[Preliminary study on efficacy and tolerance of a "coupage" of olive oil in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nutritonal evaluation]. / Estudio preliminar sobre eficacia y tolerancia de un "coupage" de aceite de oliva en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Evaluación del estado de nutrición.

The discrepancies among data reported by using olive oil (OO) in humans appear to be due to the great differences between the different OO used. Based on structure/function relationships we have chemically optimized an OO through the rational mixture ("coupage") of several Spanish extra virgin olive oils (methodology "oHo"). Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) develop a progressive picture of malnutrition and inflammation that lead them to an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. In a pilot, randomised trial the nutritional efficacy and safety of "oHo" were evaluated in 32 patients (mean age 60,8 +/- 13,2 years old; 16 women) with CKD (KDIGO stages 4-5) at predialysis. After a 7 days wash out for statins and ACE inhibitors 19 patients had "oHo" at doses of 60 mL/day (20 mL t.i.d) for 30 consecutive days, whilst 13 patients remain as a control group without "oHo". At the end of the study only patients having "oHo" showed significant increases of serum albumin (p<0.05) and not significant increases of total proteins, weight, and BMI. Total cholesterol (p<0.05) and HDL-cholesterol (p<0.01) increased with "oHo". The number of cases with pathologic HOMA-IR in the control group increased from 1 to 2 patients whilst in the "oHo" group decreased from 2 to none. No significant changes of minerals, arterial pressure, hemoglobin, and other parameters related to CKD were seen. After a 30 days follow-up in the "oHo" group all parameters came back to basal ones, excepting for blood pressure that significantly decreased (p<0,05). Tolerance was excellent and constipation significantly diminished (p<0,001) in the "oHo" group. Of importance, none of these biological changes were seen in regular consumers of other conventional olive oils (control group). These intriguing results, seen by the first time, appear to partially satisfy the recent claims ("reverse epidemiology") about the need of a more correct nutrition in CKD patients. However, these data need to be proved in more larger trials as well as in CKD patients under dialysis with harder inflammatory/malnutrition conditions.

[Fistulae or catheter for elderly who start hemodialysis without permanent vascular access?]. / Acceso vascular permanente en pacientes de edad avanzada que inician hemodiálisis: fístula o catéter?

UNLABELLED: Autologous access is the best vascular access for dialysis also in older patients and it should be mature when patient needs hemodialysis. It is not always possible. Surgeon availability and demographic characteristics of patients (age, diabetes, vascular disease...) are factors that determine primary vascular access. AIM: To analyse outcome and vascular access complications in elderly who start hemodialysis without vascular access. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All patients older than 75 years who initiated hemodialysis without vascular access between January 2000 and June 2002 were included, They were divided en two groups depending on primary vascular access. GI: arterio-venous fistulae. GIIl: Tunnelled cuffed catheter. Epidemiological and analytical data, vascular access complications related, as well as patient and first permanent vascular access survival from their inclusion in dialysis up to December 2002 were analysed and compared in both groups. RESULTS: 32 patients were studied. GI: n = 17 (4 men) and GIIl: n =1 5 (8 men), age: 79.9 +/- 3.8 and 81.7 +/- 4 years respectively (ns). There were no differences in sex and comorbidity (diabetes, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and hypertension). It took GI 3 months to get a permanent vascular access suitable for using, while it took GIIl 1.3 months (p < 0.005) The number of temporary untunnelled catheters was higher in GI (3.35 vs 1.87 p < 0.05). Vascular access complications: 70.6% of infections occur in GI (incidence (I) = 48 infections/100 patients-year) while only 29.4% were detected in GII (I = 25 infections/100 patients-year). 70% of central venous thrombosis happen in GI (I: 25 CVT/100 patients-year) vs 30% in GIIl (I = 14.4/100 patients-year) (ns). No significant differences neither in bleeding (66.7% vs 33.3%) nor ischemia (75% vs 25%) were found. Dialysis dose (Kt/V) as well as anaemia degree were similar in both groups. Permanent vascular access survival after 2 years was 45.8% in GI and 24% in GII (ns). Patient survival was similar in GI and GII (72% vs 51% ns). CONCLUSIONS: Elderly who start hemodialysis without vascular access took longer to get a suitable permanent vascular access when arterio-venous fistulae is placed than with a tunnelled cuffed hemodialysis catheter. As a consequence, vascular access complications are larger, infection ones are the most common. In these patients a tunnelled catheter should be inserted at the time a peripheral arterio-venous access is created, in order to avoid temporary untunnelled catheters.

