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Preschool children are particularly susceptible to recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections due to their immune immaturity and other contributing factors. Preventing and/or treating children suffering from recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs) is challenging, and it is important to provide more clinical evidence about the safety and efficacy of natural immunomodulating preparations, including ß-glucans. The aim of the present study was to assess the incidence of respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children with a history of RRTIs for a period of 6 months (3 months of pleuran supplementation and 3 months of follow-up) compared with the same period from October to March of the previous year prior to enrolment in the study. A total of 1,030 children with a mean age of 3.49 ± 1.91 years from seven countries were included in this study. The total number of RTIs observed during the study period was significantly lower compared to the same period of the previous year (7.07 ± 2.89 vs. 3.87 ± 3.19; p < 0.001). Analysis of each type of RTI revealed significant reductions in the mean number and duration of infections for all RTI subtypes compared to the previous year. This study also confirmed the beneficial safety profile of pleuran supplementation. In conclusion, pleuran supplementation represents an interesting and prospective supplement in preventing respiratory infections and reveals new strategies for supporting immune functions in the paediatric population.
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One question of great practical importance for the parents, and especially the mother, after the birth of a baby, refers to how long the time during which they have to go with less and more fragmented sleep actually lasts. Most of the studies only explore this issue up to 6 months of the newborn's life, and less is known about the sleep problems the mothers may have after this initial period. The objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the sleep disruption and daytime sleepiness of mothers with infants until 2 years old compared to a group of women currently not at care of babies. To this end, a sample of 113 women, 67 currently bringing up a baby of under 2 years old, and the remainder without a baby at their care under 6 years old, reported sleep duration, sleep interruptions, sleep quality, and responded to questionnaires of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness. The relationship between the age of the children and the comparison between the groups was used to highlight the sleep problems of the mothers taking care of the infant. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between the age of the infant and the duration of the sleep of the mothers and that the duration of sleep for them was similar to those of the women in the control group about 6 months after the infant was born. However, fragmentation of sleep, daytime sleepiness, and sleep problems were still higher than in the control group for mothers with children between 6 and 12 months old.
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OBJECTIVE: There are two scales (Centor and McIsaac) that describe the frequent signs and symptoms in pharyngotonsillitis and determine the attitude to be followed for diagnosis and treatment; among them, the McIsaac criteria are one of the most widely used scales. The goal of the study was to determine the predictive value of the McIsaac criteria in the diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis due to EbhGA in a Pediatric Emergency Service. The predictive value of these criteria is decisive in the adequate use of TDR test and antibiotics as a treatment. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. The target population were all patients between 0 and 14 years old treated in the Pediatric Emergency Service of the Casa de Salud Hospital of Valencia during 2016, with discharge diagnoses, tonsillitis, pharyngotonsillitis or pharyngitis and with the TDR performed. Two groups were set up according to whether TDR was positive or negative. The presence of the McIsaac criteria was studied in both groups. A sensitivity and specificity study was carried out and the Total and Bayes Probability theorems were applied as well as the likelihood ratio measures. RESULTS: A negative result of TDR was obtained in 58.1% (n=330) and was obtained a positive result in 41.9% (n=238). At least three criteria met 48.3% (n=115) with TDR+ of which the most frequent was age >3 years (97.4%); and 46.7% (n=154) of children with TDR- where the most frequent was the absence of catarrh (91.6%). The output from the predictive analysis of meeting the McIsaac criteria was a sensitivity (P(+/E)=48.3%), a specificity (P(-/NE)=53.3%), a positive predictive value P(E/+)=42.7% and likelihood ratios LR+=1.04 and LR-=0.97. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a poor predictive value of the McIsaac criteria in the population being studied. The TDR test should be implanted more frequently and the McIsaac criteria should be re-evaluated for the correct diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis due to EbhGA and with it an adequate treatment to avoid the overprescription of antibiotics.
