The HHEX-ABI2/SLC17A9 axis induces cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenesis in HCC.

Accumulating evidence indicated that HHEX participated in the initiation and development of several cancers, but the potential roles and mechanisms of HHEX in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were largely unclear. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are responsible for cancer progression owing to their stemness characteristics. We reported that HHEX was a novel CSCs target for HCC. We found that HHEX was overexpressed in HCC tissues and high expression of HHEX was associated with poor survival. Subsequently, we found that HHEX promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis and experiments verified that HHEX promoted stem cell-like properties in HCC. Mechanistically, ABI2 serving as a co-activator of transcriptional factor HHEX upregulated SLC17A9 to promote HCC cancer stem cell-like properties and tumorigenesis. Collectively, the HHEX-mediated ABI2/SLC17A9 axis contributes to HCC growth and metastasis by maintaining the CSC population, suggesting that HHEX serves as a promising therapeutic target for HCC treatment.

Contralateral Neck-shaft Angle Lower Than 130° Is Associated With Clinical Failure in Nongeriatric Individuals: Analysis of the National Femoral Neck Fracture Database of 1066 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of femoral neck fractures in patients who are nongeriatric (≤ 60 years) is challenging because of high failure rates. Anatomic parameters influence the biomechanical environment for fracture healing, but their associations with clinical prognosis remains unclear. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES: (1) Which anatomic parameter that is identifiable on pelvic radiographs shows a statistical correlation with a higher risk of clinical failure defined as nonunion, avascular necrosis (AVN), reoperation, and functional failure (decrease in Harris hip score reaching the minimum clinically important difference) in the screw fixation of femoral neck fractures among nongeriatric patients? (2) How does the influence of anatomic parameters on clinical prognosis manifest: directly or mediated by additional mechanisms? METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter study used a nationwide database in China. Between January 2014 and December 2020, we evaluated 1066 patients with femoral neck fractures with a median age of 53 years (interquartile range 46 to 56) and median follow-up period of 62 months. Anatomic parameters including femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA), femoral head radius, femoral neck width, femoral offset, acetabular center-edge angle, and acetabular sharp angle were variables of interest. The primary outcome was clinical failure including nonunion, AVN, reoperation, and functional failure (decrease in Harris hip score reaching the minimum clinically important difference). Risk factors for failure were first filtered using the Bayesian information criterion and then assessed with multiple regression adjusting for confounders. The mediation effect was further explored using model-based causal mediation analysis with a quasi-Bayesian Monte Carlo method. RESULTS: Of all anatomic parameters we assessed, the contralateral NSA was associated with clinical failure, after adjusting for all potential covariates and confounding variables (adjusted odds ratio 0.92 [95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.95]; p < 0.001). The optimal threshold for the NSA was 130°, with the highest Youden index of 0.27. Patients with an NSA < 130° (41% [441 of 1066]) demonstrated an increased occurrence of nonunion (15% [68 of 441] versus 5% [33 of 625]; p < 0.001), AVN (32% [141 of 441] versus 22% [136 of 625]; p < 0.001), functional failure (25% [110 of 441] versus 15% [93 of 625]), and reoperations (28% [122 of 441] versus 13% [79 of 625]). The impact of an NSA less than 130° on clinical failure was direct and substantially mediated by the type of displaced fracture (mediation proportion: 18.7%). CONCLUSION: In our study of screw fixations for femoral neck fractures among nongeriatric patients, we identified that a contralateral NSA < 130° correlates with an increased risk of clinical failure including nonunion, AVN, functional failure, and reoperation. The effect is either direct or mediated through displaced fracture types. This is important for surgeons in order to recognize the elevated rate of clinical failure and nature of the challenging biomechanical environment, which should guide them in refining surgical details and selecting appropriate fixation and rehabilitation plans. Approaches to managing these fractures require further validation with large-scale clinical trials. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, prognostic study.

Upregulation of E-cadherin by the combination of methionine restriction and HDAC2 intervention for inhibiting gastric carcinoma metastasis.

