Interaction between Cognitive Reserve and Biomarkers in Alzheimer Disease.

Patients with comparable degree of neuropathology could show different cognitive impairments. This could be explained with the concept of cognitive reserve (CR), which includes a passive and an active component. In particular, CR is used to explain the gap between tissue damage and clinical symptoms that has been observed in dementia and, in particular, in patients affected by Alzheimer disease (AD). Different studies confirm brain neuroplasticity. Our preliminary study demonstrated that AD patients with high education showed a CR inversely associated with glucose uptake measured in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), whereas the inverse correlation was observed in AD patients with low education. In other words, our findings suggest that CR compensates the neurodegeneration and allows the maintenance of patients' cognitive performance. Best understanding of the concept of CR could lead to interventions to slow cognitive aging or reduce the risk of dementia.

First-aid management of tonic-clonic seizures among healthcare personnel: A survey by the Apulian section of the Italian League Against Epilepsy.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the knowledge of healthcare workers about first-aid measures to be performed during and after a tonic-clonic seizure. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-four healthcare workers (86 physicians) working at 8 tertiary hospitals in the Apulia region, Italy, responded to a questionnaire comprising of 28 questions based on available Italian and international recommendations about what to do during a tonic-clonic seizure. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-four healthcare workers completed and returned surveys with a response rate of 96.25%. There were 55 nurses (35.7%), 86 physicians (55.8%), and 13 healthcare workers with different roles (Electroencephalograph technicians, psychologists, social workers). Among physicians, there were 7 cardiologists, 3 surgeons, 12 infectious-disease specialists, 11 internal medicine specialists, 2 psychiatrists, 2 gynecologists, 27 specialists working in the emergency department, and 22 physicians with different specializations. Nearly 90% of the respondents identified head protection as important first aid, while 100% responded to not keep the legs elevated. To avoid tongue bite, both physicians and other healthcare workers would put something in the mouth (54.0%), like a Guedel cannula (71.0%) fingers (29.5%). Grabbing arms and legs, trying to stop the seizure, would be potentially performed by 11.6% of our sample. Physicians would administer a benzodiazepine during the seizure (65.7%) and during the postictal phase (29.2%), even if the patient is known to have epilepsy (23.7%), and in this case, 11.3% of respondents would administer the usual antiepileptic medications. More than half of respondents would call the emergency telephone number, because of necessary hospitalization in case of tonic-clonic seizure, even if it is experienced by a patient known to have epilepsy. CONCLUSION: Our survey suggests the need for epilepsy educational programs on first-aid management of seizures among healthcare workers.

Wernicke's encephalopathy following reduced food intake due to depressive disorders.

Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is an unexpected common neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency often due to alcohol abuse, but WE-not alcohol related is also frequent. A prolonged reduction of food intake can cause WE. This condition can arise in depression disorders, especially in the early stages of these psychiatric syndromes. WE is characterized by the triad of signs: ataxia, ocular dysfunctions and confusional state. However, they rarely appear together and this makes the diagnosis particularly difficult, especially when there is not a history of alcohol abuse. Electroencephalography, since in the early stage of the disease, can be helpful in detecting pattern of metabolic encephalopathy. We describe three cases of thiamine deficiency responsible of WE, caused by a decrease in appetite and food intake due to the onset of a depressive disorder. In our series, the most frequent symptom observed at the onset of the disease was the motor incoordination. We recommend to perform quickly thiamine infusion in all depressed patients with a history of reduced food intake, presenting to Emergency Department with recent onset of motor incoordination, with or without alterations in eyes' movements and confusional state, after exclusion of other neurological conditions.

Faciobrachial dystonic seizures expressed as epileptic spasms, followed by focal seizures in anti-LGI1 encephalitis: a video-polygraphic study.