OBJETIVO: Existen dos escalas (Centor y McIsaac) que describen los signos y síntomas frecuentes en la faringoamigdalitis y que determinan la actitud a seguir para su diagnóstico y tratamiento; entre ellas, los criterios de McIsaac son una de las escalas más empleadas. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el valor predictivo de los criterios de McIsaac en el diagnóstico de la faringoamigdalitis por estreptococo beta hemolítico grupo A (EbhGA). El valor predictivo de estos criterios es determinante en la adecuada utilización de la prueba TDR y tratamiento antibiótico. METODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal cuya población objeto fueron pacientes entre 0 y 14 años atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas del Hospital Casa de Salud de Valencia durante 2016, con diagnóstico de amigdalitis, faringoamigdalitis o faringitis y con las pruebas de detección rápida del antígeno estreptocócico (TDR) realizadas. Se estudió la presencia de los criterios de McIsaac en los grupos TDR positivo y negativo. Se midió la sensibilidad y especificidad, y se aplicaron los teoremas de Probabilidades Totales y de Bayes, así como medidas de razón de verosimilitud. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un resultado negativo del TDR en el 58,1% (n=330) y positivo en el 41,9% (n=238). Cumplieron al menos 3 criterios un 48,3% (n=115) de los que presentaban TDR+, de los cuales el más frecuente fue la edad mayor de 3 años (97,4%); y los cumplieron un 46,7% (n=154) de los que tenían TDR-, donde el más frecuente fue la ausencia de catarro (91,6%). El análisis predictivo de los criterios de McIsaac arrojó una sensibilidad de P(+/E)=48,3%, una especificidad de P(-/NE)=53,3%, un valor predictivo positivo de P(E/+)=42,7% y unas razones de verosimilitud de IEP+=1,04 y de IEP-=0,97. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican un bajo valor predictivo de los criterios de McIsaac en la población de estudio. Debe implantarse de forma más asidua la prueba de TDR y reevaluar los criterios McIsaac para el correcto diagnóstico de la faringoamigdalitis por EbhGA y, con ello, facilitar un adecuado tratamiento para evitar la sobreprescripción de antibióticos.
Assuntos
Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/normas , Doenças Faríngeas/diagnóstico , Faringite/diagnóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Infecções Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Tonsilite/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Teorema de Bayes , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pediatria/métodos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , EspanhaRESUMO
Objetivo: Comparar la adecuación de las consultas a urgencias del paciente adolescente que está siendo atendido por el pediatra (12 a 14 años) y los que ya no lo están (15 a 18 años). Métodos: Estudio transversal con pacientes en edades entre 12 y 18 años que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital La Salud de Valencia durante el 2018. Los criterios de adecuación se basaron en el Protocolo de Adecuación de Urgencias Hospitalarias. Las variables de adecuación se describieron mediante frecuencias y como método de comparación se utilizó el test exacto de Fisher y la razón de momios. En todos los casos los contrastes de hipótesis fueron bilaterales, con un nivel de confianza de 95 por ciento y la hipótesis nula (Ho) se rechazó con valor p<0,05. Resultados: Del total de episodios, el 64,9 por ciento (n= 226) fueron adecuados al servicio de urgencias. Esta distribución fue similar dentro de cada uno de los grupos de edad y no se pudo establecer diferencia significativa entre ambos (p= 0,283). Se encontraron diferencias significativas en los criterios de intensidad diagnóstica y tiempo de atención por sexos. Conclusiones: Las cifras son indicativas del mal uso del servicio de urgencias por una parte del paciente adolescente, tanto si está siendo seguido por el pediatra como si no. Ello puede ser una señal del vacío asistencial en el que se encuentran estos pacientes(AU)
Objective: Compare the adequacy of emergency consultations of the adolescent patients being cared by the pediatricians (12 to 14 years) and those who are not (15 to 18 years). Method: Cross-sectional study with patients in the ages from 12 to 18 years who attended the Emergency Service of La Salud Hospital in Valencia during 2018. The adequacy criteria were based on the Adequacy Protocol of Hospital Emergencies. Adequacy variables were described by frequencies and Fisher's exact test and odds ratio were used as a comparison method. In all cases, the hypothesis contrasts were bilateral, with a confidence level of 95 percent and the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected with p<0.05 value. Results: Of the total episodes, 64.9 percent (n= 226) were suitable for emergency services. This distribution was similar within each of the age groups and no significant difference could be made between the two (p= 0.283). Significant differences were found in the criteria of diagnostic intensity and attention time by gender. Conclusions: The figures are indicative of misuse of the emergency service by a part of the adolescent patients, whether or not they are being followed up by the pediatrician. This may be a sign of the healthcare gap in which these patients are located(AU)
