Interval cancer in the Córdoba Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial (CBTST): comparison of digital breast tomosynthesis plus digital mammography to digital mammography alone.

PURPOSE: This work aims to compare the interval cancer rate and interval cancer characteristics between women screened with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) + digital mammography (DM) and those screened with DM alone. METHODS: The interval cancer rate and interval cancer characteristics of the study population included in the Córdoba Breast Tomosynthesis Screening Trial (CBTST) were compared to a contemporary control population screened with DM. The tumour characteristics of screen-detected and interval cancers were also compared. Contingency tables were used to compare interval cancer rates. The chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used to compare the qualitative characteristics of the cancers whereas Student's t test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyse quantitative features. RESULTS: A total of 16,068 screening exams with DBT + DM were conducted within the CBTST (mean age 57.59 ± 5.9 [SD]) between January 2015 and December 2016 (study population). In parallel, 23,787 women (mean age 58.89 ± 5.9 standard deviation [SD]) were screened with DM (control population). The interval cancer rate was lower in the study population than in the control population (15 [0.93‰; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.73, 1.14] vs 43 [1.8‰; 95% CI: 1.58, 2.04] respectively; p = 0.045). The difference in rate was more marked in women with dense breasts (0.95‰ in the study population vs 3.17‰ in the control population; p = 0.031). Interval cancers were smaller in the study population than in the control population (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: The interval cancer rate was lower in women screened with DBT + DM compared to those screened with DM alone. These differences were more pronounced in women with dense breasts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Women screened using tomosynthesis and digital mammography had a lower rate of interval cancer than women screened with digital mammography, with the greatest difference in the interval cancer rate observed in women with dense breasts. KEY POINTS: • The interval cancer rate was lower in the study population (digital breast tomosynthesis [DBT] + digital mammography [DM]) than in the control population (DM). • The difference in interval cancer rates was more pronounced in women with dense breasts. • Interval cancers were smaller in the study population (DBT + DM) than in the control population (DM).

SOBIR1/EVR prevents precocious initiation of fiber differentiation during wood development through a mechanism involving BP and ERECTA.

In plants, secondary growth results in radial expansion of stems and roots, generating large amounts of biomass in the form of wood. Using genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-guided reverse genetics in Arabidopsis thaliana, we discovered SOBIR1/EVR, previously known to control plant immunoresponses and abscission, as a regulator of secondary growth. We present anatomical, genetic, and molecular evidence indicating that SOBIR1/EVR prevents the precocious differentiation of xylem fiber, a key cell type for wood development. SOBIR1/EVR acts through a mechanism that involves BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) and ERECTA (ER), 2 proteins previously known to regulate xylem fiber development. We demonstrate that BP binds SOBIR1/EVR promoter and that SOBIR1/EVR expression is enhanced in bp mutants, suggesting a direct, negative regulation of BP over SOBIR1/EVR expression. We show that SOBIR1/EVR physically interacts with ER and that defects caused by the sobir1/evr mutation are aggravated by mutating ER, indicating that SOBIR1/EVR and ERECTA act together in the control of the precocious formation of xylem fiber development.

Doped but Stable: Spirobisacridine Hole Transporting Materials for Hysteresis-Free and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

Four spirobisacridine (SBA) hole-transporting materials were synthesized and employed in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The molecules bear electronically inert alkyl chains of different length and bulkiness, attached to in-plane N atoms of nearly orthogonal spiro-connected acridines. Di-p-methoxyphenylamine (DMPA) substituents tailored to the central SBA-platform define electronic properties of the materials mimicking the structure of the benchmark 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-di-4-methoxyphenylamino)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD), while the alkyl pending groups affect molecular packing in thin films and affect the long-term performance of PSCs. Devices with SBA-based hole transporting layers (HTL) attain efficiencies on par with spiro-MeOTAD. More importantly, solar cells with the new HTMs are hysteresis-free and demonstrate good operational stability, despite being doped as spiro-MeOTAD. The best performing MeSBA-DMPA retained 88% of the initial efficiency after a 1000 h aging test under constant illumination. The results clearly demonstrate that SBA-based compounds are potent candidates for a design of new HTMs for PSCs with improved longevity.

Azatruxene-Based, Dumbbell-Shaped, Donor-π-Bridge-Donor Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells.