Invasion and metastasis are the leading causes of death in individuals with malignant tumors, including gastric cancer. In this study, we aim to explore the effect and related mechanisms of methionine restriction (MR) on gastric carcinoma metastasis. In the MR cell model, gastric carcinoma cells are cultured in the MR medium, and in the animal model, BALB/c nude rodents are administered with a methionine-free diet after receiving injections of MKN45 cells into the caudal vein. Transwell assay is used to detect cell invasion and migration. Chromatin immunoprecipitation is performed to investigate the levels of H3K9me2, H3K27Ac, and H3K27me3 in the E-cadherin promoter. The results show that MR inhibits gastric carcinoma cell migration, invasion, and lung metastasis. MR increases E-cadherin while reducing the H3K27me3 level in the E-cadherin promoter. E-cadherin expression in gastric carcinoma cells is adversely regulated by HDAC2. Overexpressing HDAC2 reduces the H3K27Ac level in the E-cadherin promoter, while interfering with HDAC2 increases the H3K27Ac level. HDAC2 interference under MR conditions further upregulates E-cadherin expression and inhibits gastric carcinoma cell migration, invasion, and lung metastasis. MR combined with HDAC2 interference promotes E-cadherin expression by mediating the methylation and acetylation of E-cadherin, thus inhibiting the invasion, migration, and lung metastasis of gastric carcinoma cells. Our study provides a new theoretical basis for the inhibitory effect of MR on gastric cancer.

IRF4 induces M1 macrophage polarization and aggravates ulcerative colitis progression by the Bcl6-dependent STAT3 pathway.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic chronic intestinal inflammation. An increasing body of evidence shows that macrophages play an important role in the pathogenesis of UC. Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is crucial for the development of autoimmune diseases via regulating immune cells. This research was designed to explore the function of IRF4 in UC and its association with macrophage polarization. The in vitro model of UC was established by stimulating colonic epithelial cells with tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). A mouse model of UC was constructed by injecting C57BL/6 mice with dextran sulfate sodium salt. Flow cytometry was used to assess percentage of CD11b+ CD86+ and CD11b+ CD206+ cells in bone marrow macrophages. Occult blood tests were used to detect hematochezia. Hematoxylin and eosin staining assay was used to assess colon pathological changes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect concentrations of inflammatory cytokines. The interaction of IRF4 and B-cell lymphoma 6 (Bcl6) was confirmed using GST pull-down and coimmunoprecipitation assays. Our findings revealed that IRF4 promoted cell apoptosis and stimulated M1 macrophage polarization in vitro. Furthermore, IRF4 aggravated symptoms of the mouse model of UC and aggravated M1 macrophage polarization in vivo. IRF4 negatively regulated Bcl6 expression. Downregulation of Bcl6 promoted apoptosis and M1 macrophage polarization in the presence of IRF4 in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, Bcl6 positively mediated the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway. In conclusion, IRF4 aggravated UC progression through promoting M1 macrophage polarization via Bcl6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway. These findings suggested that IRF4 might be a good target to competitively inhibit or to treat with UC.

Monoterpenoid indole alkaloids from the fruits of Gelsemium elegans and their anti-inflammatory activities.

Two novel monoterpenoid indole alkaloids (MIAs), gelsechizines A-B (1-2), along with four known ones (3-6) were isolated from the fruits of Gelsemium elegans. Compound 1 features a new carbon skeleton with two additional carbon atoms forming a 4-methylpyridine unit. Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by NMR, MS, X-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 1-3 showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro, which may be related to the inhibition of the trecruitment of neutrophils and macrophages as well as the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that the ß-N-acrylate moiety plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory effect.

Long noncoding RNA TUG1 upregulates VEGFA to enhance malignant behaviors in stomach adenocarcinoma by sponging miR-29c-3p.

