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Context-induced retrieval of drug withdrawal memory is one of the important reasons for drug relapses. Previous studies have shown that different projection neurons in different brain regions or in the same brain region such as the basolateral amygdala (BLA) participate in context-induced retrieval of drug withdrawal memory. However, whether these different projection neurons participate in the retrieval of drug withdrawal memory with same or different molecular pathways remains a topic for research. The present results showed that (1) BLA neurons projecting to the prelimbic cortex (BLA-PrL) and BLA neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (BLA-NAc) participated in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory; (2) there was an increase in the expression of Arc and pERK in BLA-NAc neurons, but not in BLA-PrL neurons during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory; (3) pERK was the upstream molecule of Arc, whereas D1 receptor was the upstream molecule of pERK in BLA-NAc neurons during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory; (4) D1 receptors also strengthened AMPA receptors, but not NMDA receptors, -mediated glutamatergic input to BLA-NAc neurons via pERK during context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. These results suggest that different projection neurons of the BLA participate in the retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory with diverse molecular pathways.
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Complexo Nuclear Basolateral da Amígdala , Morfina , Neurônios , Núcleo Accumbens , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Animais , Complexo Nuclear Basolateral da Amígdala/metabolismo , Masculino , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/metabolismo , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/fisiopatologia , Morfina/farmacologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Memória/fisiologia , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Ratos , Dependência de Morfina/metabolismo , Tonsila do Cerebelo/metabolismo , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Vias Neurais/metabolismo , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismoRESUMO
Electrokinetic-enhanced bioremediation (EK-Bio), particularly bioaugmentation with injection of biodehalogenation functional microbes such as Dehalococcoides, has been documented to be effective in treating a low-permeability subsurface matrix contaminated with chlorinated ethenes. However, the spatio-temporal variations of indigenous microbial community and biodehalogenation activity of the background matrix, a fundamental aspect for understanding EK-Bio, remain unclear. To fill this gap, we investigated the variation of trichloroethylene (TCE) biodehalogenation activity in response to indigenous microbial community succession in EK-Bio by both column and batch experiments. For a 195 day EK-Bio column (â¼1 V/cm, electrolyte circulation, lactate addition), biodehalogenation activity occurred first near the cathode (<60 days) and then spread to the anode (>90 days), which was controlled by electron acceptor (i.e., Fe(III)) competition and microbe succession. Amplicon sequencing and metagenome analysis revealed that iron-reducing bacteria (Geobacter, Anaeromyxobacter, Geothrix) were enriched within initial 60 d and were gradually replaced by organohalide-respiring bacteria (versatile Geobacter and obligate Dehalobacter) afterward. Iron-reducing bacteria required an initial long time to consume the competitive electron acceptors so that an appropriate reductive condition could be developed for the enrichment of organohalide-respiring bacteria and the enhancement of TCE biodehalogenation activity.
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Microbiota , Tricloroetileno , Biodegradação Ambiental , Compostos Férricos , Bactérias , Solo , Permeabilidade , FerroRESUMO
The process through which early memories are transferred to the cerebral cortex to form long-term memories is referred to as memory consolidation, and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) is an important brain region involved in this process. Although functional connections between the BLA and multiple brain regions are critical for the consolidation of withdrawal memory, whether the projection from the BLA to the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is involved in the formation or consolidation of withdrawal memory remains unclear. In this paper, we used a chemical genetic method to specifically label the BLA-ACC projection in a combined morphine withdrawal and conditioned place aversion (CPA) animal model. We found that (1) the inhibition of the BLA-ACC projection during conditioning had no effects on the formation of early withdrawal memory; (2) the inhibition of the BLA-ACC projection had no effects on the retrieval of either early or long-term withdrawal memory; and (3) the persistent inhibition of the BLA-ACC projection after early withdrawal memory formation could inhibit the formation of long-term withdrawal memory and decrease Arc protein expression in the ACC. These results suggested that the persistent activation of the BLA-ACC projection after the formation of early withdrawal memory facilitates the formation of long-term withdrawal memory by increasing the plasticity of ACC neurons.