Three novel donor-π-bridge-donor (D-π-D) hole-transporting materials (HTMs) featuring triazatruxene electron-donating units bridged by different 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) π-conjugated linkers have been synthesized, characterized, and implemented in mesoporous perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optoelectronic properties of the new dumbbell-shaped derivatives (DTTXs) are highly influenced by the chemical structure of the EDOT-based linker. Red-shifted absorption and emission and a stronger donor ability were observed in passing from DTTX-1 to DTTX-2 due to the extended π-conjugation. DTTX-3 featured an intramolecular charge transfer between the external triazatruxene units and the azomethine-EDOT central scaffold, resulting in a more pronounced redshift. The three new derivatives have been tested in combination with the state-of-the-art triple-cation perovskite [(FAPbI3 )0.87 (MAPbBr3 )0.13 ]0.92 [CsPbI3 ]0.08 in standard mesoporous PSCs. Remarkable power conversion efficiencies of 17.48 % and 18.30 % were measured for DTTX-1 and DTTX-2, respectively, close to that measured for the benchmarking HTM spiro-OMeTAD (18.92 %), under 100 mA cm-2 AM 1.5G solar illumination. PSCs with DTTX-3 reached a PCE value of 12.68 %, which is attributed to the poorer film formation in comparison to DTTX-1 and DTTX-2. These PCE values are in perfect agreement with the conductivity and hole mobility values determined for the new compounds and spiro-OMeTAD. Steady-state photoluminescence further confirmed the potential of DTTX-1 and DTTX-2 for hole-transport applications as an alternative to spiro-OMeTAD.

Minimization of Carrier Losses for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells through Structural Modification of Triphenylamine Derivatives.

Three hole transport materials (HTMs) based on a substituted triphenylamine moiety have been synthesized and successfully employed in triple-cation mixed-halide PSCs, reaching efficiencies of 19.4 %. The efficiencies, comparable to those obtained using spiro-OMeTAD, point them out as promising candidates for easily attainable and cost-effective alternatives for PSCs, given their facile synthesis from commercially available materials. Interestingly, although all these HTMs show similar chemical and physical properties, they provide different carrier recombination kinetics. Our results demonstrate that is feasible through the molecular design of the HTM to minimize carrier losses and, thus, increase the solar cell efficiencies.

Personal trust extends cooperation beyond trustees: A Mexican study.

We studied 2 groups of workers from Oaxaca (Mexico) with different levels of income and education to investigate the role that the affective-based psychological mechanism of personal trust, as evolutionarily acquired, plays on group cooperation. We measured trust levels through some questionnaires and cooperative behaviour through an iterated prisoner's dilemma under different conditions and analysed trust networks of group members. While these groups did not differ in trust levels or cooperation among trustees, they did differ in terms of cooperation with other group members. Such differences are related to dissimilarities in the trust network topology-as a measure of group cohesion. These results suggest that some personal trust networks extend cooperation within a group beyond trustees in a way that complements the role of the reputation for indirect reciprocity.

CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY EXTRANODAL VERSUS NODAL DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA: A RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY IN A CANCER CENTER.

BACKGROUND: The outcome of patients with primary extranodal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PE-DLBCL) varies according to the primary site involved. Primary gastrointestinal, breast, bone, craniofacial, and testicular DLBCL are rare extranodal manifestations of DLBCL. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to describe the clinical course of patients with PE-DLBCL disease in a referral cancer center. RESULTS: From 637 patients, 51 (8.77%) were considered as having PE-DLBCL (25 gastrointestinal, 12 craniofacial, 6 breast, 5 bone, and 3 with primary testicular DLBCL). Complete remission was higher in all PE-DLBCL sites (100% in testicular, 92.6% craniofacial, 83.3% breast, 80% bone, and 80% gastrointestinal) compared with 73.3% in nodal DLBCL. Although 2 cases with breast PE-DLBC relapsed, they achieved a complete response with chemotherapy. The overall survival at 5 years was 100%, 80%, 78%, 58%, 58%, and 62% for patients with primary breast, primary bone, gastrointestinal, primary craniofacial, primary testicular, and nodal DLBCL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: PE-DLBCLs constitute rare, primary sites of lymphoproliferative disorders in most cases, with localized disease and good prognosis. They require a combined chemoimmunotherapy with radiotherapy in most cases to improve local and systemic disease.

Inexpensive Hole-Transporting Materials Derived from Tröger's Base Afford Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells.

The synthesis of three enamine hole-transporting materials (HTMs) based on Tröger's base scaffold are reported. These compounds are obtained in a three-step facile synthesis from commercially available materials without the need of expensive catalysts, inert conditions or time-consuming purification steps. The best performing material, HTM3, demonstrated 18.62 % PCE in PSCs, rivaling spiro-OMeTAD in efficiency, and showing markedly superior long-term stability in non-encapsulated devices. In dopant-free PSCs, HTM3 outperformed spiro-OMeTAD by a factror of 1.6. The high glass-transition temperature (Tg =176 °C) of HTM3 also suggests promising perspectives in device applications.

