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1.
Food Microbiol ; 109: 104123, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36309453

RESUMO

Biofilms serve as a reservoir for pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms, and their removal from different surfaces is a recurring problem in the beverage industry. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a combination of natamycin (NAT, 0.01 mmol/l) and farnesol (FAR, 0.6 mmol/l) against biofilms on ultrafiltration (UF) membranes and stainless steel (SS) surfaces using apple juice as food matrix. The co-adhesion of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida tropicalis, C. krusei and C. kefyr (mixed-yeast) with Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica or Escherichia coli O157:H7 (multi-species) in presence of NAT + FAR was evaluated for 2, 24, 48 h. In biofilms treated with NAT + FAR were observed by cell quantification and microscopy, inhibition of the filamentous yeast forms, disruption of the tri-dimensional structure and a high detachment of yeast cells. NAT + FAR affected the biofilms independently of the surfaces used and the presence (or not) of bacteria. L. monocytogenes was the most susceptible (p < 0.001) in multi-species biofilms, followed by E. coli O157:H7 on both surfaces (p < 0.001), whereas the growth of S. enterica was reduced (p < 0.05) in SS but not in UF-membranes (p > 0.05). Since the combination NAT + FAR affected the structure and viability of yeast species and foodborne pathogens in multi-species biofilms developed on UF-membranes and SS surfaces, the combination proposed could be considered a promising control agent to prevent biofilms in apple juice processing lines.


Assuntos
Escherichia coli O157 , Listeria monocytogenes , Malus , Farneseno Álcool/farmacologia , Malus/microbiologia , Natamicina/farmacologia , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Aço Inoxidável , Leveduras , Biofilmes , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana
2.
Rev Argent Microbiol ; 55(4): 378-386, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37302907

RESUMO

The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in foods as biocontrol agents against foodborne pathogens has become increasingly known. Under the premise that controlling the adhesion of microorganisms to food contact surfaces is an essential step for meeting the goals of food processing, the aim of this work was to investigate the inhibitory and anti-biofilm effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Lactobacillus strains (108CFU/ml) and pathogens (104CFU/ml) were evaluated to monitor LAB anti-adhesive and antibiofilm effect, in two main scenarios: (i) co-adhesion and (ii) pathogen incorporation to stainless steel surfaces with a protective biofilm of Lactobacillus cells. In (i) the predominant effect was observed in L. rhamnosus against S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, whereas in (ii) both LAB significantly reduced the number of pathogenic adherent cells. The effect of pre-established LAB biofilms was more successful in displacing the three pathogens than when they were evaluated under co-adhesion. These findings show that both LAB can be considered good candidates to prevent or inhibit the adhesion and colonization of L. monocytogenes, S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 on surfaces and conditions of relevance for juice processing industries, offering alternatives for improving the safety and quality of fruit-based products.


Assuntos
Escherichia coli O157 , Lactobacillales , Listeria monocytogenes , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Biofilmes , Manipulação de Alimentos
3.
Rev Argent Microbiol ; 54(1): 48-52, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33906778

RESUMO

The synergistic effect of microencapsulation in pectin microgels and inulin extracted from native crops of Jerusalem artichoke (JAI) was evaluated as a natural strategy to increase the survival of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans F2 selected for its probiotic properties in Oncorhynchus mykiss. The strain was able to grow and ferment JAI in modified MRS broth, increasing cell population (∼+5 log units) with a net decrease in pH (6.2±0.2 to 4.0±0.5). Encapsulation of F2 in pectin microgels in the presence of JAI improved the survival of the strain not only during storage but also after exposure to simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Viable entrapped cells in the presence of the prebiotic were significantly higher (8.2-8.4log CFU/g) than without it (∼7.00log CFU/g) after 56 days at 4°C. These results encourage further implementation of these techniques for the formulation of functional feeds using natural alternative sources of inulin with greater viability on storage conditions and digestibility.


Assuntos
Helianthus , Inulina/química , Lactobacillus , Pectinas/química
4.
Biofouling ; 34(1): 74-85, 2018 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29228797

RESUMO

The factors affecting the mechanical properties of biofilms formed by yeast species (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida krusei, C. kefyr and C. tropicalis) isolated from the juice processing industries have been investigated. Variables studied were: the food matrix (apple/pear juice), the sugar concentration (6/12 °Bx) and the hydrodynamic conditions (static/turbulent flow). A range of environmental cues were included as the mechanical properties of biofilms are complex. Yeast counts were significantly higher in turbulent flow compared with under static conditions. The thickness of the biofilm ranged from 38 to 148 µm, from static to turbulent flow. Yeast biofilms grown under turbulent flow conditions were viscoelastic with a predominant solid-like behavior and were structurally stronger than those grown under static conditions, indicating gel-type structures. Only the type of flow had a significant effect on [Formula: see text] and G*. Flow velocity and nutrient status modulated the biofilm thickness, the biomass and the mechanical properties. A better knowledge of the factors controlling biofilm formation will help in the development of control strategies.