The origin of faciobrachial dystonic seizures in anti-LGI1 encephalitis is controversial due to a lack of neurophysiological characterization. We report a 68-year-old man with subacute anterograde memory loss and involuntary faciobrachial movements. Video-polygraphic recordings disclosed repetitive events characterized by sudden, short contraction of the upper limbs and ipsilateral hemiface. A focal contralateral EEG slow wave from frontal or central electrodes was accompanied by increased muscle activity, often with a diamond-shaped configuration, on the orbicularis oris muscle, deltoid muscle, and extensor muscle of the hand. This EEG/EMG pattern (resembling a tonic epileptic spasm) was always followed by oral and gestural automatisms with dystonic posturing of the upper limbs, compatible with a temporal lobe seizure. Brain MRI showed hyperintensity in the bilateral mesial temporal lobes, while 18FDG-PET revealed basal ganglia hypermetabolism with extensive cortical hypometabolism. Serum and CSF were both positive for anti-LGI antibodies. The patient was treated with intravenous methylprednisolone (1 g/day for five days) with seizure freedom within four days after initiation of the immunotherapy. In this case, a video-EEG/polygraphic study disclosed that faciobrachial dystonic seizures may resemble epileptic spasms, and the occurrence in close temporal association with focal seizures as a single ictal event is suggestive of a peculiar cortical-subcortical interaction. [Published with video sequence on www.epilepticdisorders.com].

How the cognitive reserve interacts with ß-amyloid deposition in mitigating FDG metabolism: An observational study.

This observational study had the aim to assess the interaction between cognitive reserve (CR) and cerebrospinal fluid ß-amyloid1-42 (Aß1-42) in modulating brain [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) metabolism in patients with moderate Alzheimer disease (AD).Twenty-seven patients with probable AD and 25 neurological normal subjects (NNS) entered the study. All participants had an FDG-PET scan, and AD patients also received a lumbar puncture to measure Aß1-42, 181p-tau, and Tau concentrations. Based on years of formal education, AD patients were classified as highly educated-AD (years of formal education >5) or less educated-AD (years of formal education <5). By using a voxel-wise approach, we first investigated differences in the cerebral glucose uptake between AD and NNS, then we assessed the interaction between level of education (a proxy of CR) and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers on FDG-PET metabolism in the patient groups.Significantly lower glucose uptake was observed in the posterior cingulate gyrus, in the precuneus, in the inferior and medial temporal gyrus, and in the inferior parietal lobule of AD patients compared with NNS. A significant interaction was found between CR and Aß1-42 values on brain metabolism in the inferior and medial temporal gyrus bilaterally.The AD patients with higher CR level and marked signs of neuropathology showed glucose hypometabolism in regions typically targeted by AD pathology. This finding supports the hypothesis that CR partially compensates for the effect of Aß plaques on cognitive impairment, helps in patients' clinical staging, and opens new possibilities for the development of nonpharmacological interventions.

Left Ventricular Thrombi in Takotsubo Syndrome: Incidence, Predictors, and Management: Results From the GEIST (German Italian Stress Cardiomyopathy) Registry.

BACKGROUND: Left ventricular (LV) thrombi during Takotsubo syndrome represent a potential complication and can be associated with cerebrovascular embolic events. The aim of this study was to evaluate the exact incidence, predictors, and management strategies of LV thrombi in patients with Takotsubo syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 541 consecutive patients in a multicenter international registry. Clinical features and echocardiographic data at admission, during hospitalization, and after 3 months were evaluated. Survival rates for long-term follow-up (mean 984±908 days) were recorded. Twelve Takotsubo syndrome patients (2.2%) developed LV thrombi (all female presenting with apical ballooning pattern). All patients with LV thrombi were treated with oral anticoagulation therapy; however, 2 (17%) had a stroke before treatment initiation. These patients were characterized by a higher prevalence of ST-elevation (56% versus 16%; P<0.001) and higher troponin I levels (10.8±18.3 ng/mL versus 3.5±4.3 ng/mL; P=0.001) as compared with those without LV thrombi. At multivariate analysis including age, sex, LV ejection fraction, ST-elevation at admission, and apical ballooning pattern, troponin I level >10 ng/mL was the only predictor for LV thrombosis (hazard ratio 6.6, confidence interval, 1.01-40.0; P=0.04). After 3 months all LV thrombi disappeared. Oral anticoagulation therapy was interrupted in all patients except 1. At long-term follow-up, the survival rate was not different between patients with and without LV thrombi (84% versus 85%; P=0.99). CONCLUSIONS: LV thrombi have a relatively low incidence among patients with Takotsubo syndrome and were detected in female patients with apical ballooning pattern and increased troponin levels. Oral anticoagulation therapy for 3 months seems reasonable in these high-risk patients.

