Sensitivity of blood volume monitoring for fluid status assessment in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study investigates the use of blood volume monitoring (BVM) markers for the assessment of fluid status. METHODS: Predialysis fluid overload (FO) and BVM data were collected in 55 chronic hemodialysis patients in 317 treatments. Predialysis FO was measured using bioimpedance spectroscopy. The slope of the intravascular volume decrease over time normalized by ultrafiltration rate (Slope4h) was used as the primary BVM marker and compared against FO. RESULTS: Average relative blood volume curves were well separated in different FO groups between 0 and 5 liters. Receiver-operating characteristics analysis revealed that the sensitivity of BVM was moderate in median FO ranges between 1 and 3 liters (AUC 0.60-0.65), slightly higher for volume depletion of FO <1 liter (AUC 0.7) and highest for excess fluid of FO >3 liters (AUC 0.85). CONCLUSION: Devices that monitor blood volume are well suited to detect high FO, but are not as sensitive at moderate or low levels of fluid status.

Bioimpedance-guided fluid management in hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Achieving and maintaining optimal fluid status remains a major challenge in hemodialysis therapy. The aim of this interventional study was to assess the feasibility and clinical consequences of active fluid management guided by bioimpedance spectroscopy in chronic hemodialysis patients. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: Fluid status was optimized prospectively in 55 chronic hemodialysis patients over 3 months (November 2011 to February 2012). Predialysis fluid overload was measured weekly using the Fresenius Body Composition Monitor. Time-averaged fluid overload was calculated as the average between pre- and postdialysis fluid overload. The study aimed to bring the time-averaged fluid overload of all patients into a target range of 0.5 ± 0.75 L within the first month and maintain optimal fluid status until study end. Postweight was adjusted weekly according to a predefined protocol. RESULTS: Time-averaged fluid overload in the complete study cohort was 0.9 ± 1.6 L at baseline and 0.6 ± 1.1 L at study end. Time-averaged fluid overload decreased by -1.20 ± 1.32 L (P<0.01) in the fluid-overloaded group (n=17), remained unchanged in the normovolemic group (n=26, P=0.59), and increased by 0.59 ± 0.76 L (P=0.02) in the dehydrated group (n=12). Every 1 L change in fluid overload was accompanied by a 9.9 mmHg/L change in predialysis systolic BP (r=0.55, P<0.001). At study end, 76% of all patients were either on time-averaged fluid overload target or at least closer to target than at study start. The number of intradialytic symptoms did not change significantly in any of the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Active fluid management guided by bioimpedance spectroscopy was associated with an improvement in overall fluid status and BP.

Dialysate calcium individualisation: a pending issue.

UNLABELLED: Calcium is one of the key elements to consider in patients on dialysis due to its relationship with cardiovascular risk. The introduction of non-calcium-based phosphate binders and calcimimetics has changed the setting for pre-dialysis serum calcium in recent years from 9.5-10.5mg/dl to 8.5-9.5mg/dl. To assess more accurately the changes in calcium (Ca) during haemodialysis sessions and to individualise prescriptions, the aim of this study was to assess the intradialytic changes of two different dialysate Ca concentrations before and after hemodialysis and their implications in controlling calcium-phosphate metabolism. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We analysed 98 patients with a mean age of 59.3 ± 15 years, 68 of which were men and 30 women. Each patient received two HD sessions with two different dialysate Ca concentrations: 2.5 mEq/l (Ca25 group) or 3.0 mEq/l (Ca30 group). Pre- and post-dialysis Ca, phosphorus (P) and PTH were determined, and associated medications were recorded. For a more individualised analysis, patients were divided into four subgroups of Ca<8.5mg/dl, 8.5-9.0mg/dl, 9.0-9.5mg/dl, and >9.5mg/dl, according to pre-dialysis serum calcium levels. RESULTS: There were no differences in pre-dialysis values of Ca: 8.81 ± 0.65 (CA25) and 8.88 ± 0.61 (CA30), P: 4.01 ± 1.3 (CA25) and 4.19 ± 1.2 (CA30), or PTH: 352 ± 288 (CA25) and 369 ± 310 (CA30). Post-dialysis Ca and PTH did not change significantly with CA25 dialysate, although there was a significant post-dialysis Ca increase to 10.2 ± 0.6 (P<.001) accompanied by a decrease in post-dialysis PTH (181 ± 227, P<.001) with CA30. However, with CA25 dialysate, when different subgroups of pre-dialysis Ca were analysed: <8.5mg/dl (30.6%), 8.5-9.0mg/dl (31.6%), 9.1-9.5mg/dl (23.5%) and >9.5mg/dl (14.3%) we observed a Ca increase during the session in the <8.5 (P<.001) and 8.5-9.0 (P<.01) subgroups. Ca was unchanged in the 9.1-9.5 group and Ca decreased when the initial Ca values were >9.5mg/dL (P<.01). A Ca increase (P<.001) and a decrease in PTH (P<.01) were observed in all subgroups with CA30 dialysate. A total of 42% of patients were taking calcimimetics, 47% paricalcitol, and 32% calcium-based phosphate binders, although these drugs were not linked with pre- or post-dialysis Ca levels in or dialysate treatment. CONCLUSION: We concluded that the prescription of Ca dialysate needs to be individualised based on pre- and post-dialysis Ca values and the need for an increase, decrease, or no changes in post-dialysis calcium in relation to the clinical condition of the patient's phosphorous-calcium metabolism.