Correction to: Exploring the relation between childhood trauma, temperamental traits and mindfulness in borderline personality disorder.

In the original publication of this article [1] the funding acknowledgement for grant "PI13/00134, ERDF Funds" was missing.

Fostering Self-Compassion and Loving-Kindness in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder: A Randomized Pilot Study.

The aim of this randomized pilot study is to investigate the effects of a short training programme in loving-kindness and compassion meditation (LKM/CM) in patients with borderline personality disorder. Patients were allocated to LKM/CM or mindfulness continuation training (control group). Patients in the LKM/CM group showed greater changes in Acceptance compared with the control group. Remarkable changes in borderline symptomatology, self-criticism and self-kindness were also observed in the LKM/CM group. Mechanistic explanations and therapeutic implications of the findings are discussed. HIGHLIGHTS: Three weeks of loving-kindness and compassion meditations increased acceptance of the present-moment experience in patients with borderline personality disorder. Significant improvements in the severity of borderline symptoms, self-criticism, mindfulness, acceptance and self-kindness were observed after the LKM/CM intervention. LKM/CM is a promising complementary strategy for inclusion in mindfulness-based interventions and Dialectical Behavioural Therapy for treating core symptoms in borderline personality disorder. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The role of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal genes and childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder.

Current knowledge suggests that borderline personality disorder (BPD) results from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Research has mainly focused on monoaminergic genetic variants and their modulation by traumatic events, especially those occurring during childhood. However, to the best of our knowledge, there are no studies on the genetics of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, despite its vulnerability to early stress and its involvement in BPD pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of genetic variants in the HPA axis and to explore the modulating effect of childhood trauma in a large sample of BPD patients and controls. DNA was obtained from a sample of 481 subjects with BPD and 442 controls. Case-control differences in allelic frequencies of 47 polymorphisms in 10 HPA axis genes were analysed. Modulation of genetic associations by the presence of childhood trauma was also investigated by dividing the sample into three groups: BPD with trauma, BPD without trauma and controls. Two FKBP5 polymorphisms (rs4713902-C and rs9470079-A) showed significant associations with BPD. There were also associations between BPD and haplotype combinations of the genes FKBP5 and CRHR1. Two FKBP5 alleles (rs3798347-T and rs10947563-A) were more frequent in BPD subjects with history of physical abuse and emotional neglect and two CRHR2 variants (rs4722999-C and rs12701020-C) in BPD subjects with sexual and physical abuse. Our findings suggest a contribution of HPA axis genetic variants to BPD pathogenesis and reinforce the hypothesis of the modulating effect of childhood trauma in the development of this disorder.

Testing the cultural group selection hypothesis in Northern Ghana and Oaxaca.

We examine the cultural group selection (CGS) hypothesis in light of our fieldwork in Northern Ghana and Oaxaca, highly multi-ethnic regions. Our evidence fails to corroborate two central predictions of the hypothesis: that the cultural group is the unit of evolution, and that cultural homogenization is to be expected as the outcome of a selective process.

Benzotrithiophene-Based Hole-Transporting Materials for 18.2 % Perovskite Solar Cells.

New star-shaped benzotrithiophene (BTT)-based hole-transporting materials (HTM) BTT-1, BTT-2 and BTT-3 have been obtained through a facile synthetic route by crosslinking triarylamine-based donor groups with a benzotrithiophene (BTT) core. The BTT HTMs were tested on solution-processed lead trihalide perovskite-based solar cells. Power conversion efficiencies in the range of 16 % to 18.2 % were achieved under AM 1.5 sun with the three derivatives. These values are comparable to those obtained with today's most commonly used HTM spiro-OMeTAD, which point them out as promising candidates to be used as readily available and cost-effective alternatives in perovskite solar cells (PSCs).

Exploring the relation between childhood trauma, temperamental traits and mindfulness in borderline personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: Deficits in mindfulness-related capacities have been described in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, little research has been conducted to explore which factors could explain these deficits. This study assesses the relationship between temperamental traits and childhood maltreatment with mindfulness in BPD. METHODS: A total of 100 individuals diagnosed with BPD participated in the study. Childhood maltreatment was assessed using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), temperamental traits were assessed using the Zuckerman-Khulman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), and mindfulness capabilities were evaluated with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). RESULTS: Hierarchical regression analyses were performed including only those CTQ-SF and ZKPQ subscales that showed simultaneous significant correlations with mindfulness facets. Results indicated that neuroticism and sexual abuse were predictors of acting with awareness; and neuroticism, impulsiveness and sexual abuse were significant predictors of non-judging. Temperamental traits did not have a moderator effect on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and mindfulness facets. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide preliminary evidence for the effects of temperamental traits and childhood trauma on mindfulness capabilities in BPD individuals. Further studies are needed to better clarify the impact of childhood traumatic experiences on mindfulness capabilities and to determine the causal relations between these variables.