Early recurrence of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy in an elderly woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: different triggers inducing different apical ballooning patterns.

: We report the case of early recurrence of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy in an elderly woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis triggered by different stressors. A first episode with typical apical ballooning was anticipated by an emotional stress; a second, characterized by systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve associated with mitral regurgitation and severe intra-ventricular gradient, was precipitated by surgical stress and hypovolemia. We therefore hypothesize both a possible link between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy, and between different stressors and different Tako-Tsubo patterns.

Intravenous lacosamide in seizure emergencies: Observations from a hospitalized in-patient adult population.

PURPOSE: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous (IV) lacosamide (LCM) in the treatment of seizure clusters (SC) and status epilepticus (SE) in hospitalized adult patients. METHODS: we prospectively analyzed treatment response, seizure outcome, and adverse effects of IV LCM in 38 patients with seizure emergencies (15 with SC, 23 with SE) during a hospital stay. The loading dose of IV LCM was 200-400mg and the maintenance dose was 200-400mg daily. Response to IV LCM was evaluated within 20min, 4h and 24h of LCM infusion. RESULTS: an acute anti-seizure effect after IV LCM was especially evident when it was first used - (SC) or second line (established SE) treatment. In particular, 87% of SC patients (13/15) and 80% of established SE (8/10) demonstrated response to LCM treatment, while no patients with super-refractory SE (0/8) responded to IV LCM according to our criteria. The loading of IV LCM was well tolerated, with mild adverse effects (2/38 temporary dizziness). In most patients, during and after administration of the loading dose of IV LCM a temporary (30min-1h) sedation was observed. No ECG and laboratory values-changes were documented in any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: LCM is an effective and well-tolerated treatment when used to treat SC in hospitalized adult patients. As add-on therapy, it may be useful to stop seizure activity in patients with focal SE not responding to first/second-line intravenous AEDs.

Bilateral putaminal necrosis and bronopol toxicity.

Among alcohols, methanol intoxication is the most frequently associated with cerebral toxicity, causing retinal damage and putaminal necrosis. This consequence is believed to be due to the transformation of methanol into formic acid. We describe the case of a patient who presented with acute impairment of consciousness and tetraparesis after she had been drinking several bottles of a topical antiseptic solution (Lysoform Medical) containing 2-bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propandiol (bronopol) among excipients, in order to lose weight during previous months. Moreover, she had been on a strict slimming diet. Soon after admission, a severe respiratory and metabolic impairment became rapidly evident, requiring an intensive care unit admission. Cerebral MRI showed the presence of bilateral putaminal necrosis. She recovered in 10 days, surprisingly, without any evident clinical neurological signs. Methanol, also bronopol, when diluted in aqueous solution, at warm temperature and/or higher pH, may release formaldehyde, which is converted into formic acid, a basal ganglia toxic compound.

Potential links between neurological disease and Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy: a literature review.

Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC), is defined as a fully reversible acute deterioration of left-ventricular (LV) function, which is mainly found in women after an episode of emotional or physical stress (e.g. psychosocial stress, sepsis, surgery). The underlying mechanisms remain unclear. There is evidence suggesting a possible link between neurological disease and TTC. The pathophysiology of the several neurologic diseases has been reviewed searching for possible mechanisms that could lead to TTC in these patients.