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Complexo Nuclear Basolateral da Amígdala/efeitos dos fármacos , Giro do Cíngulo/efeitos dos fármacos , Consolidação da Memória/efeitos dos fármacos , Morfina/farmacologia , Transtornos Relacionados com Narcóticos/fisiopatologia , Animais , Giro do Cíngulo/metabolismo , Masculino , Consolidação da Memória/fisiologia , Memória de Longo Prazo/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BLRESUMO
In recent years, with the rapid advancement of Internet technology and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, mobile phones have been used more frequently, the development trend of mobile phone addiction among Chinese college students is a concern to society. This cross-temporal meta-analysis provides compelling evidence of the rising trend of mobile phone addiction in Chinese college students based on data from 42 independent studies (Sample Size = 49,544) over the past decade (2013-2022), and discuss the three important rising periods. Furthermore, extended research has revealed correlated factors of mobile phone addiction among Chinese college students, including gender, anxiety, depression, loneliness, stress, well-being, social support, and resilience. Additionally, the study identified the National internet penetration rate and the National GDP index as significant predictors of mobile phone addiction in Chinese college students. These findings not only reveal the changing trends of mobile phone addiction among Chinese college students, but also enrich the understanding of mobile phone addiction among this population and provide a reference for improving mobile phone addiction among in the future.
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Y2O3 is a cost-effective and environmentally friendly wide-band gap photocatalyst with extensive application potential. However, its limited ability to be excited by visible light restricts its practical uses. In this study, we coupled the narrow bandgap semiconductor AgI with Y2O3 to form a Z-scheme heterostructure, significantly promoting its photocatalytic degradation activity. Characterization and experimental results demonstrated the formation of Y-O-Ag bonds through coupling with AgI, leading to an increase in oxygen vacancies in Y2O3, which promotes the chemisorption of H2O and O2. The Y-O-Ag bond introduction promotes electron transfer, improves hole utilization, and boosts energy transfer efficiency, thus promoting the efficient generation of ·OH and 1O2. The photocatalytic degradation rates of RhB and o-nitrophenol by 7.5% AgI/Y2O3 were 26.5 and 4 times higher than those of pure Y2O3, respectively. This study provides theoretical support for the Z-scheme heterojunction to improve photocatalytic activity and offers efficient solutions and practical design ideas for sewage purification.
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Co-contaminants and complex subsurface conditions pose great challenges to site remediation. This study demonstrates the potential of electrokinetic bioremediation (EK-BIO) in treating co-contaminants of chlorinated solvents and heavy metals in low-permeability soils with elevated sulfate. EK-BIO columns were filled with field soils, and were fed by the electrolyte containing 20 mg/L trichloroethylene (TCE), 250 µM Cr(VI), 25 µM As(III), 10 mM lactate, and 10 mM sulfate. A dechlorinating consortium containing Dehalococcoides (Dhc) was injected several times during a 199-d treatment at â¼1 V/cm. Sulfate reduction, Cr/As immobilization, and complete TCE biodechlorination were observed sequentially. EK-BIO facilitated the delivery of lactate, Cr(VI)/As(III), and sulfate to the soils, creating favorable reductive conditions for contaminant removal. Supplementary batch experiments and metagenomic/transcriptomic analysis suggested that sulfate promoted the reductive immobilization of Cr(VI) by generating sulfide species, which subsequently enhanced TCE biodechlorination by alleviating Cr(VI) toxicity. The dechlorinating community displayed a high As(III) tolerance. Metagenomic binning analysis revealed the dechlorinating activity of Dhc and the potential synergistic effects from other bacteria in mitigating heavy metal toxicity. This study justified the feasibility of EK-BIO for co-contaminant treatment and provided mechanistic insights into EK-BIO treatment.