Iridium(III) complexes with phenyl-tetrazoles as cyclometalating ligands.

Ir(III) cationic complexes with cyclometalating tetrazolate ligands were prepared for the first time, following a two-step strategy based on (i) a silver-assisted cyclometalation reaction of a tetrazole derivative with IrCl3 affording a bis-cyclometalated solvato-complex P ([Ir(ptrz)2(CH3CN)2](+), Hptrz = 2-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazole); (ii) a substitution reaction with five neutral ancillary ligands to get [Ir(ptrz)2L](+), with L = 2,2'-bypiridine (1), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (2), 1,10-phenanthroline (3), and 2-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (4), and [Ir(ptrz)2L2](+), with L = tert-butyl isocyanide (5). X-ray crystal structures of P, 2, and 3 were solved. Electrochemical and photophysical studies, along with density functional theory calculations, allowed a comprehensive rationalization of the electronic properties of 1-5. In acetonitrile at 298 K, complexes equipped with bipyridine or phenanthroline ancillary ligands (1-3) exhibit intense and structureless emission bands centered at around 540 nm, with metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT/LLCT) character; their photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) are in the range of 55-70%. By contrast, the luminescence band of 5 is weak, structured, and blue-shifted and is attributed to a ligand-centered (LC) triplet state of the tetrazolate cyclometalated ligand. The PLQY of 4 is extremely low (<0.1%) since its lowest level is a nonemissive triplet metal-centered ((3)MC) state. In rigid matrix at 77 K, all of the complexes exhibit intense luminescence. Ligands 1-3 are also strong emitters in solid matrices at room temperature (1% poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix and neat films), with PLQYs in the range of 27-70%. Good quality films of 2 could be obtained to make light-emitting electrochemical cells that emit bright green light and exhibit a maximum luminance of 310 cd m(-2). Tetrazolate cyclometalated ligands push the emission of Ir(III) complexes to the blue, when compared to pyrazolate or triazolate analogues. More generally, among the cationic Ir(III) complexes without fluorine substituents on the cyclometalated ligands, 1-3 exhibit the highest-energy MLCT/LLCT emission bands ever reported.

UV-Vis reflection spectroscopy under variable angle incidence at the air-liquid interface.

The UV-Vis reflection spectroscopy (UV-Vis-RS) in situ at the air-liquid interface provides information about tilt and aggregation of chromophores in Langmuir monolayers. This information is particularly important given in most cases the chromophore is located at the polar region of the Langmuir monolayer. This region of the Langmuir monolayers has been hardly accessible by other experimental techniques. In spite of its enormous potential, the application of UV-Vis-RS has been limited mainly to reflection measurements under light normal incidence or at lower incidence angles than the Brewster angle. Remarkably, this technique is quite sensitive to the tilt of the chromophores at values of incidence angles close to or larger than the Brewster angle. Therefore, a novel method to obtain the order parameter of the chromophores at the air-liquid interface by using s- and p-polarized radiation at different incidence angles is proposed. This method allowed for the first time the experimental observation of the two components with different polarization properties of a single UV-Vis band at the air-liquid interface. The method of UV-Vis spectroscopy under variable angle incidence is presented as a new tool for obtaining rich detailed information on Langmuir monolayers.

Neuropsychological effects of maintenance treatment with Clozapine in Treatment-Resistant Psychotic Disorder.

