Management of people with venous leg ulcers by Australian general practitioners: An analysis of the national patient-encounter data.

Venous Leg Ulcers cost Australia's healthcare system millions yearly, as they are underdiagnosed, and possibly undertreated. Most Venous Leg Ulcers are seen in general practice. However, it is currently unknown as to what treatment actions are most common in these contexts. Understanding how they are managed in these settings can improve healthcare delivery and patient outcomes. Using cross-sectional general practitioner patient encounter data collected April 2006 to March 2016 from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health program, a continuous national study of general practice clinical activity in Australia, we aimed to describe the characteristics of venous leg ulcer management by general practitioners in Australia. Among the 972 100 general practitioner-patient encounters recorded, 3604 (0.34%) involved management of VLU. Male general practitioners managed Venous Leg Ulcers significantly more often than female general practitioners. Most Venous Leg Ulcers were treated via dressings (76%) and/or pharmacological treatments (25.7%), with few patients receiving the best practice treatment of medical compression (2.1%) or referral (4.9%). Patients with new (first visit) Venous Leg Ulcers were more likely to receive pharmacological treatments and to be referred elsewhere, and less likely to receive dressings than patients receiving follow-up care. There appears to be a large gap between best practice guidelines and actual Venous Leg Ulcers treatments, as referrals and appropriate treatment was low. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of care for people with Venous Leg Ulcers who are managed by general practitioners.

Infertility management in women and men attending primary care-patient characteristics, management actions and referrals.

STUDY QUESTION: How did general practitioners (GPs) (family physicians) manage infertility in females and males in primary care between 2000 and 2016? SUMMARY ANSWER: The number of GP infertility consultations for females increased 1.6 folds during the study period, with 42.9% of consultations resulting in a referral to a fertility clinic or specialist, compared to a 3-fold increase in the number of consultations for men, with 21.5% of consultations resulting in a referral. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Infertility affects one in six couples and is expected to increase with the trend to later childbearing and reports of declining sperm counts. Despite GPs often being the first contact for infertile people, very limited information is available on the management of infertility in primary care. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: Data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health programme were used, which is a national study of Australian primary care (general practice) clinical activity based on 1000 ever-changing, randomly selected GPs involved in 100 000 GP-patient consultations per year between 2000 and 2016. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Females and males aged 18-49 years attending GPs for the management of infertility were included in the study. Details recorded by GPs included patient characteristics, problems managed and management actions (including counselling/education, imaging, pathology, medications and referrals to specialists and fertility clinics). Analyses included trends in the rates of infertility consultations by sex of patient, descriptive and univariate analyses of patient characteristics and management actions and multivariate logistic regression to determine which patient and GP characteristics were independently associated with increased rates of infertility management and referrals. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The rate of infertility consultations per capita increased 1.6 folds for women (17.7-28.3 per 1000 women aged 18-49 years) and 3 folds for men over the time period (3.4-10.2 per 1000 men aged 18-49 years). Referral to a fertility clinic or relevant specialist occurred in 42.9% of female infertility consultations and 21.5% of male infertility consultations. After controlling for age and other patient characteristics, being aged in their 30s, not having income assistance, attending primary care in later years of the study and coming from a non-English-speaking background, were associated with an increased likelihood of infertility being managed in primary care. In female patients, holding a Commonwealth concession card (indicating low income), living in a remote area and having a female GP all indicated a lower adjusted odds of referral to a fertility clinic or specialist. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Data are lacking for the period of infertility and infertility diagnosis, which would provide a more complete picture of the epidemiology of treatment-seeking behaviour for infertility. Australia's universal insurance scheme provides residents with access to a GP, and therefore these findings may not be generalizable to other settings. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study informs public policy on how infertility is managed in primary care in different patient groups. Whether the management actions taken and rates of secondary referral to a fertility clinic or specialist are appropriate warrants further investigation. The development of clinical practice guidelines for the management of infertility would provide a standardized approach to advice, investigations, treatment and referral pathways in primary care. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This paper is part of a study being funded by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council project grant APP1104543. G.C. reports that she is an employee of The University of New South Wales (UNSW) and Director of the National Perinatal Epidemiology and Statistics Unit (NPESU), UNSW. The NPESU manages the Australian and New Zealand Assisted Reproductive Technology Database on behalf of the Fertility Society of Australia. W.L. reports being a part-time paid employee and minor shareholder of Virtus Health, a fertility company. R.N. reports being a small unitholder in a fertility company, receiving grants for research from Merck and Ferring and speaker travel grants from Merck. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NA.

