[From the history of domestic dentistry: Moscow Dental School of the Privat-docent of Moscow University, MD Gilyariy Ivanovich Vilga]. / Iz istorii otechestvennoi stomatologii: Moskovskaya zubovrachebnaya shkola privat-dotsenta Moskovskogo universiteta doktora meditsiny Gilyariya Ivanovicha Vil'ga.

Based on archival data, the authors describe the Moscow School of Dentistry with dental courses for doctors, dentists, and dentists of the Moscow University, Privat-docent Dr. Gilyari Ivanovich Vilga, examine the background to its formation, provide unique archival data on the location of the school, as well as its internal organization and equipment. The authors review in detail the program of courses, as well as their duration, cost, and form of student accountability. During its existence (1909-1918), more than two thousand dentists were educated at G.I. Vilg's school, among them Alexander Ivanovich Evdokimov, a future corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, director of the State Institute of Dentistry (GIZ) and the State Institute of Dentistry and Odontology (GIZO). The authors of the article also focus on analyzing the differences in the approaches to the organization of several dental schools, viz: The First Moscow I.M. Kovarsky School of Dentistry and the Second G.I. Vilga School of Dentistry. In his efforts, I.M. Kovarskij's aspirations to establish the best dental school in Russia were crowned with success: a specially constructed and equipped building meeting the state-of-the-art requirements (the building even boasted an X-ray machine), and the best professors and instructors of the University of Moscow of that time were hired. In contrast, G.I. Vilga rented premises for his school, the equipment was in short supply, and he himself was the only eminent professor. Nevertheless, his fierce desire to unite the entire dental community and organize the best dental care for the entire population of Russia allowed his brainchild to enter the top five schools of the time.

Finding the Light Emission Stimulator of Neonothopanus nambi Basidiomycete and Studying Its Properties.

A stimulator of light emission of the fungus was found in an aqueous extract from mycelium of the luminous basidiomycete Neonothopanus nambi after its treatment with ß-glucosidase. The addition of the extract to the luminous mycelium increases the level of light emission from several times to 1.5 orders of magnitude or more. The luminescence stimulator is a low-molecular-weight thermostable compound: it is detected in the permeate after filtering the extract through a 10-kDa cutoff membrane and it retains the stimulating effect after heat treatment at 100°C for 5 min. In the absorption spectrum of the aqueous sample of the stimulator, two main peaks are observed in the shortwave region (205 and 260 nm) and a shoulder in the range of 350-370 nm can be seen. The luminescence stimulator exhibits blue fluorescence with an emission maximum at 440 nm when excited at 360 nm. It was established that the luminescence-stimulating component is not a substrate (or its precursor) of the luminescent system of the N. nambi fungus.

Data blinding for the nEDM experiment at PSI.

Psychological bias towards, or away from, prior measurements or theory predictions is an intrinsic threat to any data analysis. While various methods can be used to try to avoid such a bias, e.g. actively avoiding looking at the result, only data blinding is a traceable and trustworthy method that can circumvent the bias and convince a public audience that there is not even an accidental psychological bias. Data blinding is nowadays a standard practice in particle physics, but it is particularly difficult for experiments searching for the neutron electric dipole moment (nEDM), as several cross measurements, in particular of the magnetic field, create a self-consistent network into which it is hard to inject a false signal. We present an algorithm that modifies the data without influencing the experiment. Results of an automated analysis of the data are used to change the recorded spin state of a few neutrons within each measurement cycle. The flexible algorithm may be applied twice (or more) to the data, thus providing the option of sequentially applying various blinding offsets for separate analysis steps with independent teams. The subtle manner in which the data are modified allows one subsequently to adjust the algorithm and to produce a re-blinded data set without revealing the initial blinding offset. The method was designed for the 2015/2016 measurement campaign of the nEDM experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute. However, it can be re-used with minor modification for the follow-up experiment n2EDM, and may be suitable for comparable projects elsewhere.

Biodistribution of Detonation Synthesis Nanodiamonds in Mice after Intravenous Administration and Some Biochemical Changes in Blood Plasma.

Biodistribution of nanodiamonds in mice after intravenous administration, activities of AST and ALT, and the level of bilirubin in the blood plasma were studied in 2.5 h and 10, 35, and 97 days after injection of nanodiamonds. In 2.5 h after intravenous injection, nanodiamonds mainly accumulate in the lungs and liver. Then, redistribution of nanodiamonds from all organs to the liver was observed. Activities of AST and ALT and the level of bilirubin in the blood increased after 2.5 h and then decreased to the initial values.