BACKGROUND: Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) TUG1 has been reported to display a pivotal role in the tumorigenesis and malignant progression of various types of cancers, including stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). However, the contribution of aberrant expression of TUG1 and the mechanism by which it serves as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in STAD remains largely obscure. METHODS: The human STAD cell lines (MGC-803 and AGS), human normal gastric epithelial cell line (GES-1), human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were purchased and cultured to investigate the roles of TUG1 in STAD. Twenty BALB/c nude mice were purchased to establish a xenograft model to explore the roles of TUG1 in vivo. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analysis revealed that TUG1 was upregulated in STAD, of which expression was negatively and positively correlated with miR-29c-3p and VEGFA, respectively. Functional analyses indicated that TUG1 functioned as an oncogene to promote malignant behaviors (proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis) of STAD cells; whereas miR-29c-3p exerted the opposite role. Mechanistically, the interaction between miR-29c-3p with TUG1 and VEGFA was demonstrated. It was observed that miR-29c-3p could reverse the TUG1-induced promotion effect on cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in STAD. Furthermore, TUG1 overexpression promoted STAD cell proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis, whereas VEGFA silence restored these effects, both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION: This finding confirmed that lncRNA TUG1 acts as a ceRNA for miR-29c-3p to promote tumor progression and angiogenesis by upregulating VEGFA, indicating TUG1 as a therapeutic target in STAD management.

Preliminary outcomes of the combination of demineralized bone matrix and platelet Rich plasma in the treatment of long bone non-unions.

BACKGROUND: A variety of bone graft substitutes have been introduced into the treatment of bone non-unions. However, clinical outcomes from current evidences are various and conflicting. This study aimed to present the preliminary outcomes of a treatment protocol in which the combination of demineralized bone matrix (DBM) and platelet rich plasma (PRP) was used as a bone graft substitute for long bone non-unions. METHODS: Data of this retrospective study were reviewed and collected from a consecutive case series involving 43 patients who presented with a long bone non-union and were treated in our department from October 2018 to May 2019. The combination of DMB and PRP was applied as a bone defect filler in 16 patients, whilst the other 27 patients were treated with iliac bone autografting. Patients' demographics, postoperative complications and the result of bone union were compared and evaluated. RESULTS: The demographic data between the two groups were comparable. No significant difference was found with regard to the incidence of postoperative complications. No graft rejection, heterotopic ossification or other complications were noted. The distribution of bony healing time was rather scattered but did not differ significantly between the groups (7.533 ± 3.357 months vs. 6.625 ± 2.516 months; P=0.341). Union was identified radiographically in 15 of 16 patients in the DBM+PRP group and in 24 of 27 patients in autograft group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study identified that low incidence of postoperative complications and satisfactory bony healing rate could be achieved in the treatment of long bone non-unions augmented with the combination of DBM and PRP. Although these findings might indicate the promising future of this treatment protocol, larger and higher quality studies should also be executed to assess its routine use.

Novel panaxadiol triazole derivatives induce apoptosis in HepG-2 cells through the mitochondrial pathway.

In this study, we introduced 1, 2, 4-triazole groups into panaxadiol (PD) to obtain 18 panaxadiol triazole derivatives. Five cancer cells and one normal cell were evaluated for cytotoxicity by MTT assay. The results showed that most of the derivatives could inhibit cancer cell proliferation, and the anti-proliferative activity of compound A1 was the most significant. For HepG-2 cells, the IC50 value was 4.21 ± 0.54 µM, which was nearly 15 times higher than the activity of PD. Further studies showed that compound A1 could induce apoptosis in HepG-2 cells, and could enhance the expression of Cl-caspase-3, Cl-caspase-9 and Cl-PARP. Moreover, Western blot analysis showed that after treating HepG-2 cells with compound A1, the expression of p53 protein was increased and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was gradually increased. The cytoplasmic Bax is then translocated to the mitochondria, causing the release of Cyt c protein. Therefore, the results indicate that compound A1 induces apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and can be used the potential to develop new anti-proliferative agents.