[Acute renal failure secondary to hepatic veno-occlusive disease in a bone marrow transplant patient]. / Insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria a enfermedad veno-oclusiva hepática en un paciente con trasplante de médula ósea.

Acute renal failure following bone marrow transplantation is a frequent complication with an incidence ranging 15-30% and with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Numerous potential etiologies can be implicated as chemotherapy regimen, use of nephrotoxic antibiotics, sepsis-induced damage, cyclosporine toxicity and other especific pathologies as graft-v-host disease or veno-occlusive disease of the liver. We report the case of a 41-year-old man who underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and developed and acute renal failure secondary to a fatal veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Incidence, potential predisposing factors, outcome and possibilities of treatment are reviewed.

[Hemodialysis with 2.5 mEq/L of calcium in relative hypoparathyroidism: long-term effects on bone mass]. / Hemodiálisis con 2,5 mEq/L de calcio en el hipoparatiroidismo relativo: efectos a largo plazo en la masa ósea.

Low PTH secretion is known to be associated with Adynamic Bone Disease (ABD). Positive balance calcium by CaCO3 or dialysate calcium (DCa) might play a role in the parathyroid gland suppression and a decrease in DCa to 2.5 mEq-l or lower has been proposed. The long-term effect of this procedure on bone mineral density (BMD) has not been established. The aim was to evaluate the effect of lowering dialysate calcium on bone mass in patients with relative hypoparathyroidism. We studied 20 patients with intact PTH below 120 pg/ml, using 3 mEq/l DCa and CaCO3 as sole phosphate binder. Sex: 10M/10F. Age: 57 +/- 13 yrs. Months on dialysis: 40 +/- 29. None of them had previous renal transplantation, parathyroidectomy nor aluminic toxicity. BMD of the lumbar spine was assessed by Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT). They were randomized in two groups (GI and GII), with similar age, sex, and time on dialysis. There were no difference in BMD, levels of intact PTH, serum calcium, phosphate and AP (Alkaline Phosphatase) GI (n = 11; 5M/6F) was transferred to 2.5 mEq/l DCa and GII (n = 9; 5M/4F) continued using 3 mEq/l. BMD was measured one year later. Calcium, phosphate and AP were measured monthly and PTH every three months. After one year of hemodialysis with 2.5 mEq/l of calcium dialysate, BMD showed a significant reduction. BMD mg/cc Baseline (B): 146.09 +/- 54; Final (F): 125.42 +/- 54 (p < 0.01). Z-score B: 0.13 +/- 1.89; F: -0.68 +/- 1.89 (p < 0.05). GII did no show change. The mean change: GI: -15 +/- 13%, GII: 1.28 +/- 17% (p < 0.05); Z-Score GI: -0.81 +/- 0.92, GII: 0.27 +/- 0.67 (p < 0.01). A separate analysis of BMD in both sexes (GI) revealed a tendency for females to lose more bone mineral than males: F: = 17.12 +/- 7.1%. M: -12.23 +/- 18.6% (ns). GI: PTH and AP increased: PTH B: 38.75 +/- 41; F: 99 +/- 69 (p < 0.01); AP: B: 118.4 +/- 47; F: 152 +/- 38 (p < 0.01). GII: PTH B: 53.8 +/- 28; F: 79 +/- 5 (ns). AP: B: 125.1 +/- 36; F: 138 +/- 38 (ns). The rate of BMD loss inversely correlated with the increase of PTH (r = -0.61, p < 0.01). Serum calcium and phosphate did not change. In GI CaCO3 doses were: B: 332 +/- 261; F: 537 +/- 260 (as grams of element calcium, every three months, p < 0.01). By multiple lineal regression only delta PTH and DCa were predictors of greater BMD loss. In conclusion, the use of 2.5 mEq/l dialysate calcium resulted in: 1) Loss of trabecular vertebral bone mass. 2) Increase in PTH secretion and biochemical markers of bone formation. 3) A greater CaCO3 dose.

