicated that individual differences in theory of mind were related to individual differences in preschoolers' performance on low-incentive PM tasks, independent of executive functioning contributions, whereas individual differences in executive functioning were related to performance on the high-incentive tasks. These findings suggest that changes in theory of mind and executive functioning are important to consider in models of PM and that different PM tasks (e.g., high vs. low incentive) may involve different cognitive requirements for young children.


Assuntos
Cognição , Memória Episódica , Motivação , Psicologia da Criança , Pré-Escolar , Função Executiva , Humanos , Masculino , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Teoria da Mente
8.
J Adolesc ; 37(7): 965-72, 2014 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25086497

RESUMO

Two studies examine whether self-reports of interpersonal conflict differ as a function of how the question is asked. In Study 1, 56 U.S. college students (M = 20.7 years) completed different versions of a questionnaire, four times, at one week intervals. Participants reported more conflicts with the aid of memory prompts than without, an effect that was especially strong when questions focused on events from the previous day. In Study 2, 123 middle-school students (M = 11.08 years) and 128 primary school students (M = 8.2 years) from the same region completed one of two questionnaires describing conflict during the previous day. Children reported more conflicts with memory prompts than without. The effect was twice as strong for younger children than older children. The findings suggest that increases in reports of conflict across the transition into adolescence may be due to improvements in the ability to recall and recount events in the absence of memory cues.


Assuntos
Conflito Psicológico , Relações Interpessoais , Autorrelato , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores Etários , Criança , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudantes/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas
9.
Educ Psychol Rev ; 34(4): 2243-2273, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35730061

RESUMO

In this article, I examine children's evolved learning mechanisms that make humans the most educable of animals. These include (1) skeletal perceptual and cognitive mechanisms that get fleshed out over the course of development, mainly through play; (2) a high level of plasticity that is greatest early in life but that persists into adulthood; (3) remarkable social-learning capabilities; and (4) dispositions toward exploration and play. I next examine some evolutionary mismatches-conflicts between psychological mechanisms evolved in ancient environments and their utility in modern ones-specifically with respect to modern educational systems. I then suggest some ways educators can take advantage of children's evolved learning abilities to minimize the effects of evolutionary mismatches, including (1) following developmentally appropriate practices (which are also evolutionarily appropriate practices), (2) increasing opportunities for physical activities, (3) increasing opportunities to learn through play, and (4) taking advantage of stress-adapted children's "hidden talents." I argue that evolutionary theory informs teachers and parents about how children evolved to learn and can result in more-enlightened teaching methods that will result in a more enjoyable and successful learning experiences for children.

10.
Am Psychol ; 77(6): 781-783, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36074570

RESUMO

Narvaez et al. (2022), in their article "Evolving Evolutionary Psychology," argue that mainstream evolutionary psychology is based on misguided neo-Darwinian adaptationist thinking and an antiquated computationalist, "mind-as-computer" framework and offer their own developmentally informed theory as an alternative. While applauding Narvaez et al. for promoting the role of development in evolutionary explication and as a potential metatheory for psychology, we point out that contemporary evolutionary-developmental accounts address the shortcomings of mainstream evolutionary psychology they describe, while maintaining an adaptationist perspective that includes a central role of evolved, domain-specific information-processing mechanisms. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Cognição , Psicologia
11.
Hum Nat ; 33(1): 22-42, 2022 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34881403

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to explore the role of voices as cues to adults of children's needs for potential caregiving during early childhood. To this purpose, 74 college students listened to pairs of 5-year-old versus 10-year-old children verbalizing neutral-content sentences and indicated which voice was better associated with each of 14 traits, potentially meaningful in interactions between young children and adults. Results indicated that children with immature voices were perceived more positively and as being more helpless than children with mature voices. Children's voices, regardless of the content of speech, seem to be a powerful source of information about children's need for caregiving for parents and others during the first six years of life.