Reusable System for Phenol Detection in an Aqueous Medium Based on Nanodiamonds and Extracellular Oxidase from Basidiomycete Neonothopanus nambi.

A reusable system for phenol determination in an aqueous medium was obtained by adsorption of extracellular oxidase from fungus Neonothopanus nambi onto modified nanodiamonds (MND) synthesized by detonation. It was found that the enzyme strongly binds to MND and exhibits catalytic activity in the reaction of co-oxidation of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine without the addition of hydrogen peroxide. In the presence of the MND-oxidase complex, a significantly (by an order of magnitude) higher yield of the reaction product is recorded as compared to the yield in the presence of a free enzyme; the mechanism of the revealed effect is discussed. Model experiments have demonstrated the multiple use of the MND-oxidase complex for testing phenol in aqueous samples. The immobilized enzyme exhibits functional activity during long-term (2 months) storage of the MND-oxidase complex at 4°C. The data obtained create the prerequisites for using the created system in environmental monitoring of water pollution with phenol.

ALDOSTERONE SYNTHASE GENE С-344Т POLYMORPHISM AS A RISK FACTOR OF EARLY LEFT VENTRICULAR REMODELING IN YOUNG HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS WITH OBESITY.

The purposes of the research were to study the prevalence of C-344T polymorphism and the distribution of aldosterone synthase gene (CYP11B2) genotypes, to analyze the association of aldosterone concentration with aldosterone synthase gene genotypes, to study the features of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) by echocardioscopy and identify their association with different genotypes of the aldosterone synthase gene in young patients with arterial hypertension (AH), depending on the presence or absence of concomitant obesity (or overweight). 123 young patients with essential AH (18-44 years old) were examined, the average age was (32,83±0,58) years old, the male/female ratio was 72/51 respectively. All patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1 (n=41) with normal body weight; group 2 (n=40) with overweight; group 3 (n=42) -with obesity. It was revealed that the "pathological" genotypes (CC+CT) of the aldosterone synthase gene C-344T polymorphism were significantly more frequent in patients as with normal body weight and with concomitant obesity or overweight. In concomitant overweight and obesity the average blood aldosterone concentration was significantly higher, that confirms the presence of additional activation of aldosterone synthesis in such comorbid combination and requires further study of the exact mechanism of this type of hyperaldosteronism. Concomitant overweight and obesity significantly influenced on the echocardiographic parameters characterizing LVH processes in young patients with AH with the significant increased proportion of eccentric LVH. "Pathological" genotypes (CT+TT) of the C-344T polymorphism of the aldosterone synthase gene are associated with a higher blood aldosterone concentration and more expressed LVH processes in young patients with AH.

Demonstration of Muon-Beam Transverse Phase-Space Compression.

We demonstrate efficient transverse compression of a 12.5 MeV/c muon beam stopped in a helium gas target featuring a vertical density gradient and crossed electric and magnetic fields. The muon stop distribution extending vertically over 14 mm was reduced to a 0.25 mm size (rms) within 3.5 µs. The simulation including cross sections for low-energy µ^{+}-He elastic and charge exchange (µ^{+}↔ muonium) collisions describes the measurements well. By combining the transverse compression stage with a previously demonstrated longitudinal compression stage, we can improve the phase space density of a µ^{+} beam by a factor of 10^{10} with 10^{-3} efficiency.

Measurement of the Permanent Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron.

We present the result of an experiment to measure the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron at the Paul Scherrer Institute using Ramsey's method of separated oscillating magnetic fields with ultracold neutrons. Our measurement stands in the long history of EDM experiments probing physics violating time-reversal invariance. The salient features of this experiment were the use of a ^{199}Hg comagnetometer and an array of optically pumped cesium vapor magnetometers to cancel and correct for magnetic-field changes. The statistical analysis was performed on blinded datasets by two separate groups, while the estimation of systematic effects profited from an unprecedented knowledge of the magnetic field. The measured value of the neutron EDM is d_{n}=(0.0±1.1_{stat}±0.2_{sys})×10^{-26} e.cm.

Extracellular Oxidases of Basidiomycete Neonothopanus nambi: Isolation and Some Properties.

