RESUMO
We describe an optimization and scale-up of the 45-membered macrocyclic thioether peptide BMS-986189 utilizing solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). Improvements to linear peptide isolation, macrocyclization, and peptide purification were demonstrated to increase the throughput and purification of material on scale and enabled the synthesis and purification of >60 g of target peptide. Taken together, not only these improvements resulted in a 28-fold yield increase from the original SPPS approach, but also the generality of this newly developed SPPS purification sequence has found application in the synthesis and purification of other macrocyclic thioether peptides.
Assuntos
Compostos Macrocíclicos , Peptídeos , Técnicas de Síntese em Fase Sólida , Sulfetos , Sulfetos/química , Sulfetos/síntese química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/química , Compostos Macrocíclicos/síntese química , Peptídeos/química , Peptídeos/síntese química , Peptídeos Cíclicos/química , Peptídeos Cíclicos/síntese química , Estrutura Molecular , CiclizaçãoRESUMO
Elevated levels of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (RORl) expression are observed in multiple hematological and solid tumors, but not in most of the healthy adult tissues, identifying ROR1 as an attractive target for tumor-specific therapy. Herein we will describe the discovery of macrocyclic peptides as binders of the extracellular Cysteine-Rich Domain (CRD) of human ROR1 via mRNA in vitro selection technology using the PDPS platform, followed by exploration of sidechain SAR of parent macrocycle peptides, fluorescently labeled analogs, and a Peptide Drug Conjugate (PDC). The parent macrocyclic peptides represented by Compound 1 and Compound 14 displayed nanomolar cell-based binding to ROR1 and relatively good internalization in 786-O and MDA-MB-231 tumor cell lines. However, these peptides were not observed to induce apoptosis in Mia PaCa-2 cells, a model pancreatic tumor cell line with a relatively low level of cell surface expression of ROR1.
Assuntos
Peptídeos Cíclicos , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase , Adulto , Humanos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores Órfãos Semelhantes a Receptor Tirosina Quinase/metabolismo , Peptídeos Cíclicos/química , Peptídeos Cíclicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
Efforts directed at improving potency and preparing structurally different TYK2 JH2 inhibitors from the first generation of compounds such as 1a led to the SAR study of new central pyridyl based analogs 2-4. The current SAR study resulted in the identification of 4h as a potent and selective TYK2 JH2 inhibitor with distinct structural differences from 1a. In this manuscript, the in vitro and in vivo profiles of 4h are described. The hWB IC50 of 4h was shown as 41 nM with 94% bioavailability in the mouse PK study.
Assuntos
Piridinas , TYK2 Quinase , Camundongos , Animais , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Piridinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is one of 19 members of the chemokine receptor subfamily of human class A G-protein-coupled receptors. CCR2 is expressed on monocytes, immature dendritic cells, and T-cell subpopulations, and mediates their migration towards endogenous CC chemokine ligands such as CCL2 (ref. 1). CCR2 and its ligands are implicated in numerous inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases including atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, neuropathic pain, and diabetic nephropathy, as well as cancer. These disease associations have motivated numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials (see http://www.clinicaltrials.gov) in search of therapies that target the CCR2-chemokine axis. To aid drug discovery efforts, here we solve a structure of CCR2 in a ternary complex with an orthosteric (BMS-681 (ref. 6)) and allosteric (CCR2-RA-[R]) antagonist. BMS-681 inhibits chemokine binding by occupying the orthosteric pocket of the receptor in a previously unseen binding mode. CCR2-RA-[R] binds in a novel, highly druggable pocket that is the most intracellular allosteric site observed in class A G-protein-coupled receptors so far; this site spatially overlaps the G-protein-binding site in homologous receptors. CCR2-RA-[R] inhibits CCR2 non-competitively by blocking activation-associated conformational changes and formation of the G-protein-binding interface. The conformational signature of the conserved microswitch residues observed in double-antagonist-bound CCR2 resembles the most inactive G-protein-coupled receptor structures solved so far. Like other protein-protein interactions, receptor-chemokine complexes are considered challenging therapeutic targets for small molecules, and the present structure suggests diverse pocket epitopes that can be exploited to overcome obstacles in drug design.