Assuntos
Sinais (Psicologia) , Voz , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Humanos
12.
Evol Psychol ; 19(4): 14747049211040751, 2021 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34617798

RESUMO

Conceptually driven by life history theory, the current study investigated a hypothesized hierarchy of behaviors leading to men's perpetration of violence in intimate relationships. Using a series of hierarchical regressions, we tested a causal cascade model on data provided by 114 men in a committed romantic relationship. The results supported the hypothesized hierarchy of sociodevelopmental events: (1) men's childhood experiences with their parents' parental effort predicted men's life history strategies; (2) men's life history strategies predicted men's behavioral self-regulation; (3) men's self-regulation predicted men's perceptions of partner infidelity risk; (4) perceptions of infidelity risk predicted men's frequency of engagement in nonviolent mate retention behaviors; (5) men's mate retention behaviors predicted men's frequency of partner-directed violence. The overall cascade model explained 36% of variance in men's partner-directed violence.


Assuntos
Violência por Parceiro Íntimo , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Homens , Comportamento Sexual , Parceiros Sexuais , Violência
13.
Int J Emerg Ment Health ; 12(4): 231-5, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21870381

RESUMO

Military deployment of a parent carries with it a number of stresses for children, all centering around uncertainty, instability and unpredictability. This article conceptualizes military deployment and relocation stress in the context of attachment theory, and describes the types of adverse outcomes that can occur as the result of impaired attachment. It then presents a set of practical recommendations for mental health clinicians and counselors for helping children and families cope productively and negotiate the developmental hurdles associated with maintaining healthy attachment and family stability in the face of military deployment.


Assuntos
Adaptação Psicológica , Terapia Familiar , Privação Materna , Militares/psicologia , Apego ao Objeto , Privação Paterna , Psicologia Militar , Adulto , Criança , Educação , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Transtorno Reativo de Vinculação na Infância/diagnóstico , Transtorno Reativo de Vinculação na Infância/psicologia , Transtorno Reativo de Vinculação na Infância/terapia , Fatores de Risco , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/psicologia , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/terapia
14.
Psicothema ; 22(1): 22-7, 2010 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20100423

RESUMO

The field of evolutionary developmental psychology can potentially broaden the horizons of mainstream evolutionary psychology by combining the principles of Darwinian evolution by natural selection with the study of human development, focusing on the epigenetic effects that occur between humans and their environment in a way that attempts to explain how evolved psychological mechanisms become expressed in the phenotypes of adults. An evolutionary developmental perspective includes an appreciation of comparative research and we, among others, argue that contrasting the cognition of humans with that of nonhuman primates can provide a framework with which to understand how human cognitive abilities and intelligence evolved. Furthermore, we argue that several <> aspects of childhood (e.g., play and immature cognition) serve both as deferred adaptations as well as imparting immediate benefits. Intense selection pressure was surely exerted on childhood over human evolutionary history and, as a result, neglecting to consider the early developmental period of children when studying their later adulthood produces an incomplete picture of the evolved adaptations expressed through human behavior and cognition.


Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Crescimento e Desenvolvimento , Psicologia , Cognição , Humanos
15.
Anim Cogn ; 12(1): 43-53, 2009 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18663496

RESUMO

Teaching is a powerful form of social learning, but there is little systematic evidence that it occurs in species other than humans. Using long-term video archives the foraging behaviors by mother Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) were observed when their calves were present and when their calves were not present, including in the presence of non-calf conspecifics. The nine mothers we observed chased prey significantly longer and made significantly more referential body-orienting movements in the direction of the prey during foraging events when their calves were present than when their calves were not present, regardless of whether they were foraging alone or with another non-calf dolphin. Although further research into the potential consequences for the naïve calves is still warranted, these data based on the maternal foraging behavior are suggestive of teaching as a social-learning mechanism in nonhuman animals.


Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar/psicologia , Preferências Alimentares/psicologia , Comportamento Materno/psicologia , Comportamento Predatório , Stenella/psicologia , Animais , Aprendizagem por Associação , Feminino , Comportamento Imitativo , Tempo de Reação , Percepção Social
16.
Dev Psychol ; 45(4): 1034-50, 2009 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19586178

RESUMO

Children who were 4 to 8 years of age were asked to perform a sort-recall task where only half of the items had to be studied and remembered. Following a baseline trial, children were assigned to 1 of 3 groups and were prompted to use either a sorting or a clustering strategy (experimental groups) or were not prompted at all (control group). Children were seen 2 weeks later and given a new set of items for the transfer-of-training sort-recall phases. Levels of recall and strategy use (sorting, clustering, multiple strategy use) were higher for older children, typical items, sorting prompts, and trials with repeated presentations of test materials. Older children used more strategies than younger children, although even 4-year-olds used more than one strategy when performing the memory tasks. Results of multivariate cluster analyses revealed systematic individual differences, separating low performers from production-deficient children and high performers. Overall, findings show that clustering appears to be an early developing, but less effective strategy, with multiple-strategy use and especially sorting being used more frequently and effectively by older children.