MicroRNA 32 promotes cell proliferation, migration, and suppresses apoptosis in colon cancer cells by targeting OTU domain containing 3.

Colorectal cancer is considered as the fourth leading reason of cancer-linked deaths worldwide. However, our knowledge about its pathogenic mechanism remains inadequate. MicroRNA 32 (miR-32), a member of small noncoding RNAs, has been found vital roles in tumorigenesis. This study studied its functions and underlying mechanism in colorectal cancer. The experiment revealed the obvious upregulation of miR-32 in colorectal cancer tissues and six cancer cell lines, compared with normal tissues and cells. Moreover, miR-32 upregulation reduced cell apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation and migration, while its downregulation displayed opposite effects. Dual luciferase reporter assays proved that miR-32 bound to the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of OTU domain containing 3 (OTUD3), suggesting that miR-32 directly targeted OTUD3. Further experiments demonstrated that overexpression of miR-32 could reduce the expression level of OTUD3. Furthermore, OTUD3 silence promoted proliferation and motility and decreased apoptosis for HCT116 cells and restored partly miR-32-mediated cell proliferation, migration, and antiapoptosis for colon cancer. Therefore, our study indicated that miR-32 enhanced cell proliferation and motility abilities, and inhibited apoptosis by directly targeting OTUD3 in colon cancer cells, which implied that miR-32 was hopeful to be a biomarker or target used for diagnosis and therapy of colon cancer.

Rearranged Phloroglucinol-Monoterpenoid Adducts from Callistemon rigidus.

Callisretones A (1) and B (2), two rearranged phloroglucinol-monoterpenoid adducts featuring an unprecedented isopropylcyclopenta[b]benzofuran backbone, together with their postulated biosynthetic precursors (3-9), were isolated from Callistemon rigidus. The previously assigned absolute configurations of viminalins H (7), L (8), and N (9) were revised and unequivocally established by X-ray diffraction data. A putative biosynthetic pathway toward callisretones A and B involving the rearrangement of the terpenoid motif is proposed. In addition, 1 and 2 showed inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production with IC50 values of 15.3 ± 1.0 and 17.7 ± 1.1 µM, respectively.

Antiviral Triketone-Phloroglucinol-Monoterpene Adducts from Callistemon rigidus.

Callistrilones F - K (1 - 6), six new triketone-phloroglucinol-monoterpene hybrids were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Callistemon rigidus. Their structures with absolute configurations were established by a combination analysis of NMR spectra, X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited moderate inhibitory activities against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) with IC50 values of 10.00 ± 2.50 and 12.50 ± 1.30 µm, respectively.

Sulfamic and succinic acid derivatives of 25-OH-PPD and their activities to MCF-7, A-549, HCT-116, and BGC-823 cell lines.

In the search for new anti-tumor agents with higher potency than our previously identified compound 1 (25-OH-PPD, 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol), 12 novel sulfamic and succinic acid derivatives that could improve water solubility and contribute to good drug potency and pharmacokinetic profiles were designed and synthesized. Their in vitro anti-tumor activities in MCF-7, A-549, HCT-116, and BGC-823 cell lines and one normal cell line were tested by standard MTT assay. Results showed that compared with compound 1, compounds 2, 3, and 7 exhibited higher cytotoxic activity on A-549 and BGC-823 cell lines, together with lower toxicity in the normal cell. In particular, compound 2 exhibited the best anti-tumor activity in the in vitro assays, which may provide valuable data for the research and development of new anti-tumor agents.

Intraoperative Correction of Femoral Rotational Deformity Using a Conventional Navigation System and a Smartphone: A Novel Technique.