Individualización del calcio en el baño de diálisis: una asignatura pendiente / Dialysate calcium individualisation: a pending issue

Introducción: El calcio (Ca) es uno de los elementos fundamentales a tener en cuenta en los pacientes en diálisis, dada su relación con el riesgo cardiovascular. Con la introducción de los modernos quelantes del fósforo no cálcicos y de los calcimiméticos, hemos visto variar la calcemia prehemodiálisis, en los últimos años, de 9,5-10,5 a 8,4-9,5 mg/dl. Para valorar de una forma más precisa las variaciones del Ca durante la sesión de hemodiálisis e individualizar su prescripción, el objetivo del estudio fue comparar diferentes concentraciones de Ca en el baño de diálisis, valorando el balance pre y poshemodiálisis y sus implicaciones en el control del metabolismo fosfocálcico. Pacientes y métodos: Se incluyeron 98 pacientes con una edad media de 59,3 ± 15 años, 68 hombres y 30 mujeres. Cada paciente se sometió a dos sesiones de hemodiálisis variando únicamente la concentración de Ca del baño, una sesión con Ca 2,5 mEq/L (grupo Ca25) y otra con Ca 3,0 mEq/L (grupo Ca30). Se determinaron los niveles de Ca, fósforo (P) y paratohormona (PTH) pre y poshemodiálisis, registrando la medicación relacionada. Además se dividieron los pacientes en cuatro subgrupos según los niveles de calcemia prediálisis en Ca < 8,5, 8,5-9,0, 9,0-9,5 y > 9,5 mg/dl para realizar un análisis más individualizado. Resultados: No se observaron diferencias en los valores prediálisis de Ca, 8,81 ± 0,65 (Ca25) y 8,88 ± 0,61 (Ca30); P, 4,01 ± 1,3 (Ca25) y 4,19 ± 1,2 (Ca30); y PTH, 352 ± 288 (Ca25) y 369 ± 310 (Ca30). Con el baño Ca25, el Ca y la PTH posdiálisis no se modificaron significativamente, mientras que con el Ca30 se observó un incremento significativo del Ca a 10,2 ± 0,6 (p < 0,001) acompañado de un descenso de la PTH (181 ± 227, p < 0,001). No obstante, cuando se analizaba el baño Ca25 por subgrupos de Ca prediálisis (< 8,5 mg/dl [30,6%], 8,5-9,0 [31,6%], 9,1-9,5 [23,5%] y > 9,5 mg/dl [14,3%]), se apreció un aumento del Ca posdiálisis en los (AU)