Assuntos
Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais , Rhodotorula/isolamento & purificação , Biomassa , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Indústria Alimentícia/instrumentação , Microbiologia de Alimentos/normas , Hidrodinâmica , Membranas Artificiais , Reologia , Rhodotorula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ultrafiltração/instrumentação
5.
Biofouling ; 30(10): 1269-79, 2014.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25428768

RESUMO

The aim of the present work was to investigate the in situ rheological behavior of yeast biofilms growing on stainless steel under static and turbulent flow. The species used (Rhodototula mucilaginosa, Candida krusei, Candida kefyr and Candida tropicalis) were isolated from a clarified apple juice industry. The flow conditions impacted biofilm composition over time, with a predominance of C. krusei under static and turbulent flow. Likewise, structural variations occurred, with a tighter appearance under dynamic flow. Under turbulent flow there was an increase of 112 µm in biofilm thickness at 11 weeks (p < 0.001) and cell morphology was governed by hyphal structures and rounded cells. Using the in situ growth method introduced here, yeast biofilms were determined to be viscoelastic materials with a predominantly solid-like behavior, and neither this nor the G'0 values were significantly affected by the flow conditions or the growth time, and at large deformations their weak structure collapsed beyond a critical strain of about 1.5-5%. The present work could represent a starting point for developing in situ measurements of yeast rheology and contribute to a thin body of knowledge about fungal biofilm formation.


Assuntos
Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reologia , Rhodotorula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Aço Inoxidável
6.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 273(Pt 1): 133009, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38852727

RESUMO

The rheological and mechanical properties of mixed κ/ι-carrageenan - LM pectin gels were determined, and the potential of these gels for the formation of beads using the extrusion method and for the encapsulation of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus ATCC 53103 (LGG) was evaluated. Self-standing gels were obtained with all formulations evaluated. Carrageenan-rich gels, with carrageenan fraction (XC) ≥ 0.75, exhibited the highest storage modulus, but they were also brittle, while pectin-rich gels (XC ≤ 0.25) presented the highest hardness and cohesiveness. Pectin-rich formulations formed beads with the smallest initial diameter (2.40-2.45 mm), and the addition of carrageenan produced significantly more spherical beads compared to pure-pectin ones. As pectin-rich beads were the formulations that resisted simulated gastrointestinal conditions, these were selected for the encapsulation of LGG. These beads showed high encapsulation yields (87-96 %), and the percentage reduction of CFU/g during storage and simulated gastrointestinal conditions was not significantly different among formulations, the latter being significantly lower for encapsulated cells (8.64-15.03 %) compared to free cells (71.20 %). These results indicate that carrageenan-pectin gel beads with XC ≤ 0.25 were successful in encapsulating probiotic bacteria, and this capacity was related to the rheological and mechanical properties of the gels.


Assuntos
Carragenina , Géis , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus , Pectinas , Probióticos , Reologia , Carragenina/química , Pectinas/química , Probióticos/química , Géis/química , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/química , Fenômenos Mecânicos
7.
Biofouling ; 29(7): 841-53, 2013.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23837866

RESUMO

The role of cell surface hydrophobicity in the adhesion to stainless steel (SS) of 11 wild yeast strains isolated from the ultrafiltration membranes of an apple juice processing plant was investigated. The isolated yeasts belonged to four species: Candida krusei (5 isolates), Candida tropicalis (2 isolates), Kluyveromyces marxianus (3 isolates) and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (1 isolate). Surface hydrophobicity was measured by the microbial adhesion to solvents method. Yeast cells and surfaces were incubated in apple juice and temporal measurements of the numbers of adherent cells were made. Ten isolates showed moderate to high hydrophobicity and 1 strain was hydrophilic. The hydrophobicity expressed by the yeast surfaces correlated positively with the rate of adhesion of each strain. These results indicated that cell surface hydrophobicity governs the initial attachment of the studied yeast strains to SS surfaces common to apple juice processing plants.


