Association of the IL1A and IL6 polymorphisms with posttraining changes in body mass, composition, and biochemical parameters in Caucasian women.

Polymorphisms located in IL1A and IL6 are promising markers of obesity-related traits; however, studies concerning their potential impact on the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions are lacking. Therefore, the aim was to examine the association between the polymorphic sites located in IL1A (rs1800587) and IL6 (rs1800795, rs1800796, and rs1800797) and the body's response to a 12-week training program. We studied the genotype distribution in a group of 168 Caucasian females in whom body mass and composition parameters, the lipid profile, and glucose levels were measured before and after the exercise period. Our results showed that carriers of the IL1A rs1800597 CC genotype exhibited a significant decrease in total body water (TBW) in response to training (p = 0.045). Additionally, carriers of the IL6 rs1800797 GG and GA genotypes demonstrated a posttraining decrease in body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.039). Haplotype analysis revealed that only rare haplotypes, namely, GGA, CGG and CCG (rs1800795, rs1800796, and rs1800797, respectively), were linked to changes in phenotype, yet assessing individual haplotype effects was not possible. Studies of the interactions between these genes showed that carrying the TC-GG genotype (rs1800587-rs1800795 and rs1800587-rs1800796) may be associated with greater posttraining decreases in fat mass percentage (%FM) and fat-free mass (FM). Carriers of the CC-CG genotype (rs1800587-rs1800795) had significantly greater changes in triglycerides (TGL) over the training period. Our study showed that the IL1A and IL6 genotypes, either individually, in haplotype, or in gene-gene combination, may modify training-induced changes in body mass, composition, glucose levels, and the lipid profile in healthy women.

Are IL1B, IL6 and IL6R Gene Variants Associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture Susceptibility?

Cytokines, such as interleukins, are crucial in regulating critical cell signaling pathways as well as being major contributors to inflammatory response and are upregulated during ligament and tendon injuries. The genes encoding key interleukins, such as IL1B and IL6 as well as interleukin receptor IL6R, were chosen as candidate genes for association with soft tissue injuries. The aim of the case-control study was to verify the hypothesis that sequence variants rs1143627, rs16944, rs1800795, rs2228145 in the IL1B, IL6 and IL6R genes are associated with ACL rupture susceptibility in a Polish population. Among four analyzed SNPs, the rs1800795 IL6 gene polymorphism was found to be the only one significantly associated with ACL rupture (p = 0.010, p = 0.022, p = 0.004 for codominant, recessive and overdominant models, respectively; odds ratio = 1.74, 95% CI 1.08-2.81, sex adjusted p = 0.032 for recessive model). With reference to the other analyzed polymorphisms, we failed to show significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies for IL6R rs2228145as well as IL1B rs16944 and rs1143627 (analyzed alone or in haplotype combination) between the ACL rupture group and the healthy control group among Polish participants. Due to the nature of case-control studies, the results of this study need to be confirmed in independent studies with larger sample sizes.

Impact of the DRD2 Polymorphisms on the Effectiveness of the Training Program.

Dopamine receptor D2 gene (DRD2) polymorphisms have been associated with cognitive abilities, obesity, addictions, and physical-activity-related behaviors, which may underlie differences in the effectiveness of training programs. What is not yet clear is the impact of DRD2 polymorphisms on the effectiveness of exercise programs. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between the DRD2 polymorphic sites (rs1076560, rs12364283, rs1799732, rs1800497, and rs1800498) and the body's response to regular physical activity. We studied genotypes and haplotypes distribution in a group of 165 females measured for body mass and body composition measurements, lipid profile, and glucose levels before and after realization of a 12-week training program. When tested individually, statistical analyses revealed one significant genotype by training interaction under the general model (for the basal metabolic rate, BMR, p = 0.033). Carriers of the rs1076560 CC genotype exhibited a decrease in BMR in response to training (p = 0.006). Haplotype analyses also showed that (i) the CACCC and CACTT haplotypes were associated with a post-training decrease in glucose level (ß = -4.11, p = 0.032; ß = -6.86, p = 0.020, respectively); (ii) the CGCCT with an increase in BMR (ß = 0.65, p = 0.003) and fat free mass (FFM, ß = 1.20, p = 0.009); (iii) the CA-CT with a decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL, ß = -17.26, p = 0.046). These results provide some evidence that the DRD2 polymorphisms may play a role in post-training changes in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and, as a consequence, in the effectiveness of training programs.

FABP2 Ala54Thr Polymorphism and Post-Training Changes of Body Composition and Biochemical Parameters in Caucasian Women.

The functional FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism (rs1799883) is strongly associated with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, although the function of its potential modifying effect on training-induced changes in obesity-related parameters is still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the Ala54Thr polymorphism on post-training changes of selected body mass and body composition measurements, as well as with biochemical parameters of energy metabolism. Accordingly, alleles and genotypes distribution in a group of 168 young, nonobese Caucasian women measured for chosen body composition parameters, lipid profile, and glucose levels before and after the completion of a 12-week aerobic training program were studied. Although the obtained results showed changes in body mass, BMI, FM, %FM, FFM, TBW, HDL-C, and glucose levels during the training program, none of the examined parameters changed significantly across the FABP2 genotypes. Instead, we found a main effect of genotype on BMI (p = 0.033), with carriers of the Thr54 allele having a higher BMI during the whole study period compared with the Ala54 carriers. We confirm that the FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism may help identify women at risk for overweight and obesity. However, we did not notice evidence of an interaction between physical activity and the Ala54Thr polymorphism on the examined parameters.

The Polymorphisms of the Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptors' Alfa Gene Modify the Aerobic Training Induced Changes of Cholesterol and Glucose.

BACKGROUND: PPARα is a transcriptional factor that controls the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, including fatty acid transport, uptake by the cells, intracellular binding, and activation, as well as catabolism (particularly mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation) or storage. PPARA gene polymorphisms may be crucial for maintaining lipid homeostasis and in this way, being responsible for developing specific training-induced physiological reactions. Therefore, we have decided to check if post-training changes of body mass measurements as well as chosen biochemical parameters are modulation by the PPARA genotypes. METHODS: We have examined the genotype and alleles' frequencies (described in PPARA rs1800206 and rs4253778 polymorphic sites) in 168 female participants engaged in a 12-week training program. Body composition and biochemical parameters were measured before and after the completion of a whole training program. RESULTS: Statistical analyses revealed that PPARA intron 7 rs4253778 CC genotype modulate training response by increasing low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and glucose concentration, while PPARA Leu162Val rs1800206 CG genotype polymorphism interacts in a decrease in high-density lipoproteins (HDL) concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Carriers of PPARA intron 7 rs4253778 CC genotype and Leu162Val rs1800206 CG genotype might have potential negative training-induced cholesterol and glucose changes after aerobic exercise.