A Trainee Perspective to Issues Needing Redressal in Current Vascular Surgery Training Programs: Survey Results from 2004 to 2015.

BACKGROUND: Vascular surgery training and practice have been constantly evolving in the last 2 decades. The goal of this study is to report the changing trends in perspectives of vascular surgery trainees on current training program and issues that need redressal in vascular training and practice. METHODS: Vascular surgery trainees in the United States, who attended the Society of Clinical Vascular Surgery meeting from 2004 to 2015, were surveyed annually with an anonymous questionnaire during the meet. Questions pertaining to their endovascular and open surgical learning experience, independent performance of procedures, challenges of job search, starting an independent practice, and their perception of issues in vascular surgery training were analyzed. Responses from the first half of the decade (2004-2009) were compared with the second half (2010-2015) to identify evolving trends in trainee perception. RESULTS: Among the 908 vascular surgery trainees who attended the annual meeting from 2004 to 2015, 670 (74%) trainees responded to the questionnaire. The mean age of vascular trainees was 32.5 years. In the latter half of the decade, there was a 2-fold increase in female trainees, from 12.3% to 23.6% (P = 0.002), and the integrated program trainees also increased from 0% to 12% of respondents (P = 0.0023). Trainee satisfaction with endovascular training improved from 78% to 90% (P = 0.0001), and satisfaction with open surgical experience was unchanged at 83% over the 10-year period (P = 0.16). The perception of vascular laboratory experience improved with only 35% vs. 27% (P = 0.016) of respondents dissatisfied, despite only a third of respondents actually performing the noninvasive tests in both the former and the latter half of the decade, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the quality of vascular cases during training has improved, vascular trainees desire shorter training paradigms, and vascular laboratory education is still viewed as deficient. These findings can be used by training programs to re-examine their curricula and implement changes to improve the quality of training the next generation of vascular surgeons.

Aberrant left vertebral artery transposition and concomitant carotid-subclavian bypass for treatment of acute intramural hematoma with thoracic endovascular aortic repair.

Aberrant left vertebral artery (LVA) origin off the aortic arch is an uncommon anatomic variant. Treatment of the thoracic aortic pathology that necessitates its coverage has not been described. We present a patient with an acute intramural hematoma with a dominant LVA originating from the aortic arch. A LVA-to-carotid artery transposition with shunt placement, carotid-to-subclavian bypass, and thoracic endovascular aortic repair were performed. The patient recovered uneventfully, without any evidence of stroke. This case study shows that aberrant left vertebral anatomy presents a unique and interesting challenge and that vertebral shunt techniques during revascularization can be performed without stroke.

Percutaneous fenestrated endovascular aortic graft treatment of aortocaval fistula with aortic pseudoaneurysms secondary to penetrating trauma.

Aortocaval fistula (ACF) is a lethal complication of aortic aneurysmal disease. Traditional treatment of ACF involves open surgical approaches to fistula ligation and repair of the great vessels, with a high mortality secondary to bleeding and cardiac compromise. We present the case of a 28-year-old man with a chronic ACF with concomitant aortic pseudoaneurysms secondary to penetrating trauma treated with a fenestrated endograft.

Compression versus No Compression after Endovenous Ablation of the Great Saphenous Vein: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study is to determine if compression therapy after endovenous ablation (EVA) of the great saphenous vein (GSV) improves efficacy and patient-reported outcomes of pain, ecchymosis, and quality of life. METHODS: This is a prospective randomized controlled trial from 2009 to 2013 comparing the use of thigh-high 30-40 mm Hg compression therapy for 7 days versus no compression therapy following EVA of the GSV. Severity of venous disease was measured by clinical severity, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology scale and the Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS). Quality of life assessments were carried out with a Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire (CIVIQ-2) at days 1, 7, 14, 30, and 90, and the Visual Analog Pain Scale daily for the first week. Bruising score was assessed at 1 week post procedure. Postablation venous duplex was also performed. RESULTS: Seventy patients and 85 limbs with EVA were randomized. EVA modalities included radiofrequency ablation (91%) and laser ablation (9%). Clinical severity, etiology, anatomy, pathophysiology class and VCSS scores were equivalent between the 2 groups. There was no significant difference in patient-reported outcomes of postprocedural pain scores at day 1 (mean 3.0 vs. 3.12, P = 0.948) and day 7 (mean 2.11 vs. 2.81, P = 0.147), CIVIQ-2 scores at 1 week (mean 36.9 vs. 35.1, P = 0.594) and 90 days (mean 29.1 vs. 22.5, P = 0.367), and bruising score (mean 1.2 vs. 1.4, P = 0.561) in the compression versus no compression groups, respectively. Additionally, there was a 100% rate of GSV closure in both groups and no endothermal heat-induced thrombosis as assessed by postablation duplex. CONCLUSIONS: Compression therapy does not significantly affect both patient-reported and clinical outcomes after GSV ablation in patients with nonulcerated venous insufficiency. It may be an unnecessary adjunct following GSV ablation.