Assuntos
Adesão Celular , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Malus , Aço Inoxidável/química , Ultrafiltração/instrumentação , Leveduras/fisiologia , Indústria Alimentícia , Propriedades de Superfície , Leveduras/citologia , Leveduras/isolamento & purificação
8.
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek ; 101(4): 869-79, 2012 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22287063

RESUMO

Bacterial attachment to fish surfaces and the capacity to compete with pathogens for adhesion sites are essential characteristics in order to select a candidate probiotic for aquaculture. Twelve lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from fish and sediments from Bahía Blanca Estuary, Argentina, were examined for in vitro adhesion to rainbow trout mucus, cell surface properties and competitive exclusion against two salmonid pathogens, Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida. In order to assess their survival through the digestive tract, pH and rainbow trout bile tolerance were evaluated. All LAB strains survived for 1.5 h incubation in 10% rainbow trout bile. Most of the strains survived 1.5 h at pH 3.0 and three of them showed a reduction of viable counts lower than 2 logarithms, with respect to control (pH 6.5). Only a few strains showed tolerate pH 2.0. All the strains were able to attach to rainbow trout skin mucus (10(4)-10(6) cells/cm(2)), to glass (10(4)-10(5) cells/cm(2)) and to stainless steel (10(3)-10(4) cells/cm(2)). Sixty percent of LAB strains were capable of competing with and successfully excluding Y. ruckeri and all strains were able to displace it. Against A. salmonicida, 75% of LAB strains competed successfully, 50% were capable of displacing and 60% excluded this pathogen. Our data suggest the potential of these strains as anti-infective agents for use in rainbow trout culture. This study is the first report on the probiotic potential of LAB strains isolated from an estuarine environment from Argentina.

9.
Environ Monit Assess ; 175(1-4): 1-8, 2011 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20473563

RESUMO

The region of Sierra de la Ventana is located in the southwest of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Traditionally, this area has been devoted to livestock and agriculture, but tourism has had a significant development in recent years. In the region, there are many rivers and streams that are used for swimming and bathing. A survey of the occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in these waters was conducted, and the microbiological quality of rivers and streams was investigated. No E. coli O157 was recovered by immunomagnetic separation. Nevertheless, the Shiga toxin gene, exclusively stx2 genotype, was detected in four non-O157 E. coli strains. Two STEC strains carried eae factor, but none of them harbored the EHEC-hlyA gene. Three of the STEC isolates belonged to samples obtained in the warm months, and one to the winter sampling. In the sample sites where STEC strains were isolated the counts of E. coli/100 ml exceeded or were close to the limit recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency for bathing water. The relationship observed between the rainy season and E. coli counts suggests that among the main causes for the hygienic indicator increase is the runoff of manure deposited on soils that may also induce the entrance of pathogens into the aquatic environment. This research, the first reporting STEC isolation from recreational waters in this area, revealed that streams and rivers from a beef-producing area of Argentina are a reservoir of STEC strains.


Assuntos
Escherichia coli O157/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli O157/metabolismo , Recreação , Toxina Shiga/biossíntese , Argentina , Microbiologia da Água
10.
Int J Biol Macromol ; 179: 457-465, 2021 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33711368

RESUMO

The main objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of synbiotic delivery systems using pectin microgels on the protection of two probiotic strains (Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG [ATCC 53103]) to simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GD) and storage conditions (4 ± 1 °C) in a 42 days trial. Microgel particles were prepared by ionotropic gelation method and three variables were evaluated: incubation time (24 and 48 h), free vs encapsulated cells, and presence or absence of prebiotic (commercial and Jerusalem artichoke inulin). Results demonstrated an encapsulation efficiency of 96 ± 4% into particles with a mean diameter between 56 and 118 µm. The viability of encapsulated cells after 42 days storage stayed above 7 log units, being encapsulated cells in pectin-inulin microgels more resistant to GD compared to non-encapsulated cells or without prebiotics. In all cases incubation time influenced the strains' survival.