Calcium is one of the key elements to consider in patients on dialysis due to its relationship with cardiovascular risk. The introduction of non-calcium-based phosphate binders and calcimimetics has changed the setting for pre-dialysis serum calcium in recent years from 9.5-10.5mg/dl to 8.5-9.5mg/dl. To assess more accurately the changes in calcium (Ca) during haemodialysis sessions and to individualise prescriptions, the aim of this study was to assess the intradialytic changes of two different dialysate Ca concentrations before and after hemodialysis and their implications in controlling calcium-phosphate metabolism. Patients and method: We analysed 98 patients with a mean age of 59.3±15 years, 68 of which were men and 30 women. Each patient received two HD sessions with two different dialysate Ca concentrations: 2.5mEq/l (Ca25 group) or 3.0mEq/l (Ca30 group). Pre- and post-dialysis Ca, phosphorus (P) and PTH were determined, and associated medications were recorded. For a more individualised analysis, patients were divided into four subgroups of Ca<8.5mg/dl, 8.5-9.0mg/dl, 9.0-9.5mg/dl, and >9.5mg/dl, according to pre-dialysis serum calcium levels. Results: There were no differences in pre-dialysis values of Ca: 8.81±0.65 (CA25) and 8.88±0.61 (CA30), P: 4.01±1.3 (CA25) and 4.19±1.2 (CA30), or PTH: 352±288 (CA25) and 369±310 (CA30). Post-dialysis Ca and PTH did not change significantly with CA25 dialysate, although there was a significant post-dialysis Ca increase to (AU)

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Cremades a distància possiblement degudes a nitrat de plata / Quemaduras a distancia posiblemente debidas a nitrato de plata / Distant burns possbly due to silver nitrate

Introducció. Presentem el cas d’una nounada que va patir cremades coincidint amb l’ús de nitrat de plata en un lloc distant de la seva aplicació. Observació clínica. Les cremades van aparèixer al perineu després del tractament rutinari d’un granuloma umbilical amb una vareta de nitrat de plata, sense aparent contacte d’aquesta amb els genitals de la nena. Comentaris. Davant la possibilitat que les cremades fossin degudes a pols de nitrat de plata, es proposen unes recomanacions per evitar aquesta complicació (AU)

Introducción. Presentamos el caso de una recién nacida que sufrió quemaduras coincidiendo con el uso de nitrato de plata en una zona distante a su aplicación. Observación clínica. Las qumaduras aparecieron en el periné tras el tratamiento rutinario de un granuloma umbilical con una varita de nitrato de plata, sin contacto aparente con los genitales de la niña. Comentarios. Ante la posibilidad que las quemaduras fuesen debidas a polvo de nitrato de plata, proponemos unas recomendaciones para evitar esta complicación (AU)

Introduction. We present the case of a female newborn who suffered multiple burns due to silver nitrate in areas distant to the initial application site. Clinical observation. The burns developed in the perineum after the routine treatment of an umbilical granuloma with topical silver nitrate without any direct contact with the genital area of the infant. Comments. The burns were probably due to volatile particles of silver nitrate powder that are present in the vials of silver nitrate sticks. Preventive measures are proposed (AU)

Fracaso del tratamiento trombolítico: indicadores de no reperfusión y utilización de angioplastia de rescate / Failure of thrombolytic therapy: indicators of non-reperfusion and use of rescue angioplasty

Desde la década de los ochenta, el tratamiento trombolítico en el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) se ha confirmado como una de las alternativas terapéuticas para la reperfusión precoz del miocardio en la fase aguda de esta enfermedad. A pesar del claro beneficio del tratamiento trombolítico, nos podemos encontrar con un 30-40 por ciento de pacientes con ausencia de restablecimiento del flujo coronario en la zona afectada, lo que da lugar a un deterioro clínico y hemodinámico rápido e importante que precisa la realización de una angioplastia coronaria transluminal percutánea (ACTP) de rescate. El objetivo del trabajo fue valorar y detectar, tras la instauración del tratamiento fibrinolítico, el fracaso de éste mediante la monitorización por parte de enfermería de los indicadores de no reperfusión: el dolor y las alteraciones electrocardiográficas relacionados con el comportamiento del segmento ST y las arritmias. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la monitorización del segmento ST del electrocardiograma fue el mejor indicador de no reperfusión en pacientes diagnosticados de IAM con tratamientos fibrinolíticos (AU)