Predicting patient use of general practice services in Australia: models developed using national cross-sectional survey data.

BACKGROUND: The ageing population and increasing prevalence of multimorbidity place greater resource demands on the health systems internationally. Accurate prediction of general practice (GP) services is important for health workforce planning. The aim of this research was to develop a parsimonious model that predicts patient visit rates to general practice. METHODS: Between 2012 and 2016, 1449 randomly selected Australian GPs recorded GP-patient encounter details for 43,501 patients in sub-studies of the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program. Details included patient characteristics, all diagnosed chronic conditions per patient and the number of GP visits for each patient in previous 12 months. BEACH has a single stage cluster design. Survey procedures in SAS version 9.3 (SAS Inc., Cary, NC, USA) were used to account for the effect of this clustering. Models predicting patient GP visit rates were tested. R-square value was used to measure how well each model predicts GP attendance. An adjusted R-square was calculated for all models with more than one explanatory variable. Statistically insignificant variables were removed through backwards elimination. Due to the large sample size, p < 0.01 rather than p < 0.05 was used as level of significance. RESULTS: Number of diagnosed chronic conditions alone accounted for 25.48% of variance (R-square) in number of visits in previous year. The final parsimonious model accounted for 27.58% of variance and estimated that each year: female patients had 0.52 more visits; Commonwealth Concessional Health Care Card holders had 1.06 more visits; for each chronic condition patients made 1.06 more visits; and visit rate initially decreased with age before increasing exponentially. CONCLUSIONS: Number of diagnosed chronic conditions was the best individual predictor of the number of GP visits. Adding patient age, sex and concession card status explained significantly more variance. This model will assist health care planning by providing an accurate prediction of patient use of GP services.

Administrative encounters in general practice: low value or hidden value care?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of general practice administrative encounters, and to determine whether they represent low value care. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of data from the Bettering Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) dataset. SETTING: 1 568 100 GP-patient encounters in Australia, 2000-01 to 2015-16. PARTICIPANTS: An annual nationally representative random sample of about 1000 GPs, who each recorded the details of 100 consecutive encounters with patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Proportions of general practice encounters that were potentially low value care encounters (among the patient's reasons for the encounter was at least one administrative, medication, or referral request) and potentially low value care only encounters (such reasons were the sole reason for the encounter). For 2015-16, we also examined other health care provided by GPs at these encounters. RESULTS: During 2015-16, 18.5% (95% CI, 17.7-19.3%) of 97 398 GP-patient encounters were potentially low value care request encounters; 7.4% (95% CI, 7.0-7.9%) were potentially low value care only encounters. Administrative work was requested at 3.8% (95% CI, 3.5-4.0%) of GP visits, 35.4% of which were for care planning and coordination, 33.5% for certification, and 31.2% for other reasons. Medication requests were made at 13.1% (95% CI, 12.4-13.7%) of encounters; other health care was provided at 57.9% of medication request encounters, counselling, advice or education at 23.4%, and pathology testing was ordered at 16.7%. Referrals were requested at 2.8% (95% CI, 1.7-3.0%) of visits, at 69.4% of which additional health care was provided. The problems managed most frequently at potentially low value care only encounters were chronic diseases. CONCLUSION: Most patients requested certificates, medications and referrals in the context of seeking help for other health needs. Additional health care, particularly for chronic diseases, was provided at most GP administrative encounters. The MBS Review should consider the hidden value of these encounters.

Worsening trends in analgesics recommended for spinal pain in primary care.

PURPOSE: Limited evidence exists on secular trends of analgesics for spinal pain. We investigated general practitioner's (GP) recommendations of analgesic medicines for spinal pain and investigated characteristics associated with their recommendation. METHODS: We accessed data on spinal pain consultations from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) database, a nationally representative database on GP activity in Australia. Data extracted included consultation details and management provided. Medicines recommended were grouped as simple analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioid analgesics or neuropathic pain medicines. Multivariate logistic regression determined if patient characteristics and GP characteristics were associated with medication recommendations. RESULTS: We analysed BEACH data for 9100 GPs who managed 39,303 patients with spinal pain between 2004 and 2014. Over the decade, analgesic recommendations increased. After accounting for patient and GP characteristics, there was a significant increase in the rate single-ingredient opioid analgesics [annual relative increase of 6% (RR 1.06 (95% CI 1.05-1.07), P < 0.001)] and neuropathic pain medicines [annual relative increase of 19% (RR 1.19 (95% CI 1.16-1.22), P < 0.001)] were recommended; and a significant decrease in the rate NSAIDs were recommended [annual relative decrease of 4% (RR 0.96 (95% CI 0.95-0.97), P < 0.001)]. Logistic regression identified several patient and GP characteristics associated with medicine recommendations, e.g. stronger opioids were less likely recommended for Indigenous patients [odds ratio 0.15 (95% CI 0.04-0.56)]. CONCLUSIONS: GP's analgesic recommendations for spinal pain have become increasingly divergent from guideline recommendations over time.