The intraoperatively rotational control of femoral shaft fractures treated with a closed intramedullary interlocking nailing is a challenging problem. A novel surgical technique that includes respective insertions of guidewires into the proximal and distal femur under the guidance of a 2-dimensional fluoroscopy-based navigation system and the measurements of the intersection angle subtended by the proximal and distal guidewires with the smartphone positional software has been designed to provide intraoperatively quantitative parameters of femoral rotation deformation. The comparison of these parameters with preoperative measurement values of the contralateral intact femur on computed tomography images was used to align the proximal and distal femur fragments based on periaxial rotation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its clinical suitability. Ten adult patients with femoral shaft fractures were attempted to correct intraoperatively femoral rotational deformity using this novel technique. The additional operation time was 20.04 ± 3.27 minutes. The angle of femoral anteversion was 20.85° ± 4.22°, 38.14° ± 19.07°, and 22.77° ± 3.38° in the contralateral intact and preoperatively and postoperatively injured femur, respectively. The mean absolute difference between both limbs was preoperatively 21.55° ± 10.14° with a statistically significant difference ( P = .005) and postoperatively 3.24° ± 1.69° with no statistically significant difference ( P = .092). Our results showed this novel technique could become an effective tool to correct intraoperatively rotational malalignment of femoral fractures.

[One case of gastric duplication cyst withectopic pancreas in adults].

Gastric duplication cyst is a very rare gastrointestinal tract malformation that accounts for 2%-4% of alimentary tract duplications. It is a diagnostic dilemma for doctors because its clinical and radiological manifest is usually nonspecific. At the present stage, it can only rely on surgery. We should pay attention to ectopic pancreas resection and ligation of pancreatic duct during operation. There was one case of gastric duplication cyst with ectopic pancreas in adults from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University.

[Advantage of extralevator abdominoperineal excision comparing to the conventional abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer: a Meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE: Whether extralevator abdominoperineal excision (ELAPE) improves survival and safety remains controversial. Systematic review of all comparative studies to define the superiority of ELAPE to conventional abdominoperineal excision (APE).
 Methods: Corresponding data, with case-control studies or cohorts regarding intraoperative perforation rate, the local recurrence rate and postoperative complications in the ELAPE group and the APE group, were retrieved from PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Literature (CMB), VIP, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Database. Meta-analysis was performed by using RenMan 5.2.
 Results: A total of 10 articles were included. Intraperative perforation rate (MD=0.54, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.39, P=0.03), local recurrence rate (MD=0.30, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.42, P<0.001) in the ELAPE group was significantly lower than that in the APE group. The difference in positive margin rate between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (P=0.07).
 Conclusion: Through gap repair of episiotomy and individualized therapy can improve ELAPE postoperative quality of life. ELAPE shows certain advantages in treating lower rectal cancer comparing to APE, but it should pay attention to individualized treatment. More studies through large sample multi-center, medium and long term randomized design are necessary to determine the effect of surgery on tumor.