INTRODUCTION: Clozapine is a second-generation antipsychotic drug that is mainly prescribed for treatment-resistant psychotic disorder. It is known to have several undesirable side effects, including cognitive functional complaints, such as memory or attention. The aim of this work is to study if reduction of the dosage within the therapeutic margins could improve cognitive performance of Clozapine treated patients. To do so, a study was made of the relationship between Clozapine plasma levels and neuropsychological performance in patients undergoing Clozapine monotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a single-blind design study of the correlation between Clozapine plasma levels and neuropsychological testing in a sample of 19 patients with treatment-resistant psychotic disorder in whom Clozapine was the only psychotropic drug. Spearman correlations were carried out between neuropsychological variables and Clozapine plasma levels. Additionally, the sample was divided into two groups between patients with high Clozapine plasma drug levels (Clz pl≥300µg/L) and low ones (Clz pl<300 µg/L). MANOVA was performed to determine neuropsychological differences between the two groups. Subsequently, a linear regression model was carried out to predict neuropsychological performance. RESULTS: There was no significant Spearman correlation between neuropsychological scores and Clozapine plasma levels (p>0.1). MANOVA showed no significant differences between the two groups in any of the tests administered, although there was a trend towards significance in the number on attempts of the Card Sorting Test (WCST), where subjects with high levels of Clozapine showed worse performance (F=3.86; df=1.17; p=0.07). The linear regression model showed that only plasma levels significantly predicted executive performance, explaining 31% of the variance (F=3.62; df=2.16; p=0.05). CONCLUSION: No relationship between plasma levels of Clozapine and cognitive performance has been found. This result suggests that it is not desirable to reduce a relevant dose of Clozapine in patients with cognitive complaints.

Close-Space Sublimation as a Scalable Method for Perovskite Solar Cells.

Vacuum techniques for perovskite photovoltaics (PV) are promising for their scalability but are rarely studied with techniques readily adaptable for industry. In this work, we study the use of close-space sublimation (CSS) for making perovskite solar cells, a technique that has seen widespread use in industry, including in PV, and benefits from high material-transfer and low working pressures. A pressed pellet of formamidinium iodide (FAI) can be used multiple times as an organic source, without needing replacement. Using CSS at a rough vacuum (10 mbar), efficient cesium formamidinium lead iodide perovskite based solar cells are obtained reaching a maximum photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.7%. They maintain their performance for >650 h when thermally stressed at 85 °C in a nitrogen environment. To explain the initial rise in PCE upon heating, we used drift-diffusion simulations and identified a reduction in bulk trap density as the primary factor.

Follow-up of long-term survivors of breast cancer in primary care versus specialist attention.

BACKGROUND: Hospitals have traditionally been the place where the follow-up of breast cancer patients occurs in Spain. OBJECTIVE: To describe the evolution of long-term survivors of breast cancer according to type of follow-up received (in primary or specialist/hospital care), measuring impact of care type on health, cost, health-related quality of life (HRQL) and satisfaction results. METHOD: Retrospective study of cohorts with disease-free patients followed up for at least 5 years in Oncology. Using personal questionnaires, the type and cost of the follow-up, events, HRQL and satisfaction were analysed. RESULTS: Ninety-eight women were surveyed, 60 in primary and 38 in specialist care. There were no differences between groups in diagnosis of metastasis or new primary tumours. The number of annual visits per patient was 0.98 (0.48) in primary and 1.11 (0.38) in specialist care (P = 0.19). In primary, 44.6% were programmed and 55.4% on demand; in specialist, 94.6% were programmed and 5.4% on demand (P = 0.0001). The costs of follow-up in primary care were lower--€112.86 (77.54) versus €184.61 (85.87) per patient and year (P = 0.0001). No differences were reported in HRQL. Preference for specialist care was expressed by 80%, versus 10% for primary, with 10% indifferent. Patients showed greater satisfaction with specialist care in all questionnaire dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance with follow-up protocol was high in both groups. In specialist care nearly all the visits were programmed and in primary almost half were on demand. In our locality, primary is more cost-effective than specialist care, but patients express greater satisfaction with specialist follow-up and hence prefer it.

Direct experience and the course of eating disorders in patients on partial hospitalization: a pilot study.

Awareness of sensory experience in the present moment is central to mindfulness practice. This type of information processing, in contrast to an analytical evaluative style of processing, could be more beneficial for the course of those psychiatric disorders characterized by ruminative and content-centred processing, such as eating disorders (EDs). We performed a pilot study to assess the relation between patients' approach to information processing and the duration and severity of EDs. Fifty-seven patients with a diagnosed ED were included in the study and participated in a self-guided eating activity to asses the primary information processing mode based on mindfulness concepts of 'Direct Experience' and 'Thinking About'. Additionally, dispositional mindfulness was assessed by the Five Factors Mindfulness Questionnaire, and anxiety during the experiment was determined by means of a 10-point visual analogue scale. We found that a higher level of self-reported Direct Experience was inversely associated with several severity variables and with anxiety levels. Direct Experience was predicted by a low anxiety level, less severe illness, and higher scores on one mindfulness facet (Observing). Our results suggest that a Direct Experience processing approach is associated with better ED outcomes. Future studies should be carried out to clarify the repercussion of mindfulness training on EDs.