Assuntos
Aprendizagem por Associação , Atenção , Desenvolvimento Infantil , Individualidade , Rememoração Mental , Reconhecimento Visual de Modelos , Retenção Psicológica , Aprendizagem Verbal , Fatores Etários , Conscientização , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Sinais (Psicologia) , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Análise Multivariada , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Transferência de Experiência
18.
Psicothema ; 30(2): 201-206, 2018 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29694322

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Young children often use magical explanations to account for ordinary phenomena (e.g., "The sun's not out today because it is mad"). We labeled these explanations supernatural thinking. Previous research reports that supernatural thinking attributed to preschool-age children evokes both positive affect and perceptions of helplessness from both adults and older (14-17 years old) but not younger (10-13 years old) adolescents. In this study, we asked if cues of cognitive immaturity are more influential in affecting adolescents' judgments of children than physical cues (faces). METHOD: 245 adolescents aged between 10 and 17 rated pairs of children who physically and/or cognitively resembled either a 4- to 7-year-old or an 8- to 10-year-old child in three between-subject conditions (Consistent, Inconsistent, Faces-Only) for 14 traits classified into four trait dimensions (Positive Affect, Negative Affect, Intelligence, Helplessness). RESULTS: For both younger and older adolescents, cognitive cues had a greater influence on judgments than facial cues. However, only the older adolescents demonstrated a positive bias for children expressing immature supernatural thinking. CONCLUSIONS: Adopting an evolutionary developmental perspective, we interpreted this outcome in late (but not early) adolescence as preparation for potential parenthood.


Assuntos
Magia , Pais/psicologia , Psicologia do Adolescente , Psicologia da Criança , Pensamento , Adolescente , Afeto , Atitude , Criança , Sinais (Psicologia) , Expressão Facial , Feminino , Humanos , Julgamento , Masculino
19.
Br J Psychol ; 108(3): 467-485, 2017 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27503311

RESUMO

In this study, we analysed the reaction times of 137 college students when making decisions on pairs of hypothetical children verbalizing different types of vignettes and/or exhibiting different physical appearance (photographs of faces). Vignettes depicted immature and mature versions of both supernatural (e.g., 'The sun's not out today because it's mad' vs. 'The sun's not out today because the clouds are blocking it') and natural ('I can remember all 20 cards!' vs. 'I can remember 6 or 7 cards') explanations to ordinary phenomena. Photographs of children's faces were morphed with a physical appearance of approximately 4-7 years old or approximately 8-10 years old. In earlier research, immature supernatural thinking produced positive-affect reactions from adults and older adolescents (14-18 years old) towards young children, with cognitive cues being more important than physical-appearance cues in influencing adults' judgements. Reaction times to make decisions varied for the Supernatural and Natural vignettes and for the immature and mature vignettes/faces, reflecting the differential cognitive effort adults used for making decisions about aspects of children's physical appearance and verbal expressions. The findings were interpreted in terms of the critical role that young children's immature supernatural thinking has on adults' perception, analogous to the evolved role of immature physical features on adults' perception of infants.


Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Infantil , Sinais (Psicologia) , Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Pensamento/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Estudantes , Comportamento Verbal/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
20.
Hum Nat ; 16(2): 211-32, 2005 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26189623

RESUMO

Three-year-old children were observed in two free-play sessions and participated in a toy-retrieval task, in which only one of six tools could be used to retrieve an out-of-reach toy. Boys engaged in more object-oriented play than girls and were more likely to use tools to retrieve the toy during the baseline tool-use task. All children who did not retrieve the toy during the baseline trials did so after being given a hint, and performance on a transfer-of-training tool-use task approached ceiling levels. This suggests that the sex difference in tool use observed during the baseline phase does not reflect a difference in competency, but rather a sex difference in motivation to interact with objects. Amount of time boys, but not girls, spent in object-oriented play during the free-play sessions predicted performance on the tool-use task. The findings are interpreted in terms of evolutionary theory, consistent with the idea that boys' and girls' play styles evolved to prepare them for adult life in traditional environments.

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