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Cromo , Tricloroetileno , Biodegradação Ambiental , Sulfatos , Solo , Óxidos de Enxofre , Ácido LácticoRESUMO
The medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) is crucial for contextual memory, yet its role in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory remains unclear. This study investigated the role of the MEC and its projection neurons from MEC layer 5 to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) (MEC-BLA neurons) in context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. Results show that context activates the MEC in morphine withdrawal mice, and the inactivation of the MEC inhibits context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. At neural circuits, context activates MEC-BLA neurons in morphine withdrawal mice, and the inactivation of MEC-BLA neurons inhibits context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. But MEC-BLA neurons are not activated by conditioning of context and morphine withdrawal, and the inhibition of MEC-BLA neurons do not influence the coupling of context and morphine withdrawal memory. These results suggest that MEC-BLA neurons are critical for the retrieval, but not for the formation, of morphine withdrawal memory.
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Bioinformatics is a subject that analyzes and interprets the collection, processing, storage and dissemination of biological information, and explores biological problems by using information technology and related means. The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia has been nearly three years. With the advancement of vaccine research and development in various countries, mass vaccination is bound to usher in a new turning point for epidemic control. China's policy of free vaccination for the new coronavirus vaccine will undoubtedly improve the vaccination rate, however, the vaccination rate still depends on people's will. This paper takes college students as the main research object. In the context of bioinformatics analysis, a questionnaire survey was conducted based on their knowledge, attitudes, and practice levels of COVID-19 vaccines. The results vividly illustrate five conclusions. Firstly, the reliability of information sources positively affected college students' cognitive level, degree of trust and inoculation intention of COVID-19 vaccination. Secondly, the professional degree of media positively affected college students' degree of trust and inoculation intention behavior of COVID-19 vaccine. Thirdly, the cognitive level and degree of trust about COVID-19 vaccine positively affected college students' intention behavior of COVID-19 vaccine vaccination. Fourthly, the positivity of information positively affected the willingness of college students to vaccinate against COVID-19 vaccine. Fifthly, there were significant differences in the willingness and behavior of college students with different genders in COVID-19 vaccination. Finally, three suggestions are given to improve college students' willingness to vaccinate against the coronavirus and to cope with similar incidents in the future.
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The cumulative damage caused by repetitive mild traumatic brain injury can cause long-term neurodegeneration leading to cognitive impairment. This cognitive impairment is thought to result specifically from damage to the hippocampus. In this study, we detected cognitive impairment in mice 6 weeks after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury using the novel object recognition test and the Morris water maze test. Immunofluorescence staining showed that p-tau expression was increased in the hippocampus after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. Golgi staining showed a significant decrease in the total density of neuronal dendritic spines in the hippocampus, as well as in the density of mature dendritic spines. To investigate the specific molecular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment due to hippocampal damage, we performed proteomic and phosphoproteomic analyses of the hippocampus with and without repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. The differentially expressed proteins were mainly enriched in inflammation, immunity, and coagulation, suggesting that non-neuronal cells are involved in the pathological changes that occur in the hippocampus in the chronic stage after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. In contrast, differentially expressed phosphorylated proteins were mainly enriched in pathways related to neuronal function and structure, which is more consistent with neurodegeneration. We identified N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 as a hub molecule involved in the response to repetitive mild traumatic brain injury , and western blotting showed that, while N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 expression was not altered in the hippocampus after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury, its phosphorylation level was significantly increased, which is consistent with the omics results. Administration of GRP78608, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 antagonist, to the hippocampus markedly improved repetitive mild traumatic brain injury-induced cognitive impairment. In conclusion, our findings suggest that N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 signaling in the hippocampus is involved in cognitive impairment in the chronic stage after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury and may be a potential target for intervention and treatment.
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The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is physiologically critical in brain functions. The LH also plays an important role in drug addiction. However, neural circuits underlying LH involvement of drug addiction remain obscure. In the present study,our results showed that in male mice, during context-induced expression of morphine withdrawal memory, LH glutamatergic neurons played an important role; dopamine D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1-MSNs) projecting from the core of nucleus accumbens (NAcC) to the LH were an important upstream circuit to activate LH glutamatergic neurons; D1-MSNs projecting from the NAcC to the LH activated LH glutamatergic neurons through inhibiting LH local gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons. These results suggest that disinhibited LH glutamatergic neurons by neural circuits from the NAcC importantly contribute to context-induced the expression of morphine withdrawal memory.