Pneumatic Compression Improves Quality of Life in Patients with Lower-Extremity Lymphedema.

BACKGROUND: Lymphedema is an incurable and disfiguring disease secondary to excessive fluid and protein in the interstitium as a result of lymphatic obstruction. Pneumatic compression (PC) offers a novel modality for treatment of lymphatic obstruction through targeting lymphatic beds and mimicking a functional drainage system. The objective of this study is to demonstrate improved quality of life in patients with lower-extremity lymphedema. METHODS: Consecutive patients presenting to a single institution for treatment of lymphedema were all treated with PC for at least 3 months. All patients underwent a pre- and post-PC assessment of episodes of cellulitis, number of ulcers, and venous insufficiency. Post-PC symptom questionnaires were administered. Symptom improvement was the primary outcome for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients met inclusion criteria. At presentation, 70% were female with a mean age of 57.5 years. Secondary lymphedema was present in 78%. Mean length of PC use was 12.7 months with a mean of 5.3 treatments per week. Ankle and calf limb girth decreased after PC use, (28.3 vs. 27.5 cm, P = 0.01) and (44.7 vs. 43.8 cm, P = 0.018), respectively. The number of episodes of cellulitis and ulcers pre- and post-PC decreased from mean of 0.26-0.05 episodes (P = 0.002) and 0.12-0.02 ulcers (P = 0.007), respectively. Fourteen percent had concomitant superficial venous insufficiency, all of whom underwent venous ablation. Overall 100% of patients reported symptomatic improvement post-PC with 54% greatly improved. 90% would recommend the treatment to others. CONCLUSIONS: PC improves symptom relief and reduces episodes of cellulitis and ulceration in lower-extremity lymphedema. It is well tolerated by patients and should be recommended as an adjunct to standard lymphedema therapy. Screening for venous insufficiency is recommended.

Gender Differences in Aortic Neck Morphology in Patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Undergoing Elective Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated that women tend to have adverse aortic neck morphology leading to exclusion of some women from undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). The objective of this study is to investigate differences in aortic neck morphology in men versus women, changes in the neck morphology and sac behavior after EVAR, and investigate how these features may influence outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of elective EVARs (2004-2013). We excluded patients who underwent elective EVAR with no postoperative imaging available and those patients with fenestrated repairs. Using TeraRecon and volumetric analysis, several features were investigated. These included percent thrombus, shape, length, angulation of the neck, and changes in neck and abdominal aortic aneurysm diameter. RESULTS: A total of 146 patients were found to meet inclusion criteria (115 men and 31 women) with similar baseline characteristics. Neck angulation was greater in women (23.9° vs. 13.5°; P < 0.028). The percent thrombus in women was higher than men (35.4% vs. 31%; P < 0.02). Abdominal aneurysm's were smaller in women at 1 year (4.2 cm vs. 5.1 cm; P < 0.002), and secondary interventions were higher in men (11.3% vs. 0%; P < 0.05). Other features such as neck shape, changes in neck diameter, neck length, and percent oversizing of graft where not statistically different between genders. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in neck characteristics and changes in neck morphology do not appear to adversely affect EVAR outcomes. Longer follow-up is necessary to further assess whether these findings are clinically durable.

Endovascular Treatment of Spontaneous Renal Artery Dissection After Failure of Medical Management.

Spontaneous renal artery dissection (SRAD) is a rare disease with approximately 200 cases reported in the literature. The severity of renal compromise, the anatomic location of the dissection, and the presence of uncontrollable hypertension are used to guide the initial management of SRAD. However, there are no reported guidelines for managing the progression of SRAD after acute failure of medical management. In this case, a 40-year-old man with a recently diagnosed SRAD was managed appropriately with therapeutic anticoagulation, yet presented with progression of his dissection and a new acute renal infarct. A covered endovascular stent was used to successfully control dissection progression and prevent further renal compromise.