[Beneficial effect of AN69 membranes on anemia in hemodialyzed patients]. / Efecto beneficioso de las membranas de AN69 sobre la anemia de los pacientes en hemodiálisis.

UNLABELLED: Biocompatible hemodialysis membranes induce a smaller inflammatory response in hemodialysis patients, and remove a larger amount of higher molecular weight retention products, then cellulose membranes. These phenomena could improve uremic anemia in hemodialysis patients. The objective was to evaluate the effects of biocompatible AN69 membranes on anemia in hemodialysis patients. Twenty-five stable patients undergoing hemodialysis with cuprophane membrane for more than 6 months were studied prospectively. These patients were stratified in 2 groups. Group I (GI): 14 patients switched over to a more biocompatible dialyzer (from cuprophan to AN69) and Group II (GII): 11 patients continued treatment with the same cuprophan membrane. The study lasted 5 months. Baseline hematocrit (%), ferritin (ng/mL), transferrin saturation (%), KTV, PCR (g/kg/day) and dose of erythropoietin (EPO) (UI/week) were measured and were revised monthly. Target hematocrit was 33%-35%. A significant increase of hematocrit became obvious after 2 months in GI without changes in dose of EPO and intensity of dialysis, meanwhile GII remains stable. CONCLUSION: Hemodialysis using AN69 membranes increases hematocrit without modifying intensity of dialysis.

[Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure secondary to statins]. / Rabdomiolisis y fracaso renal agudo secundario a estatinas.

Statins are competitive inhibitors of hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and are the most commonly used drugs to treat hyperlipidaemia. Muscle toxicity is an adverse effect reported with a low incidence and rarely associated with acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis. We describe two patients with chronic renal failure treated with pravastatin and simvastatin who suffered rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. One patient started pravastatin several days after cessation of bezafibrate and developed acute renal failure without needing dialysis. The other was treated with simvastatin three years ago and suffered rhabdomyolysis when renal function was impaired after indomethacin was prescribed for backache. He needed hemodialysis because of acute cardiac failure and died from a respiratory infection while on mechanical ventilation. Myopathy was reversible in both patients. We recommend starting statins with the lower doses in chronic renal failure and monitoring muscle enzymes when renal function changes or when new drugs with potential interactions are prescribed.

[Ileocecal tuberculosis during hemodialysis simulating carcinoma of the colon]. / Tuberculosis ileocecal en hemodiálisis simulando un carcinoma de colon.

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is more frequent in hemodialysis patients than in the general population but intestinal localization is an unusual presentation of this infectious disease. We report a 60 year old patient on regular hemodialysis with intestinal tuberculosis masquerading as colon cancer. The patient presented with rectal bleeding, abdominal pain and fever and the radiological findings were compatible with ileocecal carcinoma. After surgery histological examination showed non-caseating granulomas but mycobacterial culture was not available. We performed a colonoscopy and obtained a biopsy of colonic mucosa for culture and other analyses. We identified acid-fast bacilli with Ziehl-Neelsen staining of formaldehyde preserved, paraffin-embedded tissue from the hemicolectomy and the colonic mucosal biopsy. Treatment with isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide for nine months was successful and well tolerated. Intestinal tuberculosis is a rare entity that we must keep in mind in a patient with abdominal pain, unexplained fever, digestive bleeding and particularly with a positive tuberculin reaction. When culture is not possible we can obtain intestinal samples by colonoscopy and use appropriate staining of paraffin-embedded tissues.

[Platelet antiaggregation and hemorrhagic risk in hemodialysis]. / Antiagregación plaquetaria y riesgo hemorrágico en hemodiálisis.

