Routine laboratory screening for CYP51A-related azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus using Etest: concordance with gene sequencing.

We evaluated the combined performance of itraconazole and voriconazole Etest® gradient concentration strips for detecting A. fumigatus azole resistance associated with cyp51a mutations confirmed by gene sequencing. Among 118 Aspergillus fumigatus clinical isolates collected in a French center, 6 (5%) had azole resistance mutations, 5 of which were probably of environmental origin. Using recent method-dependent Epidemiological Cut-Off Values (ECVs) as thresholds, the combination's sensitivity and specificity were 100% [95% confidence interval 61-100] and 99% [95-100]. Our results support itraconazole and voriconazole Etest® combined use as a promising self-sufficient method for simple, efficient and reliable cyp51a-related azole resistant A fumigatus detection.

Azole resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus is mainly due to mutations in the cyp51a gene and is a challenge for laboratory detection and therapeutic management. We evaluated a combination of two Etest® strips as a simple screening method by evaluating its results in concordance with gene sequencing.

Hospital Clonal Outbreak of Fluconazole-Resistant Candida parapsilosis Harboring the Y132F ERG11p Substitution in a French Intensive Care Unit.

We report the first identification of a fluconazole-resistant Candida parapsilosis (FR-Cp) strain in our hospital, which subsequently caused an outbreak involving 17 patients (12 deaths) within a 26-bed French intensive care unit. Microsatellite genotyping confirmed that all FR-Cp isolates belonged to the same clone. Given recent reports of rapid dissemination of these emerging clones, routine testing of azole susceptibility for all Candida parapsilosis isolates should be encouraged, at least in ICU patients.

Investigation of CryptoPS LFA-positive sera in patients at risk of cryptococcosis.

Cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) is a capsule polysaccharide antigen that can be detected in the fluids of patients with cryptococcal infections. Cryptococcal Antigen Latex Agglutination System (CALAS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (EIA), and lateral flow assay (LFA) are the main methods available. Two main commercial LFA kits are available: CryptoPS (Biosynex, Illkirch Graffenstaden, France) and CrAg LFA (IMMY, Inc. USA). In our lab, we prospectively used CryptoPS as a screening tool in serum for confirmed positive results with CALAS. We investigated the rigor of the CryptoPS test in serum in a multicentric evaluation over 3 years. To improve the specificity of CryptoPS in serum, we additionally implemented and evaluated a pretreatment protocol before CryptoPS testing. A total of 43 serum samples collected from 43 patients were investigated. We found that the CryptoPS assay is hampered by a high rate of false-positive results in serum with a high rate of CryptoPS-positive but CrAg LFA-negative and CALAS-negative sera in patients with no proof of Cryptococcus infection (n = 29). Using a simple pretreatment procedure (5 min incubation at 100°C and centrifugation) we were able to reverse false-positive results, suggesting that there could be interferent material present in the serum. Pretreatment also impacted the CryptoPS results (negative result) in two patients with the cryptococcal disease, one with isolated antigenemia and one with cryptococcal meningitis. Comparing the titers obtained with CALAS and CrAg LFA, we noticed that the titer obtained with CrAg LFA was almost 10-fold higher than those with CALAS. This study showed that Biosynex CryptoPS in serum could give false-positive results even in the absence of cryptococcal disease. These could be reduced by applying an easy pretreatment procedure to the serum before testing, with little but existing impact on the sensitivity.

Lateral flow assays are useful to detect the cryptococcal antigen in human fluids. We investigated CryptoPS-positive results and observed that true false-positive results occurred. The false-positive results can be reduced by applying an easy pretreatment procedure.