Mesenteric venous thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: This review explores the current literature on the natural history, diagnosis, and management of mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) in the modern era. METHODS: A review of the contemporary literature from 1997 to 2016 on MVT and its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment was performed. RESULTS: MVT is an insidious and lethal disease associated with acute mesenteric ischemia. The prevalence of MVT has increased sharply during the past two decades commensurate with an increase in radiographic imaging for abdominal complaints. The optimal treatment of and approach to MVT is controversial, given the poorly understood natural history of this rare disease. Both endovascular and open surgical strategies in addition to systemic anticoagulation have been used as adjuncts to treat MVT with limited success. Despite advances in treatment, mortality associated with MVT is still high. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that failure to recanalize the portomesenteric venous system leads to an increased risk for development of sequelae of portal hypertension. CONCLUSIONS: MVT is a challenging disease to treat, given the difficulty in establishing a prompt initial diagnosis and the inability to reliably monitor patients for evidence of impending bowel infarction. Careful selection of patients for endovascular, open, or hybrid approaches is key to achieving improved outcomes. However, the paucity of prospective data and our evolving understanding of the natural history of MVT make consensus treatment strategies difficult to ascertain.

Mesenteric vein thrombosis can be safely treated with anticoagulation but is associated with significant sequelae of portal hypertension.

BACKGROUND: Mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) is a relatively uncommon but potentially lethal condition associated with bowel ischemia and infarction. The natural history and long-term outcomes are poorly understood and under-reported. METHODS: A single-institution retrospective review of noncirrhotic patients diagnosed with MVT from 1999 to 2015 was performed using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and radiology codes. Patients were excluded if no radiographic imaging was available for review. Eighty patients were identified for analysis. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data on presentation and at long-term follow-up were collected. Long-term sequelae of portal venous hypertension were defined as esophageal varices, portal vein cavernous transformation, splenomegaly, or hepatic atrophy, as seen on follow-up imaging. RESULTS: There were 80 patients (57.5% male; mean age, 57.9 ± 15.6 years) identified; 83.3% were symptomatic, and 80% presented with abdominal pain. Median follow-up was 480 days (range, 1-6183 days). Follow-up radiographic and clinical data were available for 50 patients (62.5%). The underlying causes of MVT included cancer (41.5%), an inflammatory process (25.9%), the postoperative state (20.7%), and idiopathic cases (18.8%). Pancreatic cancer was the most common associated malignant neoplasm (53%), followed by colon cancer (15%). Twenty patients (26%) had prior or concurrent lower extremity deep venous thromboses. Most patients (68.4%) were treated with anticoagulation; the rest were treated expectantly. Ten (12.5%) had bleeding complications related to anticoagulation, including one death from intracranial hemorrhage. Four patients underwent intervention (three pharmacomechanical thrombolysis and one thrombectomy). One patient died of intestinal ischemia. Two patients had recurrent MVT, both on discontinuing anticoagulation. Long-term imaging sequelae of portal hypertension were noted in 25 of 50 patients (50%) who had follow-up imaging available. Patients with long-term sequelae had lower recanalization rates (36.8% vs 65%; P = .079) and significantly higher rates of complete as opposed to partial thrombosis at the initial event (73% vs 43.3%; P < .005). Long-term sequelae were unrelated to the initial cause or treatment with anticoagulation (P = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Most cases of MVT are associated with malignant disease or an inflammatory process, such as pancreatitis. A diagnosis of malignant disease in the setting of MVT has poor prognosis, with a 5-year survival of only 25%. MVT can be effectively treated with anticoagulation in the majority of cases. Operative or endovascular intervention is rarely needed but important to consider in patients with signs of severe ischemia or impending bowel infarction. There is a significant incidence of radiographically noted long-term sequelae from MVT related to portal venous hypertension, especially in cases of initial complete thrombosis of the mesenteric vein.

Disparities in initial presentation and treatment outcomes of diabetic foot ulcers in a public, private, and Veterans Administration hospital.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) treatment outcomes are well described, although few studies identify risk factors contributing to disparate healing and amputation rates. In a unique academic center serving urban public, private, and veteran patients, we investigated amputation and healing rates and specific risk factors for disparate treatment outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of diabetic patients with a new diagnosis of a foot ulcer at geographically adjacent, but independent public, private, and Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals was conducted. Healing and lower extremity amputation outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Across the three hospitals, 234 patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients at the VA hospital were older (mean 72.5 years; P < 0.001) and had gangrenous ulcers (mean 14.1%; P < 0.001) compared with patients in the private and public hospitals. Public hospital patients were mostly Hispanic (mean 54%; P < 0.001) with a shorter duration of diabetes (mean 12.8 years; P = 0.02), but were more poorly controlled than VA and private hospital patients (P ≤ 0.001). Prior amputation (odds ratio [OR] 1.97; P = 0.016) and non-Caucasian race (OR 2.42; P = 0.004) increased the risk of amputation on multivariate analysis. Osteomyelitis (P = 0.0371) and gangrene (P < 0.001) are independent risk factors for amputation. Across all three hospitals, 42.3% of patients were treated by amputation (6.8% private, 12% public and 23.5% VA; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In a single triumvirate health care system where the patient population is stratified primarily by insurance, VA patients have significantly higher amputation rates compared with patients at adjacent private and public hospitals. The VA patients are largely racial minorities with advanced DFU progression to gangrenous ulcers.