UNLABELLED: Although the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure is not clearly defined, the improvement in cardiovascular disease outcomes in the general population has resulted in its use in dialysis patients. The hemorrhagic risk of hemodialysis patients treated with anti-platelet agents has not been clarified. Our aim was to evaluate the risk of bleeding in hemodialysis patients treated with antiplatelet agents. We assessed haemorrhagic complications (HC) in 190 haemodialysis patients from May 1998 to August 2000. HC was defined an event that required hospitalization and/or blood product transfusion. We evaluated the bleeding events in the haemodialysis patients treated with antiplatelet agents and compare them to those not receiving this therapy to establish the relative risk of bleeding. Uni- and multivariate analyses were conducted to establish the relationships between the haemorrhagic event and the following variables: age, gender, time on dialysis, dialysis membrane (synthetic or cellulosic), systemic anticoagulation during haemodialysis, anaemia (haematocrit), PTH, urea, dialysis efficacy (Kt/V), hypertension, diabetes, use of erythropoietin and antisecretory gastric agents. RESULTS: 81 (42.6%) were treated with antiplatelet agents. Of the 190 patients, 28 (14.7%) had 36 haemorrhagic events (10.3 episodes/100 patient-years); 31 digestive-tract haemorrhages, 4 intracranial and 1 pulmonary. Twenty (24.7%) of patients treated with antiplatelet agents had 16.2 episodes/100 patient-years and 8 (7.3%) without this therapy had 6 episodes/100 patient-years (p < 0.01). In the multivariate analysis the antiplatelet therapy remained associated with higher probability of having a haemorrhagic complication (OR 3.8; CI 95%: 1.52-9.76, p = 0.004). Older age (OR 1.03; CI 95%: 1-1.06, p = 0.043), anaemia (OR 0.91; CI 95%; 0.84-0.9, p = 0.027) and hypertension (OR 2.99; CI 95%: 1.05-8.48, p = 0.039) remained associated with the risk of bleeding. 88.2% of patients that had a digestive-tract haemorrhage with antiplatelet therapy were receiving an antisecretory agent (histamine H2-receptor antagonist or a proton-pump inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS: 1) dialysis patients with antiplatelet therapy had a higher haemorrhagic risk. The relative risk of bleeding was more than three times that of the dialysis population without antiplatelet therapy, and 2) older age and hypertension were associated with the haemorrhagic risk. Optimal correction of anaemia was associated with less probability of bleeding.

[A comparison of phosphorus-chelating effect of calcium carbonate versus calcium acetate before dialysis]. / Comparación del efecto quelante del fósforo de carbonato vs acetato cálcico en prediálisis.

INTRODUCTION: The hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia and low calcitriol levels are pathogenic factors for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal failure. The phosphorus control is essential to prevent secondary hyperparathyroidism. There are not comparatives studies to test the efficacy of control of phosphorus binders in predialysis patients. AIM: To compare the efficacy of calcium carbonate vs calcium acetate as phosphate binder in predialysis patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The present study includes 28 patients with chronic renal failure (mean clearance of creatinine 21 ml/min). Patients were separated into two groups: Group 1: (n = 14) received calcium carbonate 2,500 mg/day (1,000 mg of calcium); Group 2: (n = 14) receives calcium acetate 1,000 mg (254 mg of calcium). Calcium and phosphorus were determined every 4 months; i-PTH, alkaline phosphatase and clearance of creatinine were determined every six months. RESULTS: Both groups were comparable regarding age, renal function, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and i-PTH on basal situation and the end of study were not different. The serum calcium increased, not significantly, in the calcium carbonate group (group 1) [from 9.2 to 9.8 mg/dl (p = 0.05)], however it was not modified in the calcium acetate group (group 2). The serum phosphorus decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in both groups, independently of the calcium levels. Alkaline phosphatase and i-PTH not was modified during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Both calcium carbonate and calcium acetate are similarly effective as phosphate binder. 2) The carbonate group required four fold greater doses of calcium that acetate group. 3) The calcium acetate has less hypercalcemic effect than calcium carbonate.

[The treatment of anemia in patients on hemodialysis with recombinant human erythropoietin]. / Tratamiento de la anemia de los pacientes en hemodiálisis con eritropoyetina humana recombinante.