Using the original technique of treating biomass with ß-glucosidase, a pool of extracellular fungal enzymes was obtained for the first time from the mycelium of basidiomycete Neonothopanus nambi. Two protein fractions containing enzymes with oxidase activity were isolated from the extract by gel-filtration chromatography and conventionally called F1 and F2. Enzyme F1 has a native molecular weight of 80-85 kDa and does not contain chromophore components; however, it catalyzes the oxidation of veratryl alcohol with Km = 0.52 mM. Probably, this enzyme is an alcohol oxidase. Enzyme F2 with a native molecular weight of approximately 60 kDa is a FAD-containing protein. It catalyzes the cooxidation of phenol with 4-aminoantipyrine without the addition of exogenous hydrogen peroxide, which distinguishes it from the known peroxidases. It was assumed that this enzyme may be a mixed-function oxidase. F2 oxidase has Km value 0.27 mM for phenol. The temperature optimums for oxidases F1 and F2 are 22-35 and 55-70°C, and pH optimums are 6 and 5, respectively.

[CURRENT TRENDS IN THE PREVENTION, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (REVIEW)].

The purpose of the work is to analyze the evolution of the clinical course, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and chronic rheumatic heart disease (RHD), antibiotic therapy of streptococcal infection, using modern analysis of modern literature and our own observations. Diagnostic criteria for the disease were revised. Improving the capabilities of echocardiography can improve the prognosis of the disease through the early use of treatment and prevention. The level of ORL / RHD correlates with the economic development of countries. Mutation of the etiological factor of rheumatism - ß-HSA, the formation of antibiotic resistance, increased migration, tourist activity in countries with high morbidity due to ß-HSA can lead to new outbreaks of this infection. Prevention ARF/RHD is multistage. Thus, using the experience of healthcare in different countries, new approaches to prevention can improve disease control.

Sensitive and stable vector magnetometer for operation in zero and finite fields.

We report on an optically pumped magnetometer that uses multiple laser beams to pump and probe spin-polarized Cs atoms. The selected sensor geometry allows for operation in finite magnetic fields as well as close to zero field. In finite fields the magnetometer employs free spin precession signals to determine the field modulus and direction as described in a separate publication. This publication focuses on the magnetometer operation close to zero field, which is based on a ground state Hanle resonance. The four laser beams permit the simultaneous measurement of two orthogonal magnetic field components in a differential detection scheme that greatly suppresses technical laser power noise. Sensitivities better than 54 fT/Hz1/2 could be demonstrated simultaneously for both measurement channels in a well shielded environment. A minimum Allan deviation, limited by residual field fluctuations, of better than 40 fT was observed for integration times of 2s. The magnetometer achieves high sensitivity and stability in offset fields as well as close to zero field and is, thus, a universal tool for low frequency magnetic field measurements.

Creation of Bifunctional Indicating Complex Based on Nanodiamonds and Extracellular Oxidases of Luminous Fungus Neonothopanus nambi.

A bifunctional indicating complex was created by immobilization of extracellular oxidases (glucose oxidase and peroxidases) of luminous fungus Neonothopanus nambi onto modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) synthesized by detonation. It was found that the enzymes firmly adsorb onto MND particles and exhibit their catalytic activity. Model in vitro experiments showed that the created MND-enzymes complex is suitable for repeated use for analyte (glucose and phenol) testing and retains its activity after storage at 4°C in deionized water for 1 month. The data obtained offer the prospects for developing a new class of reusable multifunctional indicating and diagnostic test systems on the basis of MNDs and higher fungal enzymes for medical and ecological analytics.

Detection of Hispidin by a Luminescent System from Basidiomycete Armillaria borealis.

In in vitro experiments, the possibility of using a luminescent system extracted from the luminous fungus Armillaria borealis has been shown to detect and determine the concentration of hispidin. A linear dependence of the luminescent response on the content of hispidin in solutions in the concentration range of 5.4 × 10-5-1.4 × 10-2 µM was detected. The stability of the enzyme system and the high sensitivity of the bioluminescent reaction allows carrying out multiple measurements with the analyte detection limit of 1.3 × 10-11 g. The obtained results show the prospects of creating a rapid bioluminescent method for the analysis of medical substances or extracts from various biological objects for the presence of hispidin.

Detection of nanodiamonds in biological samples by EPR spectrometry.

