Lupus-prone B6.Nba2 male and female mice display anti-DWEYS reactivity and a neuropsychiatric phenotype.

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE), a manifestation of the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is characterized by psychiatric symptoms including anxiety and depression and upregulated autoantibodies. The B6.Nba2 spontaneous mouse model develops SLE, but has not previously been tested for NPSLE. METHODS: We investigated the NPSLE phenotype in male and female B6.Nba2 mice (n = 12 each) and age- and sex-matched B6 controls (n = 10 each) via behavioral assessments for anxiety, depression, and memory deficits. Serum anti-dsDNA, anti-nRNP, anti-DWEYS peptide reactive IgG autoantibody levels and soluble TWEAK levels were determined by ELISA. Hippocampal regions were stained for activated microglia and neurons. RESULTS: Both male and female B6.Nba2 mice showed elevated anti-dsDNA IgG, anti-nRNP IgG and anti-DWEYS reactive antibodies, elevated serum soluble TWEAK levels, and a strong anxiety and depression phenotype (p < 0.05-0.0001). Male B6.Nba2 mice developed this phenotype at a slightly older age than females. Female B6.Nba2 mice displayed reduced numbers of neurons in the hippocampal region compared to female B6 controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The B6.Nba2 mouse model recapitulates many known NPSLE phenotypes, making it a promising model to investigate the development of NPSLE in the context of SLE.

A novel social fear conditioning procedure alters social behavior and mTOR signaling in differentially housed adolescent rats.

Vulnerabilities to fear-related disorders can be enhanced following early life adversity. This study sought to determine whether post-weaning social isolation (PSI), an animal model of early life adversity, alters the development of social fear in an innovative model of conditioned social fear. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent either social rearing (SR) or PSI for 4 weeks following weaning. Rats were then assigned to groups consisting of either Footshock only, Social conditioned stimulus (CS) only, or Paired footshock with a social CS. Social behavior was assessed the next day. We observed a novel behavioral response in PSI rats, running in circles, that was rarely observed in SR rats; moreover, this behavior was augmented after Paired treatment in PSI rats. Other social behaviors were altered by both PSI and Paired footshock and social CS. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway was assessed using immunohistochemistry for phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) in subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala. Paired treatment produced opposite effects in the PFC and amygdala in males, but no differences were observed in females. Conditioned social fear produced alterations in social behavior and the mTOR pathway that are dependent upon rearing condition and sex.

HIV in NSW in 2010: sustaining success in an evolving epidemic.

NSW has been recognised internationally for achieving a sustained, stable rate of HIV infection since 2000. An early mobilisation by communities initially at risk of HIV--gay men, sex workers and injecting drug users--resulted in rapid behaviour change and provided the basis for a continuing cooperative partnership with government, health service providers and researchers. This special issue of the NSW Public Health Bulletin describes the current response to HIV in NSW. Experts from diverse disciplinary and professional fields offer perspectives on the epidemiology, morbidity and impacts of HIV, current prevention challenges including with Aboriginal communities and people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, models for the diagnosis, care and treatment of HIV, and the legislative protection of public health and those who are living with HIV. The NSW experience demonstrates that the sustained cooperation of those affected, together with the efforts of government, health service providers and researchers, can achieve HIV control.

Are women birthing in New South Wales hospitals satisfied with their care?

BACKGROUND: Surveys of satisfaction with maternity care have been conducted using overnight inpatient surveys and dedicated maternity surveys in a number of Australian settings, however none have been used to report on satisfaction with maternity care among women in New South Wales. The aims of this study were to investigate the association between: 1) parity (first and subsequent births) and patient experience of hospital care at birth, and 2) other patient, birth and hospital characteristics and experience of hospital care at birth. METHODS: Data were from the New South Wales (NSW) Ministry of Health surveys of overnight hospital inpatients, including maternity patients, between 2007 and 2011. Questionnaires were mailed to a sample of patients three months after receiving inpatient services involving at least 1 night in a public hospital. Experience of care included 12 items grouped into: satisfaction with care, staff and information. Results were weighted to overall hospital facility populations and age-standardised. Frequencies and chi-square tests were used. RESULTS: Analysis of responses from 5,367 obstetric patients revealed three quarters of women were satisfied with care provided in hospital. Compared with women who had previously given birth, first-time mothers were more likely to recommend their birth hospital to friends and family (60.5% versus 56.4%; P < 0.05), less likely to have experienced differing messages from staff (44.8% vs 59.4%; P < 0.001), and less likely to feel they had received sufficient information about feeding (58.8% vs 65.0%; P < 0.001) and caring for their babies (52.4% vs 65.2%; P < 0.001). While metropolitan women were more likely to rate their birth hospital positively (76.0% vs. 71.3%; P < 0.05) than their rural counterparts, rural women tended to rate the care they received (68.1% vs. 63.4%; P < 0.05), and doctors (70.7% vs 61.1%; P < 0.05) and nurses (73.5% vs. 66.9%; P < 0.001) more highly than metropolitan women. CONCLUSIONS: The overall picture of maternity care satisfaction in New South Wales is a positive one, with three quarters of women satisfied with care. Further resources could be dedicated to ensuring consistency and amount of information provided, particularly to first-time mothers.

The Australian Rural Health Research Collaboration: building collaborative population health research in rural and remote NSW.

The health problems faced by rural and remote communities are complex and not amenable to simple or short-term solutions. The Australian Rural Health Research Collaboration, which comprises rural research centres, area health services and policy makers in NSW, investigates these problems. Founded in 2002, it has grown to become the leading rural research collaboration in Australia. It aims to: conduct high quality research; build the capacity of researchers and clinicians; and encourage the translation of research evidence into practice for the benefit of rural and remote communities. The success of the Collaboration is illustrated by the increase in research outputs, funds generated, the strength of the relationships between partners and the ability to address complex research problems such as the mental health of rural and remote communities often deemed too difficult or expensive to include in metropolitan-based research. Keys to success have been the inclusive public health ethos, the participation of senior researchers and service managers, the critical mass of researchers achieved through collaboration and effective leadership and governance. This demonstrates the value of supporting cooperative research and capacity building in rural and remote areas where the size of research groups is small and where effective multi-disciplinary and co-operative research can pay dividends.