BACKGROUND: Anaemia of chronic renal failure is primarily due to relative erythropoietin deficiency. This hormone has been recently cloned and it is now available for clinical use. METHODS: Sixteen patients maintained on haemodialysis with non-complicated anaemia and on stable clinical condition were selected for 12 months' treatment with r-HuEPO. Our aim was to analyse the factors influencing r-HuEPO response and the modifications on main haematological and biochemical parameters and adverse reactions occurrence. RESULTS: All patients responded with an increase of haemoglobin (from 78 +/- 9 to 103 +/- 18 g/dl at second month of therapy, p less than 0.001) and blood transfusions were eliminated. Time of response and doses were very different to one another. R-HuEPO requirements decreased slowly with time. Neither transfusion number, nor hyperparathyroidism, nor ferritin levels, nor diabetic condition influenced r-HuEPO response. Serum ferritin decreased significantly from 1,772 +/- 1,791 to 1,116 +/- 1,240 ng/ml (p less than 0.05), especially in patients without iron overload. Serum vitamin B12 levels did not decrease significantly. Both uric acid and phosporus increased significantly after the treatment period (5.25 +/- 1.18 to 6.29 +/- 0.99 mg/dl and 5.78 +/- 1.29 to 6.69 +/- 1.55 mg/dl respectively, p less than 0.01). Platelet counts did not modify. It was necessary to adjust antihypertensive therapy in a few patients because of a mild rise in blood pressure, although important adverse reactions did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: Anaemia of haemodialysis patients improves with r-HuEPO treatment and reduces blood transfusion requirement. Adverse effects are not very remarkable.

Acceso vascular permanente en pacientes de edad avanzada que inician hemodiálisis: ¿Fístula o catéter? / Permanent vascular access in the elderly patient who starts on hemodialysis: fistulae or catheter?

Introducción: La fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) autóloga es el acceso vascular permanente (AVP) de elección en los pacientes en hemodiálisis y debería realizarse en prediálisis. Esta situación ideal no siempre es posible. La disponibilidad del cirujano vascular y las características del paciente (edad, comorbilidad...) son factores que, entre otros, determinan el acceso vascular de inicio. Objetivo: Estudiar la evolución y complicaciones derivadas del acceso vascular en pacientes de edad avanzada, que comienzan hemodiálisis sin acceso vascular funcionante. Pacientes y métodos: Incluimos los pacientes mayores de 75 años que iniciaron hemodiálisis desde enero del 2000 hasta junio del 2002 sin acceso vascular permanente funcionante. Los clasificamos en dos grupos según el primer AVP realizado (Grupo I: FAV, Grupo II: Catéter Permanente). Analizamos y comparamos en ambos grupos datos epidemiológicos, analíticos, complicaciones derivadas del acceso vascular y supervivencia de pacientes y del primer AVP funcionante desde su inclusión en diálisis hasta diciembre de 2002. Resultados: Estudiamos 32 pacientes. GI: n = 17 (4 hombres) y GII: n = 15 (8 hombres), edad 79,9 ± 3,8 y 81,7 ± 4 años respectivamente (ns). No existían diferencias en sexo, nefropatía de base y comorbilidad (diabetes, cardiopatía isquémica, arteriopatía periférica e HTA). El GI tardó 3 meses en conseguir un AVP funcionante y el GII 1,3 meses (p < 0,05). El número de catéteres transitorios fue mayor en GI (3,35 vs 1,87 p < 0,05). Complicaciones derivadas del acceso vascular: El 70,6% de las infecciones ocurren en GI (incidencia (I): 48 infecciones/100 pacientes-año) frente al 29,4% en GII (I = 24 infecciones/100 pacientes-año) p < 0,05. El 70% de las trombosis venosas profundas se dan en GI (I: 25 TVP/100 pacientes-año) frente 30% en GII (I = 14,4/100 pacientes-año) (ns). No se encontraron diferencias en hemorragias (66,7% vs 33,3%) ni isquemia (75% vs 25%). La eficacia de diálisis (Kt/V) y el grado de anemia fue similar en ambos grupos. La supervivencia del AVP a los 2 años en GI fue 45,8% y en GII 24 % (ns). La supervivencia de los pacientes fue similar en GI y GII (72% vs 51% ns) Conclusiones: Los pacientes de edad avanzada que inician hemodiálisis sin acceso vascular tardan más tiempo en conseguir un AVP funcionante cuando se opta por una FAV frente a un catéter permanente. Como consecuencia, las complicaciones derivadas del acceso vascular son mayores, siendo más frecuentes las infecciosas. Una opción para estos pacientes sería la colocación de un catéter permanente como primer acceso vascular y la realización simultánea de una FAV, manteniendo el catéter hasta el desarrollo de la misma