Antibiotics for acute respiratory infections in general practice: comparison of prescribing rates with guideline recommendations.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the current rate of antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Australian general practice with the recommendations in the most widely consulted therapeutic guidelines in Australia (Therapeutic Guidelines). DESIGN AND SETTING: Comparison of general practice activity data for April 2010 - March 2015 (derived from Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health [BEACH] study) with estimated rates of prescribing recommended by Therapeutic Guidelines. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Antibiotic prescribing rates and estimated guideline-recommended rates per 100 encounters and per full-time equivalent (FTE) GP per year for eight ARIs; number of prescriptions nationally per year. RESULTS: An estimated mean 5.97 million (95% CI, 5.69-6.24 million) ARI cases per year were managed in Australian general practice with at least one antibiotic, equivalent to an estimated 230 cases per FTE GP/year (95% CI, 219-240 cases/FTE/year). Antibiotics are not recommended by the guidelines for acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis (current prescribing rate, 85%) or influenza (11%); they are always recommended for community-acquired pneumonia (current prescribing rate, 72%) and pertussis (71%); and they are recommended for 0.5-8% of cases of acute rhinosinusitis (current prescribing rate, 41%), 20-31% of cases of acute otitis media (89%), and 19-40% cases of acute pharyngitis or tonsillitis (94%). Had GPs adhered to the guidelines, they would have prescribed antibiotics for 0.65-1.36 million ARIs per year nationally, or at 11-23% of the current prescribing rate. Antibiotics were prescribed more frequently than recommended for acute rhinosinusitis, acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis, acute otitis media, and acute pharyngitis/tonsillitis. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotics are prescribed for ARIs at rates 4-9 times as high as those recommended by Therapeutic Guidelines. Our data provide the basis for setting absolute targets for reducing antibiotic prescribing in Australian general practice.

Who do Australian general practitioners refer to physiotherapy?

BACKGROUND: Physiotherapy plays an important role in the health of many Australians. The aims of this study were to assess changes in the rate of general practitioner (GP) referral to physiotherapists in Australia from 1998 to 2014, and to determine patient characteristics associated with increased likelihood of such referral. METHODS: Secondary analysis was undertaken of data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health program using weighted encounter data years 1998-99 to 2014-15 inclusive. RESULTS: The rate of GP referral to physiotherapists remained steady until 2010, when referrals increased. Patients were more likely to be referred to physiotherapy if they had a Department of Veterans' Affairs card; did not have a Health Care Card; were female aged 45-64 years; or male aged 25-44 years. Musculoskeletal problems accounted for 80% of referrals, but only 6.8% of all musculoskeletal problems managed were referred. DISCUSSION: Allied health Medicare Benefits Schedule item numbers have increased referrals to physiotherapy. However, there are some population groups who are not referred but might benefit from physiotherapy.

Estimating non-billable time in Australian general practice.

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the time that general practitioners spend on patient care that is not claimable from Medicare (non-billable) and the monetary value of this work were it claimable, and to identify variables independently associated with non-billable time. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-sectional survey, April 2012 - March 2014. SETTING: Australian general practice; a substudy of the national Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program. PARTICIPANTS: 1935 randomly sampled GPs (77.4% participation rate) from across Australia provided filled questionnaires on 66 458 patient encounters. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Non-billable time spent on patient care since patient's previous consultation; duration of and reasons for non-billable time; estimate of its monetary value were it claimable from Medicare; variables associated with non-billable time. RESULTS: 69.5% of GPs reported non-billable care outside patient visits; 8019 patient encounters (12.1%) were associated with an occasion of non-billable time. Mean time spent per occasion was 10.1 min (range, 1-240 min). Reasons for non-billable time included arranging tests and referrals, consulting specialists or allied health professionals, medication renewals, and advice and education, and encompassed all International Classification of Primary Care Version 2 chapters. The notional average annual value per GP of this work was $10 525.95 (level A rebate) to $23 008.05 (level B). Non-billable time was independently associated with female GPs, younger GPs (under 55 years), female patients, patients aged 65 years or more, and one or more chronic problems being managed at the recorded encounter. CONCLUSION: Most GPs spend a significant amount of unpaid time on patient care between consultations, an inherent problem of the fee-for-service system. This work should inform discussions of future funding models.