Assuntos
Pirrolidinonas/química , Pirrolidinonas/farmacologia , Quinazolinas/química , Quinazolinas/farmacologia , Receptores CCR2/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores CCR2/química , Sítio Alostérico/efeitos dos fármacos , Sítios de Ligação , Quimiocinas CC/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Proteínas Heterotriméricas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligantes , Modelos MolecularesRESUMO
In an effort to discover oral inverse agonists of RORγt to treat inflammatory diseases, a new 2,6-difluorobenzyl ether series of cyclopentyl sulfones were found to be surprisingly more potent than the corresponding alcohol derivatives. When combined with a more optimized phenyl ((R)-3-phenylpyrrolidin-3-yl)sulfone template, the 2,6-difluorobenzyl ethers yielded a set of very potent RORγt inverse agonists (e.g., compound 26, RORγt Gal4 EC50 11 nM) that are highly selective against PXR, LXRα and LXRß. After optimizing for stability in human and mouse liver microsomes, compounds 29 and 38 were evaluated in vivo and found to have good oral bioavailability (56% and 101%, respectively) in mice. X-ray co-crystal structure of compound 27 in RORγt revealed that the bulky benzyl ether group causes helix 11 of the protein to partially uncoil to create a new, enlarged binding site, which nicely accommodates the benzyl ether moiety, leading to net potency gain.
Assuntos
Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Descoberta de Drogas , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/síntese química , Pirrolidinas/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonas/síntese química , Sulfonas/metabolismoRESUMO
A novel series of cis-3,4-diphenylpyrrolidines were designed as RORγt inverse agonists based on the binding conformation of previously reported bicyclic sulfonamide 1. Preliminary synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study established (3S,4S)-3-methyl-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-hydroxyprop-2-yl)phenyl)pyrrolidine as the most effective scaffold. Subsequent SAR optimization led to identification of a piperidinyl carboxamide 31, which was potent against RORγt (EC50 of 61 nM in an inverse agonist assay), selective relative to RORα, RORß, LXRα and LXRß, and stable in human and mouse liver microsomes. Furthermore, compound 31 exhibited considerably lower PXR Ymax (46%) and emerged as a promising lead. The binding mode of the diphenylpyrrolidine series was established with an X-ray co-crystal structure of 10A/RORγt.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/química , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Humanos , Camundongos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/agonistas , Receptor de Pregnano X/agonistas , Receptor de Pregnano X/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/síntese química , Pirrolidinas/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
An X-ray crystal structure of one of our previously discovered RORγt inverse agonists bound to the RORγt ligand binding domain revealed that the cyclohexane carboxylic acid group of compound 2 plays a significant role in RORγt binding, forming four hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions with RORγt. SAR studies centered around the cyclohexane carboxylic acid group led to identification of several structurally diverse and more potent compounds, including new carboxylic acid analogues 7 and 20, and cyclic sulfone analogues 34 and 37. Notably, compounds 7 and 20 were found to maintain the desirable pharmacokinetic profile of 2.
Assuntos
Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/agonistas , Pirrolidinas/farmacologia , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Humanos , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Pirrolidinas/administração & dosagem , Pirrolidinas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonas/administração & dosagem , Sulfonas/químicaRESUMO
Macrocyclic peptides containing N-alkylated amino acids have emerged as a promising therapeutic modality, capable of modulating protein-protein interactions and an intracellular delivery of hydrophilic payloads. While multichannel automated solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is a practical approach for peptide synthesis, the requirement for slow and inefficient chromatographic purification of the product peptides is a significant limitation to exploring these novel compounds. Herein, we invent a "catch-release" strategy for the nonchromatographic purification of macrocyclic peptides. A traceless catch process is enabled by the invention of a dual-functionalized N-terminal acetate analogue, which serves as a handle for capture onto a purification resin and as a leaving group for macrocyclization. Displacement by a C-terminal nucleophilic side chain thus releases the desired macrocycle from the purification resin. By design, this catch/release process is a logic test for the presence of the key components required for cyclization, thus removing impurities which lack the required functionality, such as common classes of peptide impurities, including hydrolysis fragments and truncated sequences. The method was shown to be highly effective with three libraries of macrocyclic peptides, containing macrocycles of 5-20 amino acids, with either thioether- or amine-based macrocyclic linkages; in this latter class, the reported method represents an enabling technology. In all cases, the catch-release protocol afforded significant enrichment of the target peptides purity, in many cases completely obviating the need for chromatography. Importantly, we have adapted this process for automation on a standard multichannel peptide synthesizer, achieving an efficient and completely integrated synthesis and purification platform for the preparation of these important molecules.