Autologous access is the best vascular access for dialysis also in older patients and it should be mature when patient needs hemodialysis. It is not always possible. Surgeon availability and demographic characteristics of patients (age, diabetes, vascular disease...) are factors that determine primary vascular access. Aim: To analyse outcome and vascular access complications in elderly who start hemodialysis without vascular access. Patients and methods: All patients older than 75 years who initiated hemodialysis without vascular access between january 2000 and june 2002 were included, They were divided en two groups depending on primary vascular access. GI: arterio-venous fistulae. GII: Tunnelled cuffed catheter. Epidemiological and analytical data, vascular access complications related, as well as patient and first permanent vascular access survival from their inclusion in dialysis up to december 2002 were analysed and compared in both groups. Results: 32 patients were studied. GI: n = 17 (4 men) and GII: n =1 5 (8 men), age: 79.9 ± 3.8 and 81.7 ± 4 years respectively (ns). There were no differences in sex and comorbidity (diabetes, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and hypertension). It took GI 3 months to get a permanent vascular access suitable for using, while it took GII 1.3 months (p < 0.005) The number of temporary untunnelled catheters was higher in GI (3.35 vs 1.87 p < 0.05). Vascular access complications: 70.6% of infections occur in GI (incidence (I) = 48 infections/100 patients-year) while only 29.4% were detected in GII (I = 25 infections/100 patients-year). 70% of central venous thrombosis happen in GI (I: 25 CVT/100 patients-year) vs 30% in GII (I = 14.4/100 patients-year) (ns). No significant differences neither in bleeding (66.7% vs 33.3%) nor ischemia (75% vs 25%) were found. Dialysis dose (Kt/V) as well as anaemia degree were similar in both groups. Permanent vascular access survival after 2 years was 45.8% in GI and 24% in GII (ns). Patient survival was similar in GI and GII (72% vs 51% ns). Conclusions: Elderly who start hemodialysis without vascular access took longer to get a suitable permanent vascular access when arterio-venous fistulae is placed than with a tunnelled cuffed hemodialysis catheter. As a consequence, vascular access complications are larger, infection ones are the most common. In these patients a tunnelled catheter should be inserted at the time a peripheral arterio- venous access is created, in order to avoid temporary untunnelled catheters

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Insuficiencia renal aguda secundaria a enfermedad veno-oclusiva hepática en un paciente con trasplante de médula ósea / Acute renal failure secondary to hepatic veno-occlusive disease in a bone marrow transplant patient

La incidencia de insuficiencia renal aguda es frecuente en el trasplante de médula ósea con frecuencias que alcanzan 25-30% en algunos trabajos. Entre las causas de insuficiencia renal aguda está la enfermedad veno-oclusiva hepática, entidad con alta mortalidad y con tratamientos en discusión. Presentamos un caso de enfermedad veno-oclusiva hepática con insuficiencia renal aguda y con evolución desfavorable. Se revisa esta patología centrándose en los criterios diagnósticos, las formas de presentación, las medidas preventivas y tratamientos ensayados

Acute renal failure following bone marrow transplantation is a frequent complication with an incidence ranging 15-30% and with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Numerous potential etiologies can be implicated as chemotherapy regimen, use of nephrotoxic antibiotics, sepsis-induced dammage, cyclosporine toxicity and other especific pathologies as graft-v-host disease or veno-occlusive disease of the liver. We report the case of a 41-year-old man who underwent autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and developed and acute renal failure secondary to a fatal veno-occlusive disease of the liver. Incidence, potential predisposing factors, outcome and posibilities of treatment are reviewed