Assuntos
Cápsulas/química , Inulina/química , Lacticaseibacillus casei/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microgéis/química , Pectinas/química , Viabilidade Microbiana
11.
Food Res Int ; 105: 473-481, 2018 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29433238

RESUMO

Membrane separation systems represent a hot - spot for biofilm formation in juice industries. Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) has been traditionally the disinfectant of choice; however, its effectiveness over well-established biofilms is limited. In this work the study of biofilm formation on ultrafiltration membranes was proposed. The effectiveness of cleaning and disinfection procedures commonly used in juice industry was tested on the removal and killing of cells. The species used (Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Candida krusei, Candida kefyr and Candida tropicalis) were isolated from ultrafiltration modules of a clarified apple juice industry. Industrial concentrations of NaOCl (200mgCL∙L-1) showed to be effective against planktonic cultures with >4 log reductions, whereas their overall efficiency against adhered cells was smaller. Recovery of viable cell counts to initial numbers was evidenced regardless of the time of colonization. The topography of the surface showed to have an impact on the efficiency of the disinfectant, presenting membranes smaller log reductions than stainless steel (~1.09-1.53logCFU). At 200mgCl∙L-1 only membrane's cross flow recovery was reached with no long-term effect over the attached cells. The overall results demonstrated the recalcitrance of these biofilms to typical cleaning and disinfection process which may confer them with a selective advantage.


Assuntos
Biofilmes , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Desinfecção/métodos , Contaminação de Equipamentos/prevenção & controle , Manipulação de Alimentos/instrumentação , Microbiologia de Alimentos/métodos , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/microbiologia , Malus/microbiologia , Membranas Artificiais , Hipoclorito de Sódio/farmacologia , Ultrafiltração/instrumentação , Leveduras/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida tropicalis/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida tropicalis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Rhodotorula/efeitos dos fármacos , Rhodotorula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Leveduras/crescimento & desenvolvimento
12.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 55(4): 3-3, Dec. 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1550710

RESUMO

Abstract The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in foods as biocontrol agents against foodborne pathogens has become increasingly known. Under the premise that controlling the adhesion of microorganisms to food contact surfaces is an essential step for meeting the goals of food processing, the aim of this work was to investigate the inhibitory and anti-biofilm effectiveness of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) and Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393) against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Lactobacillus strains (108UFCCFU/ml) and pathogens (104UFCCFU/ml) were evaluated to monitor LAB anti-adhesive and antibiofilm effect, in two main scenarios: (i) co-adhesion and (ii) pathogen incorporation to stainless steel surfaces with a protective biofilm of Lactobacillus cells. In (i) the predominant effect was observed in L. rhamnosus against S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, whereas in (ii) both LAB significantly reduced the number of pathogenic adherent cells. The effect of pre-established LAB biofilms was more successful in displacing the three pathogens than when they were evaluated under co-adhesion. These findings show that both LAB can be considered good candidates to prevent or inhibit the adhesion and colonization of L. monocytogenes, S. enterica and E. coli O157:H7 on surfaces and conditions of relevance for juice processing industries, offering alternatives for improving the safety and quality of fruit-based products.


Resumen Existe un creciente interés en el uso de bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) como agentes de biocontrol frente a patógenos de transmisión alimentaria. Bajo la premisa de que el control de la adhesión de microorganismos a superficies de contacto con alimentos es el paso esencial para evitar su contaminación, el objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar la efectividad inhibitoria y antibiofilm de Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) y Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393) frente a Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica y Listeria monocytogenes. A fin de cumplir con el objetivo propuesto, las cepas de Lactobacillus (108UFCUFC/ml) y los patógenos (104UFCUFC/ml) se ensayaron en 2 escenarios: (1) coadhesión, y (2) incorporación de los patógenos a las superficies de acero inoxidable con un biofilm preformado de Lactobacillus. En (1), el efecto predominante se observó con L. rhamnosus frente a S. enterica y L. monocytogenes, mientras que en (2), ambas BAL redujeron significativamente el número de células patógenas adheridas. En función de estos resultados, concluimos que el efecto de un biofilm preformado de ambas BAL fue más exitoso en el desplazamiento de los 3 patógenos que en coadhesión. Ambas BAL pueden considerarse buenas candidatas para mitigar la adhesión y colonización de L. monocytogenes, S. enterica y E. coli O157:H7 en superficies en condiciones de relevancia para la industria procesadora de jugos, y, de esta manera, ofrecer alternativas para mejorar la seguridad y calidad de los alimentos a base de frutas.