Consultations conducted in languages other than English in Australian general practice.

This study sought to determine the need for, and use of, professional interpreters in general practice. This is a sub-study of the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program - a continuous, national, cross-sectional survey of Australian general practitioner (GP) activity. Data were provided by 206 randomly sampled GPs between December 2013 and March 2014. Of 6074 patients sampled, there were 986 (16.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.2-19.3) who reported speaking a language other than English (LOTE) at home. Five per cent of all GP consultations involved communicating in a LOTE. Of these, 1% involved professional interpreters, 82.3% were conducted by multilingual GPs who spoke the patient's language, and 17.7% involved a family member or friend. GPs thought a professional interpreter would/may have improved the quality of 27.8% of these consultations. Our study suggests that GPs see the opportunity to improve the quality of LOTE consultations by using professional interpreters to replace family member/friend interpreters.

Optimising the use of observational electronic health record data: Current issues, evolving opportunities, strategies and scope for collaboration.

BACKGROUND: With increasing computerisation in general practice, national primary care networks are mooted as sources of data for health services and population health research and planning. Existing data collection programs - MedicinesInsight, Improvement Foundation, Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) - vary in purpose, governance, methodologies and tools. General practitioners (GPs) have significant roles as collectors, managers and users of electronic health record (EHR) data. They need to understand the challenges to their clinical and managerial roles and responsibilities. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to examine the primary and secondary use of EHR data, identify challenges, discuss solutions and explore directions. DISCUSSION: Representatives from existing programs, Medicare Locals, Local Health Districts and research networks held workshops on the scope, challenges and approaches to the quality and use of EHR data. Challenges included data quality, interoperability, fragmented governance, proprietary software, transparency, sustainability, competing ethical and privacy perspectives, and cognitive load on patients and clinicians. Proposed solutions included effective change management; transparent governance and management of intellectual property, data quality, security, ethical access, and privacy; common data models, metadata and tools; and patient/community engagement. Collaboration and common approaches to tools, platforms and governance are needed. Processes and structures must be transparent and acceptable to GPs.

Management of chronic heart failure in general practice in Australia.

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure is a common clinical syndrome associated with high healthcare system use. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the management of chronic heart failure in Australian general practice. METHODS: Data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health program were used to determine the prevalence of chronic heart failure, use of natriuretic peptide testing, prescribing patterns, hospitalisation rates and referrals to community-based heart failure management programs in three study periods between 2010 and 2015. RESULTS: Data on 8989 patients from 308 general practitioners were analysed. Of these patients, 324 had chronic heart failure (prevalence 3.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1-4.2), 44% (95% CI: 34.5-53.6) of whom had been hospitalised for the condition. The mean number of prescribed heart failure medication agents was 2.26 (95% CI: 2.13-2.39) per patient. Discharge under community heart failure programs was not routine. DISCUSSION: Chronic heart failure is a significant burden in general practice. Strategies to optimise management and avoid hospitalisation, where possible, are needed.

The cost of freezing general practice.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the effect on general practitioners' income, and the amount of any copayment required for GPs to recoup lost income, of two policies (individually and combined) proposed by the Australian Government: a continued indexation freeze of Medicare schedule fees; and a $5 rebate reduction (now retracted). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Analysis of data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program, a continuous cross-sectional, national study of GP activity in Australia. We used data for April 2013 to March 2014 on direct encounters between patients and GPs for which at least one Medicare Benefits Schedule or Department of Veterans' Affairs general practice consultation item was claimable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The reduction in GP rebate income due to the policies and the size of any copayment needed to address this loss. RESULTS: The $5 rebate reduction would have reduced GPs' income by $219.53 per 100 consultations. This would have required a $4.81 copayment at all non-concessional patient consultations to recoup lost income. The freeze would cost GPs $384.32 in 2017-18 dollars per 100 consultations, requiring an $8.43 copayment per non-concessional patient consultation. Total estimated loss in rebate income to GPs would have been $603.85 in 2017-18 per 100 encounters, a reduction of 11.2%. The non-concessional consultation copayment required to cover lost income from both policies would have been $7-$8 in 2015-16, and $12-$15 by 2017-18. CONCLUSION: If both policies had gone ahead, GPs would have needed to charge substantially more than the suggested $5 copayment for consultations with non-concessional patients in order to maintain 2014-15 relative gross income. Even though the rebate reduction has been retracted, the freeze will have greater impact with time - nearly double the amount of the rebate reduction by 2017-18. For economic reasons, the freeze may still force GPs who currently bulk bill to charge copayments.