Invasive Aspergillosis Due to Aspergillus Section Usti: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Aspergillus spp. of section Usti (A. ustus) represent a rare cause of invasive aspergillosis (IA). This multicenter study describes the epidemiology and outcome of A. ustus infections. METHODS: Patients with A. ustus isolated from any clinical specimen were retrospectively identified in 22 hospitals from 8 countries. When available, isolates were sent for species identification (BenA/CaM sequencing) and antifungal susceptibility testing. Additional cases were identified by review of the literature. Cases were classified as proven/probable IA or no infection, according to standard international criteria. RESULTS: Clinical report forms were obtained for 90 patients, of whom 27 had proven/probable IA. An additional 45 cases were identified from literature review for a total of 72 cases of proven/probable IA. Hematopoietic cell and solid-organ transplant recipients accounted for 47% and 33% cases, respectively. Only 8% patients were neutropenic at time of diagnosis. Ongoing antimold prophylaxis was present in 47% of cases. Pulmonary IA represented 67% of cases. Primary or secondary extrapulmonary sites of infection were observed in 46% of cases, with skin being affected in 28% of cases. Multiple antifungal drugs were used (consecutively or in combination) in 67% of cases. The 24-week mortality rate was 58%. A. calidoustus was the most frequent causal agent. Minimal inhibitory concentrations encompassing 90% isolates (MIC90) were 1, 8, >16, and 4 µg/mL for amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Aspergillus ustus IA mainly occurred in nonneutropenic transplant patients and was frequently associated with extrapulmonary sites of infection. Mortality rate was high and optimal antifungal therapy remains to be defined.

Antifungal Susceptibility of 182 Fusarium Species Isolates from 20 European Centers: Comparison between EUCAST and Gradient Concentration Strip Methods.

We determined the susceptibility of 182 Fusarium species isolates to five antifungal drugs (amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, and terbinafine) by the EUCAST method. Based on the latest taxonomic insights, isolates collected from 20 European centers were distributed into seven complexes and 27 species. The susceptibility was variable, depending on the species. Comparison with the gradient concentration strip method, which was used for 77 isolates, showed essential agreement values for voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole, and amphotericin B of 17%, 91%, 83%, and 70%, respectively.

Invasive aspergillosis due to Aspergillus cryptic species: A prospective multicentre study.

OBJECTIVES: Aspergillus cryptic species are increasingly recognised causes of Aspergillus diseases, including life-threatening invasive aspergillosis (IA). However, as their accurate identification remains challenging in a routine practice, few is known from a clinical and epidemiological perspective. Recently, the MSI application has emerged as a powerful tool for the detection and identification of Aspergillus cryptic species. We aimed to use to the network of users of the MSI application to conduct a multicentre prospective screening of Aspergillus cryptic species-related IA and analyse their epidemiological, clinical and mycological characteristics. METHODS: Over a 27-month period, the clinical involvement of 369 Aspergillus cryptic isolates, from 13 French and Danish MSI application users, was prospectively analysed. Species identification was confirmed by DNA-sequencing and antifungal susceptibility testing was performed using EUCAST reference method. Fifty-one A fumigatus sensu stricto invasive cases were also analysed. RESULTS: Fifteen cryptic isolates were responsible of IA. Eight species were involved, including 5 cases related to the species A sublatus. These species showed high rate of in vitro low susceptibility to antifungal drugs. In comparison with A fumigatus sensu stricto invasive cases, pre-exposure to azole drugs was significantly associated with cryptic IA (P = .02). DISCUSSION: This study brings new insights in cryptic species related IA and underlines the importance to identify accurately at the species level these Aspergillus isolates. The increasing use of antifungal drugs might lead in the future to an epidemiologic shift with an emergence of resistant isolates involved in IA.

Multi-centric evaluation of the online MSI platform for the identification of cryptic and rare species of Aspergillus by MALDI-TOF.

The taxonomy of Aspergillus species has recently been revolutionized with the introduction of cryptic species and section concepts. However, their species-level identification in routine laboratories remains a challenge. The aim of this study was to prospectively assess the identification accuracy of cryptic species of Aspergillus in various laboratories using the mass spectrometry identification (MSI) platform, an independent and freely accessible online mass spectrometry database. Over a 12-month period, when a select set of MSI users identified cryptic species, they were contacted and requested to send the isolates to our laboratory for sequence-based identification. Sequence and MSI identification results were then compared. During the study period, 5108 Aspergillus isolates were identified using MSI including 1477 (28.9%) cryptic species. A total of 245 isolates that corresponded to 56 cryptic species and 13 sections were randomly selected for DNA sequencing confirmation. Agreement between the two methods was 99.6% at the section level and 66.1% at the species level. However, almost all discrepancies (72/83, 86.7%) were misidentifications between closely related cryptic species belonging to the same section. Fifty-one isolates from noncryptic species were also identified, thus yielding 100% and 92.2% agreement at the section and species level, respectively. Although the MSI fungus database is a reliable tool to identify Aspergillus at the section level, the database still requires adjustment to correctly identify rare or cryptic species at the species level. Nevertheless, the application properly differentiated between cryptic and sensu stricto species in the same section, thus alerting on possible specific isolate characteristics.