Hemodiálisis con 2,5 mEq/l de calcio en el hipoparatiroidismo relativo: efectos a largo plazo en la masa ósea / Long-term hemodialysis with 2,5 mEq/l dialysate calcium concentration in relative hypoparathyroidism: effects on bone mass

Los niveles de PTH < 120 pg/ml en pacientes en diálisis están relacionados con bajo remodelado y defecto de formación ósea y tienen gran valor predictivo de enfermedad ósea adinámica no relacionada con el aluminio. Este hipoparatiroidismo relativo se ve favorecido por los balances positivos de calcio producidos por los compuestos cálcicos y el concentrado para diálisis habiéndose propuesto la reducción del calcio en PI dializante a 2,5 mEg/l. Se desconoce la repercusión de esta medida sobre la masa ósea. Nuestro objetivo fue valorar el efecto de un concentrado de 2,5 mEg/l de calcio sobre la masa ósea en los pacientes con PTH suprimida. Estudiamos 20 pacientes con PTH intacta < 120 pg/ml, sin intoxicación alumínica, trasplante o paratiroidectomía, en hemodiálisis con 3 mEg/l de calcio y CO3Ca como captor del fósforo. Sexo: 10 hombres/10 mujeres, edad: 57 ñ 13 años, meses en diálisis: 40 ñ 29. Se valoró la masa ósea trabecular en columna vertebral mediante tomografía axial computerizada cuantitativa. Se dividieron en grupo 1 (11 pacientes) y grupo II (9 pacientes) similares en sexo, edad y tiempo en diálisis. Sin diferencias en densidad ósea, PTH, calcio, fósforo y fosatasa alcalina. El grupo I fue transferido a 2,5 mEg/I y el II continuó con 3 mEq/l. Se midieron calcio, fósforo (mg/dl) y fosfatasa alcalina (Ul/1) mensualmente. PTH (pg/ml) cada tres meses y la densidad ósea (mg/cc) al término del estudio. Tras un año de hemodiálisis con 2,5 mEg/I de calcio hubo una reducción de la masa ósea: basa] 149,09 ñ 54; final: 125 ñ 42 (p < 0,01), Z-Score basa]: 0,13 ñ 1,89; final: -0,68 ñ 1,89 (p < 0,05), sin cambios en grupo control. Pérdida ósea en unidades Z-Score: Grupo l: -0,81 ñ 0,92; grupo ll: 0,27 ñ 0,67 (p < 0,01). Cambio porcentual: grupo l: -15 ñ 1_3 por ciento; grupo II: 1,28 ñ 17 por ciento (p < 0,05). En grupo I hubo tendencia a mayor pérdida en mujeres: -17,12 ñ 7,1 por ciento que en hombres: - 12,33 ñ 18,6 por ciento (ns). En grupo I aumentaron PTH (basa]: 38,75 ñ 41, final: 99 ñ 69, p < 0,01) y fosfatasa alcalina (basa]: 118,4 ñ 47, final: 152 ñ 38, p < 0,01), sin cambios en grupo II. La pérdida ósea se relacionó inversamente con incremento de PTH (r = -0,61, p < 0,01). Calcio y fósforo no se modificaron. En grupo I la dosis acumulativa de CO3Ca se incrementó: 1.°' trimestre: 332 ñ 261; 4. ' trimestre: 537 ñ 260 (expresado como calcio elemento; p < 0,01). En análisis de regresión lineal múltiple, un mayor incremento de PTH y el tipo de concentrado utilizado se comportaron como únicos predictores de pérdida ósea (r = 0,74, p < 0,01). En conclusión, el uso de un concentrado de 2,5 mEg/l de calcio resultó en: 1.=' Pérdida de masa ósea. 2.=' Au mento de PTH y marcadores bioquímicos de formación ósea. 3.=' Mayor dosificación de CO,Ca. (AU)

Efecto beneficioso de las membranas de AN69 sobre la anemia de los pacientes en hemodiálisis / Effects of biocompatible membranes on uremic anemia in hemodialysis patients