[Laparoscopic-assisted resection for colorectal cancer without incision at abdomen versus traditional laparoscopic resection: A Meta-analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety, feasibility and effectiveness of laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal cancer without incision at abdomen vs the traditional laparoscopic resection.
 Methods: We retrieved literature published from August, 2005 to August, 2015 to compare laparoscopic-assisted resection for colorectal cancer without incision at abdomen with the traditional laparoscopic resection. The clinical indicators were extracted from literature met inclusion criteria. The RevMan 5.3 software with a Meta-analysis was used.
 Results: Seven literature with a total of 621 patients, including 262 in laparoscopic-assisted resection of colorectal cancer without auxiliary incision at abdomen group (NOSE group) and 359 in conventional laparoscopic colorectal resection group (LAP group), were enrolled. The Meta-analysis showed that the total complication rate in the NOSE group was significantly less than that in the LAP group (OR=0.31, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.53, P<0.05). Complications of incision in the NOSE group were less than those in the LAP group (OR= 0.15, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.40, P=0.0002). Postoperative bleeding (OR=1.52, 95% CI 0.38 to 6.18, P=0.55), intestinal obstruction (OR= 0.30, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.98, P=0.05), anastomotic complications (OR=0.92, 95% CI 0.28 to 3.07, P=0.89), and other related complications (OR=0.63, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.66, P=0.35) showed no significant difference between the 2 groups (P>0.05). Hospitalization (MD=-0.66, 95% CI -1.33 to 0.01, P=0.05), duration of surgery (MD=14.78, 95% CI -1.75 to 31.31, P=0.08), bleeding amount (MD=-12.81, 95% CI -40.36 to 14.74, P=0.36), the tumor size (SMD=-0.40, 95% CI -0.87 to 0.08, P=0.10), the number of lymph node dissection (MD=-0.49, 95% CI 1.80 to 0.82, P=0.46), and the recurrence of 2-year follow-up (OR=1.15, 95% CI 0.38 to 3.50, P=0.81) were not statistically significant between the 2 groups. Time of gas passage (SMD=-0.62, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.42, P<0.001) and time of regular diet after surgery (SMD=-0.60, 95% CI -1.15 to 0.05, P=0.03) in the NOSE group were earlier than those in the LAP group. The postoperative pain score (MD=-1.49, 95% CI -1.97 to -1.01, P<0.001) in the NOSE group was significantly lower than that in the LAP group. Cosmetic surgery in the NOSE group had a higher index (MD=1.37, 95% CI 0.59 to 2.14, P=0.0005) compared with that in the LAP group.
 Conclusion: Laparoscopic-assisted resection for colorectal cancer without auxiliary incision at abdomen can obviously reduce the incidence of incision complications, and the patients can recover early and incision is showed more cosmetic. The method is safe, feasible, and effective.

Novel dammarane-type triterpenes isolated from hydrolyzate of total Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins.

In this study, five novel triterpenes were isolated from hydrolyzate of total saponins from Gynostemma pentaphyllum and identified as gypensapogenin H (1), gypensapogenin I (2), gypensapogenin L (3), gypensapogenin J (4) and gypensapogenin K (5), three of which (1-3) possess unprecedented ring A. All the isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic activities in five cell lines and all the tested compounds showed significant anti-cancer activities against a series of human cancer cell lines, while having much weaker effect on the growth of normal cell. Among them, compound 1 showed strong inhibition toward MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (IC50 values 6.85 µM). Further mechanistic study demonstrated that compound 1 significantly induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis. Our results indicated that compound 1 may be a promising lead agent for further study.

A new cyclic bisdesmoside from Actinostemma lobatum Maxim.

A new cyclic bisdesmoside treterpene saponin, lobatoside N (1), together with four known triterpenoids, was isolated from the herb of Actinostemma lobatum Maxim. Structures were established by means of extensive spectral data analysis. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activities of the identified compounds were evaluated using HCT-116, HT-29, MCF-7 and A549 human cancer cell lines. As a result, compounds 1-5 showed significant cytotoxicities in a dose-dependent manner against the cell lines tested. Especially, compound 5 exhibited stronger activities, with IC50 value of 0.88 µM and 0.98 µM, than that of the positive control drug (Cis-platinum) against HT-29 and A549 cell lines.

Novel 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol derivatives incorporating chloroacetyl chloride and their anti-tumor evaluation.

In the current work, 12 novel 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol (25-OH-PPD) derivatives were synthesized by reacting with chloroacetyl chloride. And their in vitro antitumor activities were evaluated on six human tumor cell lines by MTT assay. The results demonstrated that, as compared with 25-OH-PPD, compounds 4, 6 and 7 exhibited higher cytotoxic activity on all tested cell lines. Of them, compound 4 showed strongly inhibition against MCF-7, HCT-116 and Lovo cells with IC50 values of 1.7, 1.6 and 2.1 µM, respectively. The IC50 values of compound 6 against HCT-116 and 7 against MCF-7 were the lowest (1.2 and 1.6 µM, respectively). It was also noted that compound 4 showed a 20- to 100-fold greater growth inhibition than ginsenoside-Rg3 (an anti-cancer regular drug in China). In conclusion, the data revealed that compounds 4, 6 and 7 were potential candidates for anti-tumor treatment and may be useful for the development of novel antiproliferative agents.