Detection of (1,3)-ß-d-Glucan for the Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infection in Liver Transplant Recipients.

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are complications after liver transplantation involving high morbidity and mortality. (1,3)-ß-d-glucan (BG) is a biomarker for IFI, but its utility remains uncertain. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of BG following their diagnosis. Between January 2013 and May 2016, 271 liver transplants were performed in our institution. Serum samples were tested for BG (Fungitell®, Associates Cape Code Inc., Falmouth, MA, USA) at least weekly between liver transplantation and the discharge of patients. Nineteen patients (7%) were diagnosed with IFI, including 13 cases of invasive candidiasis (IC), eight cases of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and one case of septic arthritis due to Scedosporium apiospernum. Using a single BG sample for the primary analysis of IFI, 95% (21/22) of the subjects had positive BG (>80 pg/mL) at the time of IFI diagnosis. The area under the ROC curves to predict IFI was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.73-0.83). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of BG for IFI were 75% (95% CI: 65-83), 65% (62-68), 17% (13-21), and 96% (94-97), respectively. Based on their high NPV, the BG test appears to constitute a good biomarker to rule out a diagnosis of IFI.

Cryptococcus neoformans Infections Differ Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Individuals: Results From a Nationwide Surveillance Program in France.

Among 1107 cryptococcosis cases from the French surveillance network (2005-2020), the proportion of HIV-seronegative individuals has recently surpassed that of HIV-seropositive individuals. We observed marked differences in patient characteristics, disease presentations, cryptococcal antigen results, infecting species, and mortality according to HIV serostatus.

Features of cryptococcosis among 652 HIV-seronegative individuals in France: a cross-sectional observational study (2005-2020).

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to describe features and outcomes of cryptococcosis among HIV-seronegative individuals in a large surveillance network for cryptococcosis in France. METHODS: We included incident cases of cryptococcosis in HIV-seronegative individuals from 2005 to 2020. We compared patient characteristics, disease presentations, cryptococcal antigen results, and induction antifungal treatments according to underlying disease. We examined factors associated with 90-day mortality. Among patients with disseminated infections, we investigated whether receipt of flucytosine and polyene combination was associated with lower mortality. RESULTS: Among 652 individuals, 209 (32.1%) had malignancy, 130 (19.9%) were solid-organ transplant recipients, 204 (31.3%) had other immunocompromising conditions, and 109 (16.7%) had no reported underlying factor. The commonest presentations were disseminated infections (63.3%, 413/652) and isolated pulmonary infections (25.3%, 165/652). Solid-organ transplant patients were most likely to have disseminated infections and a positive serum cryptococcal antigen result. Patients with malignancy were older and less likely to receive a flucytosine-containing regimen for disseminated infections than others (58.7%, 78/133 vs. 73.2%, 194/265; p 0.029). The crude 90-day case-fatality ratio was 27.2% (95% CI, 23.5%-31.1%). Age ≥60 years (aOR: 2.75 [1.78-4.26]; p < 0.001), meningitis/fungaemia (aOR: 4.79 [1.80-12.7]; p 0.002), and malignancy (aOR: 2.4 [1.14-5.07]; p 0.02) were associated with higher 90-day mortality. Receipt of flucytosine and polyene combination was associated with lower 90-day mortality (aOR: 0.40 [0.23-0.71]; p 0.002) in multivariable analysis and inverse probability of treatment weighted analysis (aOR: 0.45 [0.25-0.80]; p 0.006). DISCUSSION: HIV-seronegative individuals with cryptococcosis comprise a wide range of underlying conditions with different presentations and outcomes, requiring a tailored approach to diagnosis and management.

Comparison of the Micronaut-AM System and the EUCAST Broth Microdilution Reference Method for MIC Determination of Four Antifungals against Aspergillus fumigatus.