General practitioners' prescribing of lipid-lowering medications for Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians, 2001-2013.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prescribing of lipid-lowering medications during general practitioner encounters with Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians from 2001 to 2013. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Observational time trend study, using data from the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) survey, of 9594 primary care encounters with Indigenous patients and 750 079 encounters with non-Indigenous patients aged 30 years or over. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prescription of at least one lipid-lowering medication. RESULTS: The age-sex standardised proportion of encounters that resulted in at least one lipid-lowering medication being prescribed was 5.5% (95% CI, 4.7%-6.3%) for Indigenous patients and 4.6% (95% CI, 4.5%-4.7%) for non-Indigenous patients. The proportion of encounters with Indigenous patients at which a lipid-lowering medication was prescribed increased significantly from 4.1% during 2001-2005 to 6.4% during 2009-2013 (P = 0.013 for trend). For encounters with non-Indigenous patients, the proportion increased significantly from 3.8% during 2001-2005 to 5.2% during 2009-2013 (P < 0.01). For encounters during which GPs managed diabetes, hypertension or ischaemic heart disease, the proportion of Indigenous encounters during which lipid-lowering medication was prescribed was similar to that for non-Indigenous patients. For encounters in which GPs managed a lipid disorder, however, the age-sex standardised proportion was significantly greater for Indigenous (78.4%; 95% CI, 72.6%-84.2%) than for non-Indigenous patients (65.2%; 95% CI, 64.5%-65.8%). CONCLUSION: We detected substantial increases in the prescribing of lipid-lowering medications from 2001 to 2013 for both Indigenous and non-Indigenous patients seen in Australian general practice. Providers were more likely to prescribe lipid-lowering medications for Indigenous than for non-Indigenous patients, suggesting some measure of success in expanding access to medications and reducing cardiovascular risk among Indigenous people.

Respiratory tract infections among children younger than 5 years: current management in Australian general practice.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the current management in Australian general practice of common respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children younger than 5 years. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Analysis of data from a sample of 4522 general practitioners who participated in the Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) cross-sectional survey, April 2007 to March 2012. Consultations with children younger than 5 years were analysed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GPs' management of four common RTIs (acute upper RTI [URTI], acute bronchitis/bronchiolitis, acute tonsillitis, and pneumonia) in association with six management options: antibiotic medications; prescribed or supplied non-antibiotic medications; medications advised for over-the-counter purchase; referrals; pathology testing; and counselling. RESULTS: Of 31 295 encounters recorded, at least one of the four selected paediatric RTIs was managed at 8157 encounters. URTI was managed 18.6 times per 100 GP patient encounters, bronchitis/bronchiolitis 4.2 times, acute tonsillitis 2.7 times, and pneumonia 0.6 times per 100 encounters. Antibiotics were prescribed most frequently for tonsillitis and least frequently for URTI. Male GPs prescribed antibiotics for URTI significantly more often than female GPs, while older GPs prescribed antibiotics for URTI more often than younger GPs. CONCLUSION: GP management of paediatric RTIs in Australia varied according to the clinical problem and with age and sex of the GP. Further research into parents' and health professionals' attitudes and practices regarding the role of antibiotics, over-the-counter medications, and hygiene will help maintain favourable management practices.

BEACH program update.

BACKGROUND: The Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health (BEACH) program, a continuous national study of general practice clinical activity, is now in its 18th year. In March 2015 the database included details of almost 1.7 million encounters from 16,639 participants, representing about 10,300 individual general practitioners (GPs). OBJECTIVES: This paper summarises the BEACH methods, the uses to which the data supplied by participating GPs are put and the many publications resulting from the program, with an indication of how these can be accessed by readers. DISCUSSION: BEACH is the only continuous nationally representative study of general practice in the world that provides direct linkage of GP management actions to the problem being managed. This paper provides the reference point for the coming series of more specific articles associated with the theme of each edition of Australian Family Physician.

Comorbidities and risk factors among patients with schizophrenia.