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Morfina , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Camundongos , Masculino , Animais , Morfina/efeitos adversos , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Região Hipotalâmica Lateral/metabolismo , Neurônios/metabolismo , Receptores de Dopamina D1/metabolismo , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/metabolismoRESUMO
The C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) has been implicated in chronic pain, but its exact mechanism of peripheral sensitization is unknown. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of CCL2 regulation of ion channels. Our behavioral experiments revealed that ZD7288, a blocker of Ih current, can inhibit CFA and CCL2-mediated mechanical and thermal nociceptive sensitization. Furthermore, patch clamp studies demonstrated that CFA-induced peripheral sensitization primarily affects the excitability of small-diameter DRG neurons. Further studies revealed that inflammatory pain caused by CFA or incubation of DRG with CCL2 mainly affected Ih currents in small-diameter DRG neurons, which were blocked by co-incubation CCR2 antagonist INCB3344 or adenylate cyclase inhibitor SQ22536. Immunohistochemical staining showed that both intraplantar injection of CFA as well as DRG injection of CCL2 resulted in significant upregulation of CCR2+/HCN2+ expression. In conclusion, we suggest in the inflammatory pain state, CCL2 can act on small-diameter DRG neurons, leading to upregulation of HCN2 expression and consequently Ih, which in turn leads to neuronal hyperexcitability.
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ABSTRACT: Patients with chronic pain often experience exaggerated pain response and aversive emotion, such as anxiety and depression. Central plasticity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is assumed to be a critical interface for pain perception and emotion, which has been reported to involve activation of NMDA receptors. Numerous studies have documented the key significance of cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) as a crucial downstream target for the NMDA receptor-NO-cGMP signaling cascade in regulating neuronal plasticity and pain hypersensitivity in specific regions of pain pathway, ie, dorsal root ganglion or spinal dorsal horn. Despite this, whether and how PKG-I in the ACC contributes to cingulate plasticity and comorbidity of chronic pain and aversive emotion has remained elusive. Here, we uncovered a crucial role of cingulate PKG-I in chronic pain and comorbid anxiety and depression. Chronic pain caused by tissue inflammation or nerve injury led to upregulation of PKG-I expression at both mRNA and protein levels in the ACC. Knockdown of ACC-PKG-I relieved pain hypersensitivity as well as pain-associated anxiety and depression. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that PKG-I might act to phosphorylate TRPC3 and TRPC6, leading to enhancement of calcium influx and neuronal hyperexcitability as well as synaptic potentiation, which results in the exaggerated pain response and comorbid anxiety and depression. We believe this study sheds new light on the functional capability of ACC-PKG-I in modulating chronic pain as well as pain-associated anxiety and depression. Hence, cingulate PKG-I may represent a new therapeutic target against chronic pain and pain-related anxiety and depression.
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Background: O'Donnell-Luria-Rodan (ODLURO) syndrome is an autosomal dominant systemic disorder characterized by global developmental delay caused by mutations in the KMT2E gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of KMT2E mutations as a cause of ODLURO syndrome in a Chinese boy. Methods: We reported the clinical course of a Chinese boy who was diagnosed with ODLURO syndrome by the whole exome sequencing. We extracted genomic DNA of the proband and parents, gene variations were screened using whole-exome sequencing, followed by validation using direct Sanger sequencing. The effect of mRNA splicing variants were analyzed through a minigene splice assay and in vitro reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). Results: The proband presented with recurrent seizures and developmental delay. Using genetic analysis, we identified that the proband carried a de novo heterozygous splicing variant (c.1248+1G>T) in the KMT2E gene. In vivo transcript analysis showed that the proband did not carry any KMT2E mRNA transcript, while a specific exon11-exon13 (440 bp) transcript was detected in the unaffected parents. The in vitro minigene splice assay conducted in HEK293 cells confirmed that the c.1248+1G>T variant resulted in exon 12 skipping, which in turn caused an alteration in KMT2E mRNA splicing. The mutant transcript created a premature stop codon at the 378 amino acid position that could have been caused nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Conclusion: We verified the pathogenic effect of the KMT2E c.1248+1G>T splicing variant, which disturbed normal mRNA splicing and caused mRNA decay. Our findings suggest that splice variants play an important role in the molecular basis of ODLURO, and that careful molecular profiling of these patients could play an essential role in tailoring of personalized treatment options soon.