The Antifungal Susceptibility Testing method of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST-AFST) is a reference technique for the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of antifungals for Aspergillus fumigatus. However, it is time-consuming and requires expertise. Micronaut-AM (M-AM) is a fast, simple, time-saving, and ready-to-use new colorimetric method using an indicator (resazurin) to facilitate the visual reading. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the performance of the M-AM system and compare it with the EUCAST broth microdilution reference method to determine the susceptibility of 77 A. fumigatus clinical strains to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole. Overall, the essential agreements within ±2 dilutions were 100%, 62%, 58%, and 30% and the categorical agreements were 100%, 97%, 91%, and 87% for amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole, respectively. No categorical discrepancy was found for amphotericin B, but several categorical discordances were observed with azole antifungals. However, only 2 of the 16 azole-resistant strains confirmed by the cyp51A sequencing would have been misclassified by M-AM. The use of M-AM is probably suitable for the determination of the MICs of amphotericin B, but further evaluations are needed to confirm its usefulness for the determination of the MICs of azoles for A. fumigatus.

Improving the Detection of Epidemic Clones in Candida parapsilosis Outbreaks by Combining MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry and Deep Learning Approaches.

Identifying fungal clones propagated during outbreaks in hospital settings is a problem that increasingly confronts biologists. Current tools based on DNA sequencing or microsatellite analysis require specific manipulations that are difficult to implement in the context of routine diagnosis. Using deep learning to classify the mass spectra obtained during the routine identification of fungi by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry could be of interest to differentiate isolates belonging to epidemic clones from others. As part of the management of a nosocomial outbreak due to Candida parapsilosis in two Parisian hospitals, we studied the impact of the preparation of the spectra on the performance of a deep neural network. Our purpose was to differentiate 39 otherwise fluconazole-resistant isolates belonging to a clonal subset from 56 other isolates, most of which were fluconazole-susceptible, collected during the same period and not belonging to the clonal subset. Our study carried out on spectra obtained on four different machines from isolates cultured for 24 or 48 h on three different culture media showed that each of these parameters had a significant impact on the performance of the classifier. In particular, using different culture times between learning and testing steps could lead to a collapse in the accuracy of the predictions. On the other hand, including spectra obtained after 24 and 48 h of growth during the learning step restored the good results. Finally, we showed that the deleterious effect of the device variability used for learning and testing could be largely improved by including a spectra alignment step during preprocessing before submitting them to the neural network. Taken together, these experiments show the great potential of deep learning models to identify spectra of specific clones, providing that crucial parameters are controlled during both culture and preparation steps before submitting spectra to a classifier.

Faecal Viral Excretion and Gastrointestinal Co-Infection Do Not Explain Digestive Presentation in COVID-19 Patients.

The physiopathological mechanisms responsible for digestive symptoms in COVID-19 patients are still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of faecal viral shedding on digestive symptoms and propose differential diagnoses in order to understand the gastrointestinal clinical spectrum in acute cases of COVID-19. All patients managed between March and May 2020, from whom stool samples were collected for microbiological investigations, were included. Microbiological analysis consisted of syndromic PCR screening and microscopic parasitological examination supplemented with microsporidia and multiplex protozoa PCR. SARS-CoV-2 infection was diagnosed via viral detection in respiratory and frozen stool samples, completed via serological test when necessary. Epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and biological data and clinical courses were compared according to COVID-19 status and faecal SARS-CoV-2 shedding and enteric co-infection status. The sample included 50 COVID+ and 67 COVID- patients. Faecal viral shedding was detected in 50% of stool samples and was associated with a higher viral load in the upper respiratory tract. Detected enteric pathogens were not different between subjects with different COVID-19 statuses or faecal SARS-CoV-2 shedding and had no impact on the clinical course for COVID-19 patients. The connection between SARS-CoV-2 shedding and enteric pathogen co-infection involvement in gastrointestinal presentation and clinical course is still unclear, suggesting other processes are involved in digestive disorders in COVID-19 patients.

Species Identification and In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility of Paecilomyces/Purpureocillium Species Isolated from Clinical Respiratory Samples: A Multicenter Study.