General practitioners (GPs) are charged with maintaining a holistic approach to their patients' health. While most patients with schizophrenia attend public mental health services and/or non-government organisations supporting people with mental illness, 88.2% of people with a psychotic illness (the majority being schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder) had visited a GP in the previous year. For at least 30-40% of people living with schizophrenia in Australia, ongoing management is provided by their GP alone. Moreover, there is evidence that patients with schizophrenia value the help provided by GPs. Patients with schizophrenia have reduced life expectancy. Overseas research (primarily from the UK and US) has found that the poor physical health of patients with schizophrenia can be attributed to a number of factors such as modifiable lifestyle risk factors and side effects of medication, compounded by causes intrinsic to the illness such as mental stress and loss of initiative.

'The kids are alright' - Changes in GP consultations with children 2000-15.

The ageing of Australia's population has led to a focus on the health resources required for older patients, and there has been concern that this might be at the expense of children's healthcare. Over the past few decades the number of children in Australia has increased, but has steadily declined as a proportion of the population. This has paralleled an increase in the absolute number of general practitioner (GP) encounters with children aged <15 years, but a decline in the percentage of GP workload from 14.3% in 2000-01 to 11.2% in 2013-14. There are disparities in the use of general practice services by age, with children making up a greater proportion of the population (19.3%) than of GP visits (13.0%), while people aged 65 years and older accounted for 13.0% of the population and 26.5% of visits in 2006. It is unclear whether the decline in the proportion of GP workload accounted for by children reflects a change in the way children use these general practice services, or a redistribution based on the ageing of the patient population. Over time, there have been marked changes in the types of problems managed in children. From the 1990s to 2001, Australia's children became well vaccinated and decreasingly likely to have 'traditional' childhood illnesses (notably infections). More recently, there has been significant growth in the management of child mental health problems in general practice, although mental health problems account for a small proportion of childhood problems managed. We examined children's use of general practice services and the problems managed in 2000-03 and 2012-15 to determine whether their service use has been influenced by the demands associated with the management of older Australians, and whether trends in problems managed identified in early studies have continued.

Travel advice and vaccination.

Over the decade to June 2014, the number of annual short-term resident departures from Australia more than doubled, from 3.9 million to 8.9 million per year. A large number of these journeys involved destinations with known risk of exposure to vector-borne and enteric diseases. Many of these disease risks are preventable if travellers seek advice about the areas they choose to visit, and are vaccinated in the appropriate time frame before their departure. Vaccination is an essential component of national control of travel-associated infectious diseases. General practitioners (GPs) are well-placed to inform patients about potential disease risks in their intended travel regions and to vaccinate patients before their departure.

Management of childhood asthma in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended for children with moderate or severe persistent asthma. The aims of this paper were to determine changes in childhood asthma management rates between 2004-14, and to examine current medication use and level of control in children attending general practice. METHODS: National BEACH data were used to investigate childhood (<15 years) asthma management rate. Prevalence, medication use and asthma control (Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines) were recorded for a subset of children. RESULTS: The management rate did not change over time. Prevalence was 13.7%. ICS were taken by 42.8% of children. Asthma was well controlled for 51.8%, partly controlled for 30.4% and uncontrolled for 17.9% of children. This study highlights the need to monitor appropriate medication use, particularly ICS/long-acting ß-agonist use, for asthma control in children.

Emergency contraception in Australia: the desired source of information versus the actual source of information.

OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term trends in emergency contraception (EC) management by general practitioners in Australia. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Data from April 2000 to March 2012 were drawn from the BEACH (Bettering the Evaluation and Care of Health) program, a continuous cross-sectional survey of GP activity. We analysed consultations involving EC management, unwanted pregnancy management and emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) prescribing per 1000 GP encounters with women aged 14-54 years. Summary statistics were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: In 2000-2001, GPs managed EC problems at a rate of 5.50 per 1000 encounters (95% CI, 4.37-6.63). From 2004, after the ECP became available over the counter (OTC) in pharmacies, EC management, which includes ECP prescription, progressively declined. By 2011-2012, only 1.43 EC problems were managed per 1000 encounters (95% CI, 0.84-2.02) and only 0.48 ECP prescriptions were provided per 1000 encounters (95% CI, 0.14-0.82). Yet the management rate of unwanted pregnancy problems stayed relatively constant (rate in 2000-2001, 0.95 per 1000 encounters; 95% CI, 0.40-1.50; rate in 2011-2012, 0.88 per 1000 encounters; 95% CI, 0.41-1.36). CONCLUSION: Low rates of EC management by GPs since ECP became available OTC suggest that women may be obtaining information on EC elsewhere. Further investigation is needed to uncover the sources of this information and its acceptability and application by Australian women.