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Chronic morphine administration alters gene expression in different brain regions, an effect which may contribute to plastic changes associated with addictive behavior. This change in gene expression is most possibly mediated by addictive drug-induced epigenetic remodeling of gene expression programs. Our previous studies showed that chronic morphine-induced decrease of miR-105 in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) contributed to context-induced retrieval of morphine withdrawal memory. However, how chronic morphine treatment decreases miR-105 in the mPFC still remains unknown. The present study shows that chronic morphine induces addiction-related change in miR-105 in the mPFC via two kinds of transcription factors: the first transcription factor is CREB activated by mu receptors-ERK-p90RSK signaling pathway and the second transcription factor is glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which as a negative transcription factor, mediates chronic morphine-induced decrease in miR-105 in the mPFC of rats.
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MicroRNAs , Morfina , Córtex Pré-Frontal , Fatores de Transcrição , Animais , Ratos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs/genética , Morfina/farmacologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Pré-Frontal/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
The N-terminal domain of NogoA, called amino-Nogo, inhibits axonal outgrowth and cell spreading via a largely unknown mechanism. In the present study, we show that amino-Nogo decreases Rac1 activity and inhibits fibroblast spreading. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-type tumor promoters, such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and teleocidin, increase Rac1 activity and overcome the amino-Nogo-induced inhibition of cell spreading. The stimulating effect of tumor promoters on cell spreading requires activation of protein kinase D and the subsequent activation of Akt1. Furthermore, we identified Akt1 as a new signaling component of the amino-Nogo pathway. Akt1 phosphorylation is decreased by amino-Nogo. Activation of Akt1 with a cell-permeable peptide, TAT-TCL1, blocks the amino-Nogo inhibition. Finally, we provide evidence that these signaling pathways operate in neurons in addition to fibroblasts. Our results suggest that activation of protein kinase D and Akt1 are approaches to promote axonal regeneration after injury.
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Proteínas da Mielina/farmacologia , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacologia , Células 3T3 , Animais , Carcinógenos , Adesão Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Forma Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Inibidores do Crescimento , Humanos , Camundongos , Regeneração Nervosa , Neuritos/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuritos/ultraestrutura , Neurônios/metabolismo , Proteínas Nogo , Fosforilação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas rac1 de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismoRESUMO
Many studies have indicated that the inability of adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) to regenerate after injury is partly due to the existence of growth-inhibitory molecules associated with CNS myelin. Studies over the years have led to the identification of multiple myelin-associated inhibitors, among which Nogo, myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein (Omgp) represent potentially major contributors to CNS axon regeneration failure. Here we review in vitro and in vivo investigations into these inhibitory ligands and their functional mechanisms, focusing particularly on the neuronal receptors that mediate the inhibitory signals from these myelin molecules. A better understanding of the receptors for myelin-associated inhibitors could provide opportunities to decipher the mechanism of restriction in CNS regeneration, and lead to the development of potential therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological injury. We will discuss the structures of the receptors and therapeutic opportunities that might arise based on this information.
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Inibidores do Crescimento/metabolismo , Proteínas da Mielina/metabolismo , Bainha de Mielina/metabolismo , Glicoproteína Associada a Mielina/metabolismo , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Receptores de Superfície Celular/metabolismo , Animais , Axônios/fisiologia , Proteínas Ligadas por GPI , Gangliosídeos/química , Gangliosídeos/metabolismo , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/química , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/metabolismo , Proteínas Nogo , Conformação Proteica , Receptores de Superfície Celular/química , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/química , Receptores Imunológicos/genética , Receptores Imunológicos/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/patologiaRESUMO
The safety of human-machine systems can be indirectly evaluated based on operator's cognitive load levels at each temporal instant. However, relevant features of cognitive states are hidden behind in multiple sources of cortical neural responses. In this study, we developed a novel neural network ensemble, SE-SDAE, based on stacked denoising autoencoders (SDAEs) which identify different levels of cognitive load by electroencephalography (EEG) signals. To improve the generalization capability of the ensemble framework, a stacking-based approach is adopted to fuse the abstracted EEG features from activations of deep-structured hidden layers. In particular, we also combine multiple K-nearest neighbor and naive Bayesian classifiers with SDAEs to generate a heterogeneous classification committee to enhance ensemble's diversity. Finally, we validate the proposed SE-SDAE by comparing its performance with mainstream pattern classifiers for cognitive load evaluation to show its effectiveness.