Paecilomyces spp. are emerging fungal pathogens, where Paecilomyceslilacinus and Paecilomyces variotii are the most reported species. Taxonomic and phylogenetic revisions in this genus have shown that P. variotii represents a species complex, whereas P. lilacinus is related to another genus called Purpureocillium. The aims of this study were to identify clinical isolates of Paecilomyces spp. at the species level, and to determine their antifungal susceptibility profiles. 70 clinical Paecilomyces spp. isolates were identified by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (MS) and by multilocus rDNA genes sequencing including ITS and the D1/D2 genes. Among the 70 Paecilomyces spp. isolates, 28 were identified as P. lilacinum, 26 as P. variotii stricto sensu, and 16 as P. maximus. For antifungal susceptibility testing, Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) or Minimal Effective Concentrations (MECs) were determined for 8 antifungals. All P. lilacinum isolates had high MICs and MECs of amphotericin B and echinocandins, respectively, unlike P. variotii and P. maximus. For azole drugs, MICs were molecule- and species- dependent. The differences in in vitro susceptibility to antifungals underline the importance of accurate species identification. The MALDI-TOF MS can be a good alternative in routine laboratory to ensure fast identification of Paecilomyces spp. and P. lilacinum.

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Online Identification of Trichophyton indotineae Using the MSI-2 Application.

Trichophyton indotineae is an emerging pathogen which recently spread from India to Europe and that is more prone than other species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex to show resistance to terbinafine, resulting in the necessity of rapid identification. Here, we improved the online MSI-2 MALDI-TOF identification tool in order to identify T. indotineae. By multiplying the culture conditions (2 culture media and 6 stages of growth) prior to protein extractions for both test isolates and reference strains, we added 142 references corresponding to 12 strains inside the T. mentagrophytes complex in the online MSI-2 database, of which 3 are T. indotineae strains. The resulting database was tested with 1566 spectra of 67 isolates from the T. mentagrophytes complex, including 16 T. indotineae isolates. Using the newly improved MSI-2 database, we increased the identification rate of T. indotineae from 5% to 96%, with a sensitivity of 99.6%. We also identified specific peaks (6834/6845 daltons and 10,634/10,680 daltons) allowing for the distinction of T. indotineae from the other species of the complex. Our improved version of the MSI-2 application allows for the identification of T. indotineae. This will improve the epidemiological knowledge of the spread of this species throughout the world and will help to improve patient care.

Terbinafine Resistance in Dermatophytes: A French Multicenter Prospective Study.

In recent years, we have moved from the sporadic description of terbinafine-resistant (TerR) Trichophyton spp. isolates to the Indian outbreak due to T. indotineae. Population flows have spread TerR worldwide, altering local epidemiology. We conducted a prospective multicentric study to determine the relative frequency of TerR isolates in France (Paris area) and of the newly introduced T. indotineae species. TerR isolates were screened by the terbinafine-containing-agar-medium (TCAM) method and confirmed by EUCAST. Sequencing methods were used to identify isolates to the species/genotype level and to analyze substitutions in the squalene epoxidase gene (SQLE). In total, 3 isolates out of 580 (T. rubrumn = 1; T. interdigitalen = 1; T. indotineaen = 1) grew on TCAM, showed terbinafine resistance by EUCAST and harbored the Phe397Leu (n = 2) or Leu393Ser (n = 1) substitution in the SQLE. ITS-sequencing of isolates of the T. mentagrophytes/interdigitale complex (n = 125) revealed a relative frequency of 4.8% for T. indotineae and the presence of T. mentagrophytes genotype VII. Despite the detection of terbinafine resistance, isolates from this complex remained susceptible to itraconazole, voriconazole and amorolfine. Terbinafine resistance is present in France and the dermatophyte epidemiology is changing. Efficient systems must be implemented to survey the evolution of newly introduced species and to identify TerR isolates.

Clinical Origin and Species Distribution of Fusarium spp. Isolates Identified by Molecular Sequencing and Mass Spectrometry: A European Multicenter Hospital Prospective Study.

Fusarium spp. are widespread environmental fungi as well as pathogens that can affect plants, animals and humans. Yet the epidemiology of human fusariosis is still cloudy due to the rapidly evolving taxonomy. The Mass Spectrometry Identification database (MSI) has been developed since 2017 in order to allow a fast, accurate and free-access identification of fungi by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Taking advantage of the MSI database user network, we aim to study the species distribution of Fusarium spp. isolates in an international multicenter prospective study. This study also allowed the assessment of the abilities of miscellaneous techniques to identify Fusarium isolates at the species level. The identification was performed by PCR-sequencing and phylogenic-tree approach. Both methods are used as gold standard for the evaluation of mass spectrometry. Identification at the species complex was satisfactory for all the tested methods. However, identification at the species level was more challenging and only 32% of the isolates were correctly identified with the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) DNA database, 20% with the Bruker MS database and 43% with the two MSI databases. Improvement of the mass spectrometry database is still needed to enable precise identification at the species level of any Fusarium isolates encountered either in human pathology or in the environment.

COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Fungemia, and Pneumocystosis in the Intensive Care Unit: a Retrospective Multicenter Observational Cohort during the First French Pandemic Wave.

The aim of this study was to evaluate diagnostic means, host factors, delay of occurrence, and outcome of patients with COVID-19 pneumonia and fungal coinfections in the intensive care unit (ICU). From 1 February to 31 May 2020, we anonymously recorded COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), fungemia (CA-fungemia), and pneumocystosis (CA-PCP) from 36 centers, including results on fungal biomarkers in respiratory specimens and serum. We collected data from 154 episodes of CAPA, 81 of CA-fungemia, 17 of CA-PCP, and 5 of other mold infections from 244 patients (male/female [M/F] ratio = 3.5; mean age, 64.7 ± 10.8 years). CA-PCP occurred first after ICU admission (median, 1 day; interquartile range [IQR], 0 to 3 days), followed by CAPA (9 days; IQR, 5 to 13 days), and then CA-fungemia (16 days; IQR, 12 to 23 days) (P < 10-4). For CAPA, the presence of several mycological criteria was associated with death (P < 10-4). Serum galactomannan was rarely positive (<20%). The mortality rates were 76.7% (23/30) in patients with host factors for invasive fungal disease, 45.2% (14/31) in those with a preexisting pulmonary condition, and 36.6% (34/93) in the remaining patients (P = 0.001). Antimold treatment did not alter prognosis (P = 0.370). Candida albicans was responsible for 59.3% of CA-fungemias, with a global mortality of 45.7%. For CA-PCP, 58.8% of the episodes occurred in patients with known host factors of PCP, and the mortality rate was 29.5%. CAPA may be in part hospital acquired and could benefit from antifungal prescription at the first positive biomarker result. CA-fungemia appeared linked to ICU stay without COVID-19 specificity, while CA-PCP may not really be a concern in the ICU. Improved diagnostic strategy for fungal markers in ICU patients with COVID-19 should support these hypotheses. IMPORTANCE To diagnose fungal coinfections in patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit, it is necessary to implement the correct treatment and to prevent them if possible. For COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA), respiratory specimens remain the best approach since serum biomarkers are rarely positive. Timing of occurrence suggests that CAPA could be hospital acquired. The associated mortality varies from 36.6% to 76.7% when no host factors or host factors of invasive fungal diseases are present, respectively. Fungemias occurred after 2 weeks in ICUs and are associated with a mortality rate of 45.7%. Candida albicans is the first yeast species recovered, with no specificity linked to COVID-19. Pneumocystosis was mainly found in patients with known immunodepression. The diagnosis occurred at the entry in ICUs and not afterwards, suggesting that if Pneumocystis jirovecii plays a role, it is upstream of the hospitalization in the ICU.

Bioguided identification of triterpenoids and neolignans as bioactive compounds from anti-infectious medicinal plants of the Taira Atacama's community (Calama, Chile).

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Previous ethnobotanical surveys from the north Andean part of Chile, where different ethnic groups are co-existing, with the preeminence of Aymara and Atacama traditions, revealed an extensive domestic use of the local flora. In these communities, traditional medicinal uses are mainly related to the treatment of respiratory, gastro-intestinal and urinary disorders, pain and inflammation, which is closely linked to epidemiological observations. AIM OF THE STUDY: As these symptoms may be related to infectious diseases, a bioguided evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activity was conducted on eighteen species selected with the Taira community, in Ollague. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening was performed using a large panel of pathogenic germs involved in the main community acquired infectious diseases, represented by Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria of clinical interest and by human pathogenic fungi, using a bioguided approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Gram positive strains of clinical interest were highly sensitive to Aloysia deserticola (Verbenaceae) and Krameria lappacea (Krameriaceae) extracts. The bioguided approach led us to identify the isolated neolignan from K. lappacea conocarpan (1), and triterpenoids form A. deserticola (oleanolic acid (6) and ursolic acid (10)), as the main bioactive compounds.