13.
J Microbiol ; 55(2): 96-103, 2017 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28120191

RESUMO

To clarify the interactions between a common food spoilage yeast and two pathogenic bacteria involved in outbreaks associated with fruit juices, the present paper studies the effect of the interplay of Candida krusei, collected from UF membranes, with Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in the overall process of adhesion and colonization of abiotic surfaces. Two different cases were tested: a) co-adhesion by pathogenic bacteria and yeasts, and b) incorporation of bacteria to pre-adhered C. krusei cells. Cultures were made on stainless steel at 25°C using apple juice as culture medium. After 24 h of co-adhesion with C. krusei, both E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica increased their counts 1.05 and 1.11 log CFU cm2, respectively. Similar increases were obtained when incorporating bacteria to pre-adhered cells of Candida. Nevertheless C. krusei counts decreased in both experimental conditions, in a) 0.40 log CFU cm2 and 0.55 log CFU cm2 when exposed to E. coli O157:H7 and S. enterica and in b) 0.18 and 0.68 log CFU cm2, respectively. This suggests that C. krusei, E. coli O157:H7, and S. enterica have a complex relationship involving physical and chemical interactions on food contact surfaces. This study supports the possibility that pathogen interactions with members of spoilage microbiota, such as C. krusei, might play an important role for the survival and dissemination of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica in food-processing environments. Based on the data obtained from the present study, much more attention should be given to prevent the contamination of these pathogens in acidic drinks.


Assuntos
Aderência Bacteriana , Candida/fisiologia , Escherichia coli O157/fisiologia , Sucos de Frutas e Vegetais/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/fisiologia , Aço Inoxidável , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candida/ultraestrutura , Meios de Cultura/química , Escherichia coli O157/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Escherichia coli O157/ultraestrutura , Manipulação de Alimentos , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Conservação de Alimentos , Malus/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Salmonella enterica/ultraestrutura , Ultrafiltração
14.
Rev. argent. microbiol ; 54(1): 61-70, mar. 2022. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1407167

RESUMO

Resumen El efecto sinérgico de la microencapsulación en geles de pectina e inulina extraída de cultivos nativos de topinambur se evaluó como una estrategia natural para aumentar la supervivencia de Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. toleraos F2, bacteria seleccionada por sus propiedades probióticas sobre la trucha arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss). La cepa fue capaz de crecer y fermentar la inulina de topinambur en caldo MRS modificado, lo que condujo al incremento del número de células (~+5 unidades logarítmicas) y la disminución neta del pH (6,2 ±0,2 a 4,0±0,5). La encapsulación de F2 en microgeles de pectina en presencia de inulina mejoró su supervivencia no solo a lo largo del almacenamiento sino también en condiciones donde se simuló el pasaje por el tracto gastrointestinal. Después de 56 días de almacenamiento a 4 °C, se registraron números significativamente mayores de células viables microencapsuladas en presencia del prebiótico (8,2-8,4 log UFC/g) que sin él (~7,00 log UFC/g). Estos resultados alientan la aplicación de estas técnicas para la formulación de alimentos funcionales utilizando fuentes alternativas naturales de inulina que incrementan la viabilidad del probiótico almacenado y su digestibilidad.

15.
Rev. Asoc. Med. Bahía Blanca ; 14(2): 44-46, abril-junio 2004.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1025210

RESUMO

Se describe el estadío adulto de la cepa de Echinococus granulosus, utilizada en la validación de la Vacuna Ovina EG95 en el marco del Programa de Control de Hidatidosis (Provincia de Chubut, Argentina), con el propósito de medir la efectividad de la Vacuna Ovina EG95, elaborada por el Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular de la Universidad de Melbourne de Australia. Se estudiaron treinta ejemplares adultos de E. granulosus (conservados en formol al 10%) cuyo tamaño osciló entre 1,6 y 5,1 mm de largo. Los resultados mostraron que, además de su escólex, el parásito adulto presenta entre 3 y 5 proglótidos. En los ejemplares observados la proglótida grávida siempre era la última, independientemente de la cantidad de proglótidas presentes. El promedio de huevos de cada proglótido grávida fue 525 por parásito (rango de 405-808).


The adult stage of the Echinococus granulosus strain used in Sheep Vaccine EG95 validation within the framework of the Hydatidosis Control Program (Chubut Province, Argentina) is described in this work in order to measure the effectiveness of this vaccine developed by the Molecular Parasitology Laboratory of Melbourne University, Australia. Thirty adult specimens of E. granulosus (in 10% formalin) were studied. The size of these specimens ranged from 1.6 to 5.1 mm long. The results showed that, in addition to its scolex, the adult parasite presents 3 and 5 proglottids. In the specimens observed, the gravid proglottid was always the last one, regardless of the number of proglottids present. The average number of eggs of each gravid proglottid was 525 per parasite (range 405- 808).


Assuntos
Echinococcus granulosus , Equinococose
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