In model experiments in vitro, the applicability of the EPR spectrometry method for the detection of modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) in blood and homogenates of mouse organs has been established. A characteristic signal (g = 2.003, ΔH ≈ 10 G) is observed in the samples of biomaterials containing MNDs, the intensity of which increases linearly with the concentration of nanoparticles in the range of 1.6-200 µg MNDs per 1 mL of the sample. The EPR method in biomaterials reveals the presence of intrinsic paramagnetic centers, signals from which are superimposed on the signal from the MNDs. However, the intensity of these signals is small, which makes it possible to register the MNDs using EPR spectrometry with the necessary accuracy. The data obtained open up the prospects of using the EPR method for studies of the interorgan distribution, accumulation, and elimination of MNDs during their intravenous injection into experimental animals.

Adsorption of viral particles from the blood plasma of patients with viral hepatitis on nanodiamonds.

Adsorption of viral particles from the blood plasma of patients with viral hepatitis B and C on modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) was shown in the in vitro experiments. PCR method showed the treatment of plasma with MNDs leads to a decrease in the viral load by 2-3 orders of magnitude or more in both cases studied. These results make it possible to predict the applicability of MNDs for the development of new technologies of hemodialysis and plasmapheresis for binding and removal of viral particles from the blood of infected patients.

Designing a reusable system based on nanodiamonds for biochemical determination of urea.

A reusable system including urease covalently bound to the surface of modified nanodiamonds (MNDs) has been developed for the multiple determination of urea. The immobilized enzyme exhibits functional activity and catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia. The presence of ammonia is confirmed by the formation of a colored product after the addition of chemical reagents. It was shown that the MNDs-urease complex can function in a wide range of temperatures and pH as well as in deionized water. The complex provides a linear yield of the product at low analyte concentrations and allows the multiple determination of urea in vitro.

[Total Peroxidase and Catalase Activity of Luminous Basidiomycetes Armillaria borealis and Neonothopanus nambi in Comparison with the Level of Light Emission].

The peroxidase and catalase activities in the mycelium of luminous basidiomycetes Armillaria borealis and Neonothopanus nambi in normal conditions and under stress were compared. An increase in the luminescence level was observed under stress, as well as an increase in peroxidase and catalase activities. Moreover, the peroxidase activity in extracts of A. borealis mycelium was found to be almost one and a half orders of magnitude higher, and the catalase activity more than two orders of magnitude higher in comparison with the N. nambi mycelium. It can be suggested that the difference between the brightly luminescent and dimly luminescent mycelium of N. nambi is due to the content of H2O2 or other peroxide compounds.

[The children health centers: first results of functioning and perspectives of development].

The article presents analysis of functioning of children health centers organized in allsubjects of the Russian Federation. For the first time, according data of report form 68, the information are received concerning visits of children in following age groups: 0-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15 and 16-17 years. The average Russian indicators of visits of children health centers are calculated that can be applied in territories as markers of their effectiveness. The main flows of arrival of children population to health centers and determining factors are established. The particular attention is paid to analysis of repeated visits. The regional experience of their payments in the system of mandatory medical insurance is presented. The experience of implementation of Internet resources in propaganda of healthy life-style in adolescents and young parents is examined. The results of the carried out study were used as a basis to establish in n prevention activities of children health centers problem zones of medical organizational, technological and informational character. The proposals are given concerning enhancement of children health centers functioning.

Effects of nanodiamonds of explosive synthesis on the skin of experimental animals locally exposed to cobalt and chrome ions.

Experiments in vivo demonstrated the protective effect of modified nanodiamonds on guinea pig skin after local exposure cobalt ions, but not chrome ions. The observed differences are determined by different adsorption of these ions by nanodiamonds: in vitro experiments showed that nanodiamonds adsorbed cobalt ions, but not chrome ions from water solutions. The perspectives of using modified nanodiamonds as a new adsorbent for prevention of allergic contact dermatitis induced by ions of bivalent metals are discussed.

Achieving ultra-low and -uniform residual magnetic fields in a very large magnetically shielded room for fundamental physics experiments.

High-precision searches for an electric dipole moment of the neutron (nEDM) require stable and uniform magnetic field environments. We present the recent achievements of degaussing and equilibrating the magnetically shielded room (MSR) for the n2EDM experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute. We present the final degaussing configuration that will be used for n2EDM after numerous studies. The optimized procedure results in a residual magnetic field that has been reduced by a factor of two. The ultra-low field is achieved with the full magnetic-field-coil system, and a large vacuum vessel installed, both in the MSR. In the inner volume of ∼1.4m3, the field is now more uniform and below 300 pT. In addition, the procedure is faster and dissipates less heat into the magnetic environment, which in turn, reduces its thermal relaxation time from 12h down to 1.5h.