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Objective: The genetic aetiology of epileptic encephalopathy (EE) is growing rapidly based on next generation sequencing (NGS) results. In this single-centre study, we aimed to investigate a cohort of Chinese children with early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE). Methods: NGS was performed on 50 children with unexplained EIEE. The clinical profiles of children with pathogenic variants were characterised and analysed in detail. Conservation analysis and homology modelling were performed to predict the impact of STXBP1 variant on the protein structure. Results: Pathogenic variants were identified in 17 (34%) of 50 children. Sixteen variants including STXBP1 (n = 2), CDKL5 (n = 2), PAFAH1B1, SCN1A (n = 9), SCN2A, and KCNQ2 were de novo, and one (PIGN) was a compound heterozygous variant. The phenotypes of the identified genes were broadened. PIGN phenotypic spectrum may include EIEE. The STXBP1 variants were predicted to affect protein stability. Significance: NGS is a useful diagnostic tool for EIEE and contributes to expanding the EIEE-associated genotypes. Early diagnosis may lead to precise therapeutic interventions and can improve the developmental outcome.
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One of the major barriers to successful axon regeneration in the adult CNS is the presence of inhibitory molecules that originate from the myelin sheath and glial scar. So far, only a small number of pharmacological compounds have exhibited functional activity against CNS inhibitors in promoting axon regeneration after injury. To search for novel compounds that enhance neurite outgrowth in vitro, we initiated a screen of a collection of natural products. We identified four compounds with the potential to promote growth over a myelin substrate. Of these, Amphotericin B (AmB) was shown to enhance neurite outgrowth and antagonize activities of major myelin associated inhibitors and glial-scar-derived chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans. AmB was found to activate Akt and thereby suppress the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta. Also, a cell permeable peptide that inhibits Akt activity was shown to block the effect of AmB in promoting axonal growth, while another peptide that increases Akt activity stimulated axonal growth in the presence of the myelin associated inhibitors. Our results suggest that AmB can promote neurite outgrowth over a wide range of inhibitory substrates via a mechanism that involves activation of Akt.
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Anfotericina B/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Axônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/metabolismo , Animais , Western Blotting , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteoglicanas de Sulfatos de Condroitina/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteoglicanas de Sulfatos de Condroitina/farmacologia , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Glicoproteína Associada a Mielina/antagonistas & inibidores , Glicoproteína Associada a Mielina/farmacologia , Regeneração Nervosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuritos/efeitos dos fármacos , Análise de Componente Principal , Ratos , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Mutations in PCDH19 are associated with epilepsy, intellectual disability and behavioral disturbances, mostly related to females. The unique X-linked pattern of inheritance affects females predominantly, while usually is transmitted through asymptomatic males. Recently, new research has demonstrated that males with a mosaic pattern of inheritance could also be affected. As yet, PCDH19 mutations have been reported in hundreds of females; however, only 15 mosaic males were reported to exhibit epileptic seizures with the onset ranges between 6 and 31 months. These patients were usually reported to carry various mutations in the PCDH19. Here we describe a non-sense variant at the PCDH19 (c.498C>G; p.Y166*) in the Chinese male that exhibited early developmental delay and frequent seizures starting from the age of 5 months. We aim that this case report, focusing on studying clinical seizures, therapeutic approaches, and the patient's prognosis, will contribute to the cumulative knowledge of this rare and complex genetic disorder.