A histopathologic basis for surgical debridement to promote healing of venous ulcers.

BACKGROUND: Pathologic analysis of deep tissue obtained during debridement of venous ulcers is often unnoticed in its importance. We previously reported pathologic findings on 139 patients with venous ulcers. The objective of this study was to correlate the pathologic findings in venous ulcers with wound healing to establish a negative margin for debridement. STUDY DESIGN: Consecutive patients with a lower extremity venous ulcer present for at least 4 weeks, presenting to a single wound healing center, were included. Wounds underwent aggressive surgical debridement beyond the subcutaneous level until judged to have a viable base. Specimens were scored based on cellularity, vascularity, collagen composition, inflammation, and dense fibrosis, with a highest possible score of 13. Healing was the primary outcome for analysis. RESULTS: Of the 26 patients who met inclusion criteria, only 50% of them (13 patients) with a total of 18 venous ulcers underwent surgical debridement available for pathologic analysis. Mean ulcer area was 34.7 cm(2) at initial presentation, and 89% of patients had a continuous positive healing curve as measured by decreasing wound area (from 34.7 cm(2) to 14.3 cm(2)). However, specimens with dense fibrosis, decreased cellularity, mature collagen, and pathology score less than 10 were predominantly nonhealing ulcers. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of dense fibrosis and high levels of mature collagen in deep tissue specimens are significant correlative factors in nonhealing of venous ulcers. We recommend deep debridement on all venous ulcers that are refractory to healing until the level of absence of dense fibrosis and mature collagen is reached to promote venous ulcer healing.

The role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a significant and rapidly growing complication of diabetes and its effects on wound healing. Over half of diabetic patients who develop a single ulcer will subsequently develop another ulcer of which the majority will become chronic non-healing ulcers. One-third will progress to lower extremity amputation. Over the past decade, the outcomes for patients with DFUs ulcers have not improved, despite advances in wound care. Successful treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is hindered by the lack of targeted therapy that hones in on the healing processes dysregulated by diabetes. Stem cells are a promising treatment for DFUs as they are capable of targeting, as well as bypassing, the underlying abnormal healing mechanisms and deranged cell signaling in diabetic wounds and promote healing. This review will focus on existing stem cell technologies and their application in the treatment of DFUs.

Relation of final intraoperative parathyroid hormone level and outcome following parathyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if final intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) level predicts those at risk for recurrence after parathyroidectomy. Minimally invasive parathyroid exploration guided by preoperative imaging and IOPTH level is an accepted alternative to bilateral exploration for the treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). However, additional enlarged, hypercellular parathyroid glands are present in some patients in whom IOPTH levels fall to normal after excision of a single adenoma. At least 15% of patients are normocalcemic with elevated PTH levels (PPTH) after parathyroidectomy. In these patients, a higher risk of recurrent HPT has been found. DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records. SETTING: University teaching hospital. PATIENTS: The records of all 194 patients who underwent successful initial parathyroidectomy for nonfamilial HPT in 2007 and 2008 by 1 surgeon were reviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Intraoperative PTH level was measured prior to incision (baseline); at excision of the abnormal gland; at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after excision; and at various additional times as needed. Of the patients, 71% underwent minimally invasive parathyroid exploration. Calcium, PTH, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured during the first month after surgery in all patients and after 3 months or more in 80%. Patients were divided into 5 groups depending on the following final IOPTH levels: lower than 10 pg/mL (group l) (to convert PTH to nanograms per liter, multiply by 1.0); 10 to 19 pg/mL (group 2); 20 to 29 pg/mL (group 3); 30 to 39 pg/mL (group 4); and 40 pg/mL or higher (group 5). RESULTS: Of the patients, 82% had a single adenoma, 9% had double adenomas, and 9% had 3 or more abnormal glands. The final IOPTH/baseline IOPTH value in groups 1 to 5 was 7%, 11%, 16%, 23%, and 26%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the preoperative calcium among the groups. All 3 patients with persistent HPT and 5 patients with PPTH were in group 5. One of the 96 patients in groups 1 and 2 and 5 of the 72 patients in groups 3 and 4 had PPTH at the last evaluation. CONCLUSION: Patients with a final IOPTH level of 40 pg/mL or higher are at higher risk of having persistent HPT and should be followed up closely and indefinitely following parathyroidectomy.