La utilización de membranas de AN69 generalmente, aumenta el aclaramiento de toxinas urémicas de mayor peso molecular e induce una menor activación de mediadores inflamatorios que las membranas celulósicas, ambos procesos podrían tener un efecto beneficioso sobre la eritropoyesis.Objetivo: Valorar la influencia de las membranas de AN69 sobre la anemia en pacientes con Insuficiencia Renal Crónica en programa de hemodiálisis (HD).Material y métodos: Estudiamos 25 pacientes en HD, dializados con membrana de cuprofán durante un mínimo de 6 meses, en situación estable, en los que se descartó otras causas de anemia (ferritina > 200 ng/ml. IST > 20 por ciento). Se dividieron en 2 grupos homogéneos. Los pacientes del grupo I (GI, n = 14) pasaron a dializarse con membrana de AN69 y los del grupo II (GII, n = 11) permanecieron con membrana cuprofán. El seguimiento fue de 5 meses. Se analizaron hematocrito ( por ciento), ferritina (ng/ml), IST ( por ciento), KTV, PCR (g/kg/día) y dosis de EPO (UI/semana) mensual en GI y Basal 2, 4 y 5 meses en GII. El hematocrito diana fue de 33 por ciento-35 por ciento.Resultados: El hematocrito en el GI aumentó de forma significativa a partir del 2º mes de tratamiento, sin modificaciones en la dosis de EPO ni en la dosis de diálisis. La ferritina e IST disminuyeron de forma significativa como reflejo de una mayor utilización. En GII no se modificó el hematocrito durante los 5 meses que duró el estudio.Conclusión: La utilización de membranas de AN69 aumenta el hematocrito de forma significativa sin modificaciones en la dosis de Eritropoyetina. (AU)

Tuberculosis ileocecal en hemodiálisis simulando un carcinoma de colon / Pseudotomoral ileocecal tuberculosis mimicking a colon carcinoma in a hemodialysis patient

La tuberculosis de localización extrapulmonar es más frecuente en pacientes en hemodiálisis que en la población general. Presentamos un caso de tuberculosis intestinal ileocecal que debutó con rectorragia y posteriormente con fiebre y dolor abdominal. En la exploración radiológica se encontró una tumoración en ciego y fue intervenido con el diagnóstico de carcinoma de colon, no remitiendo por tanto muestras para cultivo. El examen anatomopatológico reveló la presencia de granulomas no caseosos de aspecto tuberculoide. La tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen permitió orientar la etiología al descubrir bacilos ácido-alcohol resistentes en muestras quirúrgicas conservadas en parafina y en muestras de mucosa obtenidas por colonoscopia. El tratamiento con isoniacida, rifampicina y pirazinamida fue bien tolerado, dejando libre de síntomas a la paciente.Si bien la localización intestinal es rara se debe plantear como diagnóstico diferencial ante un paciente con rectorragia, masa intestinal, antígenos tumorales normales y Mantoux positivo. La realización de biopsias mediante colonoscopia, con búsqueda de micobacterias mediante tinciones apropiadas permitirá un diagnóstico correcto. (AU)

Rabdomiolisis y fracaso renal agudo secundario a estatinas / Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure associated with pravastatin and simvastatin

Las estatinas son los fármacos más empleados en el tratamiento de las hipercolesterolemias en la actualidad. Normalmente son bien toleradas, aunque en ocasiones causan toxicidad muscular que normalmente no deteriora la función renal.Presentamos dos pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica en tratamiento con estatinas que desarrollaron rabdomiolisis y fracaso renal agudo. Un paciente inició pravastatina tras suspender un tratamiento previo con bezafibrato, sin mediar período de lavado, sufriendo fracaso renal agudo con diuresis conservada. La función renal se recuperó sin requerir diálisis. El otro paciente estaba siendo tratado con simvastatina desde hacía años y desarrolló rabdomiolisis y fracaso renal agudo, con necesidad de diálisis por insuficiencia cardíaca aguda, falleciendo finalmente de sepsis respiratoria. La toxicidad muscular fue reversible en los dos casos. Recomendamos iniciar dosis bajas de estatinas en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica, monitorizar las enzimas musculares y revisar los fármacos que se prescriben a estos pacientes. (AU)