RESUMO
Incorporation of a suitably-placed electrophilic group transformed a series of reversible BTK inhibitors based on carbazole-1-carboxamide and tetrahydrocarbazole-1-carboxamide into potent, irreversible inhibitors. Removal of one ring from the core of these compounds provided a potent irreversible series of 2,3-dimethylindole-7-carboxamides having excellent potency and improved selectivity, with the additional advantages of reduced lipophilicity and molecular weight.
Assuntos
Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia/antagonistas & inibidores , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia/metabolismo , Carbazóis/síntese química , Carbazóis/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Indóis/síntese química , Indóis/química , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
We disclose the optimization of a high throughput screening hit to yield benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamides as potent RORγt inverse agonists. However, a majority of these compounds showed potent activity against pregnane X receptor (PXR) and modest activity against liver X receptor α (LXRα). Structure-based drug design (SBDD) led to the identification of benzothiazine and tetrahydroquinoline sulfonamide analogs which completely dialed out LXRα activity and were less potent at PXR. Pharmacodynamic (PD) data for compound 35 in an IL-23 induced IL-17 mouse model is discussed along with the implications of a high Ymax in the PXR assay for long term preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies.
Assuntos
Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Propanóis/farmacologia , Receptores do Ácido Retinoico/agonistas , Receptores de Esteroides/agonistas , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Animais , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/síntese química , Compostos Bicíclicos com Pontes/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Receptores X do Fígado/agonistas , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Receptor de Pregnano X , Propanóis/síntese química , Propanóis/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Receptor gama de Ácido RetinoicoRESUMO
A series of potent dual JAK1/3 inhibitors have been developed from a moderately selective JAK3 inhibitor. Substitution at the C6 position of the pyrrolopyridazine core with aryl groups provided exceptional biochemical potency against JAK1 and JAK3 while maintaining good selectivity against JAK2 and Tyk2. Translation to in vivo efficacy was observed in a murine model of chronic inflammation. X-ray co-crystal structure determination confirmed the presumed inhibitor binding orientation in JAK3. Efforts to reduce hERG channel inhibition will be described.
Assuntos
Janus Quinase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinase 3/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Piridazinas/química , Pirróis/química , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular , Cristalografia por Raios X , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Janus Quinase 1/metabolismo , Janus Quinase 2/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Janus Quinase 3/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Conformação Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacocinética , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/farmacocinética , Pirróis/síntese química , Pirróis/farmacocinética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , TYK2 Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , TYK2 Quinase/metabolismoRESUMO
A useful and novel set of tool molecules have been identified which bind irreversibly to the JAK3 active site cysteine residue. The design was based on crystal structure information and a comparative study of several electrophilic warheads.
Assuntos
Janus Quinase 3/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Janus Quinase 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinase 1/metabolismo , Janus Quinase 2/antagonistas & inibidores , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Janus Quinase 3/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A novel cyclohexenyl series of CCR2 antagonists has been discovered. This series of small, rigid compounds exhibits submicromolar binding affinity for CCR2. Modification of the substituents on the cyclohexene ring led to the identification of potent CCR2 antagonists. Progress from initial lead 5 (IC50=700nM) to (-)-38 (IC50=9.0nM) is discussed.
Assuntos
Cicloexenos/química , Cicloexenos/farmacologia , Receptores CCR2/antagonistas & inibidores , Cicloexenos/síntese química , Descoberta de Drogas , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Receptores CCR2/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Aberrant Class I PI3K signaling is a key factor contributing to many immunological disorders and cancers. We have identified 4-amino pyrrolotriazine as a novel chemotype that selectively inhibits PI3Kδ signaling despite not binding to the specificity pocket of PI3Kδ isoform. Structure activity relationship (SAR) led to the identification of compound 30 that demonstrated efficacy in mouse Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) and collagen induced arthritis (CIA) models.
Assuntos
Aminas/química , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Triazinas/química , Aminas/metabolismo , Aminas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Artrite/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite/metabolismo , Artrite/patologia , Sítios de Ligação , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a series of pyridyl-isoxazole based agonists of S1P1 are discussed. Compound 5b provided potent in vitro activity with selectivity, had an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile, and demonstrated efficacy in a dose dependent manner when administered orally in a rodent model of arthritis.
Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Lisofosfolipídeos/agonistas , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Administração Oral , Animais , Técnicas de Química Sintética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Isoxazóis/química , Isoxazóis/farmacologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Receptores de Lisoesfingolipídeo/agonistas , Esfingosina/agonistasRESUMO
Cancer cell survival is frequently dependent on the elevated levels of members of the Bcl-2 family of prosurvival proteins that bind to and inactivate BH3-domain pro-apoptotic cellular proteins. Small molecules that inhibit the protein-protein interactions between prosurvival and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family members (so-called "BH3 mimetics") have a potential therapeutic value, as indicated by clinical findings obtained with ABT-263 (navitoclax), a Bcl-2/Bcl-xL antagonist, and more recently with GDC-0199/ABT-199, a more selective antagonist of Bcl-2. Here, we report study results of the functional role of the prosurvival protein Mcl-1 against a panel of solid cancer cell lines representative of different tumor types. We observed silencing of Mcl-1 expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly reduced viability and induced apoptosis in almost 30% of cell lines tested, including lung and breast adenocarcinoma, as well as glioblastoma derived lines. Most importantly, we provide a mechanistic basis for this sensitivity by showing antagonism of Mcl-1 function with specific BH3 peptides against isolated mitochondria induces Bak oligomerization and cytochrome c release, therefore demonstrating that mitochondria from Mcl-1-sensitive cells depend on Mcl-1 for their integrity and that antagonizing Mcl-1 function is sufficient to induce apoptosis. Thus, our results lend further support for considering Mcl-1 as a therapeutic target in a number of solid cancers and support the rationale for development of small molecule BH3-mimetics antagonists of this protein.
Assuntos
Proteína de Sequência 1 de Leucemia de Células Mieloides/genética , Apoptose , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular , Expressão Gênica , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Proteína de Sequência 1 de Leucemia de Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Interferência de RNA , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genéticaRESUMO
Four series of disubstituted carbazole-1-carboxamides were designed and synthesised as inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). 4,7- and 4,6-disubstituted carbazole-1-carboxamides were potent and selective inhibitors of BTK, while 3,7- and 3,6-disubstituted carbazole-1-carboxamides were potent and selective inhibitors of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2).
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Carbazóis/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Janus Quinase 2/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Carbazóis/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Janus Quinase 2/metabolismo , Estrutura Molecular , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
We describe novel alkylsulfones as potent CCR2 antagonists with reduced hERG channel activity and improved pharmacokinetics over our previously described antagonists. Several of these new alkylsulfones have a profile that includes functional antagonism of CCR2, in vitro microsomal stability, and oral bioavailability. With this improved profile, we demonstrate that two of these antagonists, 2 and 12, are orally efficacious in an animal model of inflammatory recruitment.
Assuntos
Receptores CCR2/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonas/química , Animais , Cicloexanos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Camundongos , Conformação Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Investigation of various heterocyclic core isosteres of imidazopyrazines 1 & 2 yielded purine derivatives 3 & 8 as potent and selective BTK inhibitors. Subsequent SAR studies of the purine series led to the discovery of 20 as a leading compound. Compound 20 is very selective when screened against a panel of 400 kinases and is a potent inhibitor in cellular assays of human B cell function including B-Cell proliferation and CD86 cell surface expression and exhibited in vivo efficacy in a mouse PCA model. Its X-ray co-crystal structure with BTK shows that the high selectivity is gained from filling a BTK specific lipophilic pocket. However, physical and ADME properties leading to low oral exposure hindered further development.
Assuntos
Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/química , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/antagonistas & inibidores , Purinas/química , Purinas/farmacologia , Tirosina Quinase da Agamaglobulinemia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Autoimunes/enzimologia , Linfócitos B/efeitos dos fármacos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Anafilaxia Cutânea Passiva/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , RatosRESUMO
A new class of Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors was discovered using a rationally designed pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazine-3-carboxamide scaffold. Preliminary studies identified (R)-(2,2-dimethylcyclopentyl)amine as a preferred C4 substituent on the pyrrolopyridazine core (3b). Incorporation of amino group to 3-position of the cyclopentane ring resulted in a series of JAK3 inhibitors (4g-4j) that potently inhibited IFNγ production in an IL2-induced whole blood assay and displayed high functional selectivity for JAK3-JAK1 pathway relative to JAK2. Further modifications led to the discovery of an orally bioavailable (2-fluoro-2-methylcyclopentyl)amino analogue 5g which is a nanomolar inhibitor of both JAK3 and TYK2, functionally selective for the JAK3-JAK1 pathway versus JAK2, and active in a human whole blood assay.