Assuntos
Adolescente , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Organização Mundial da Saúde , Atenção à Saúde , Emergências , Pediatras , Estudos TransversaisRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: Varios son los factores descritos en la literatura como determinantes en la génesis de la caries dental en edad temprana. Sin embargo, el papel de la lactancia materna como factor protector sigue siendo un tema controvertido. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgos implicados en la génesis de la caries dental en edad temprana y los efectos de la lactancia materna. Métodos: Estudio caso-control con un total de 80 pacientes entre 3 y 8 años de edad, 35 con caries dental y 45 controles sanos, procedentes de la provincia de Valencia, España, seleccionados bajo un modelo no probabilístico. Se analizaron variables relacionadas con lactancia materna y variables vinculadas a características sociodemográficas y hábitos de alimentación e higiene. Para el análisis de las variables cuantitativas se utilizó la media aritmética y la desviación estándar como medidas de centralidad. Las variables cualitativas se describieron por sus frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Para el estudio de factores asociados al desarrollo de la caries dental se utilizó la prueba de chi cuadrado y la estimación de riesgo (odds ratio). Resultados: No se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa con las variables relacionadas con la lactancia materna. Pudo establecerse relación entre la aparición de caries dental y nivel de estudios materno (OR= 4,17) y paterno (OR= 4,87), consumo de azúcares diario (OR= 4), madre fumadora (OR=4,23) y edad gestacional (mayor incidencia en los pretérmino). Conclusiones: La lactancia materna es un factor protector para la producción de caries dental en el niño, aunque el estudio no pudo establecer dicha relación. Los factores más importantes relacionados con la aparición de caries en la muestra de estudio fueron: edad gestacional, nivel educativo de los padres, madre fumadora y consumo de azúcares diario(AU)
ABSTRACT Introduction: Several factors are described in the literature as determinant in the genesis of early childhood dental caries. However, the role of breastfeeding as a protective factor continues to be a controversial subject. Objective: Determine the risk factors involved in the genesis of early childhood dental caries and the effects of breastfeeding. Methods: A case-control study was conducted of a total 80 patients aged 3-8 years, 35 with dental caries and 45 healthy controls, from the province of Valencia, Spain, selected by nonprobability sampling. The variables analyzed had to do with breastfeeding, sociodemographic characteristics, and eating and hygiene habits. Analysis of quantitative variables was based on arithmetic mean and standard deviation as measures of centrality. Qualitative variables were described in terms of their absolute and relative frequencies. Factors associated to dental caries development were examined with chi-square and odds ratio testing. Results: No statistically significant relationship was found between the variables analyzed and breastfeeding. A relationship could be established between the emergence of dental caries and the educational level of the mother (OR= 4.17) and the father (OR= 4.87), daily sugar intake (OR= 4), smoking mother (OR= 4.23) and gestational age (a greater incidence in preterm deliveries). Conclusions: Breastfeeding is a protective factor against childhood dental caries, though the study could not establish that relationship. The most important factors related to the emergence of dental caries in the study sample were gestational age, educational level of parents, smoking mother and daily sugar intake(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Aleitamento Materno/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Risco , Cárie Dentária/epidemiologia , Fatores de Proteção , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Idade Gestacional , AçúcaresRESUMO
OBJETIVO: Existen dos escalas (Centor y McIsaac) que describen los signos y síntomas frecuentes en la faringoamigdalitis y que determinan la actitud a seguir para su diagnóstico y tratamiento; entre ellas, los criterios de McIsaac son una de las escalas más empleadas. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el valor predictivo de los criterios de McIsaac en el diagnóstico de la faringoamigdalitis por estreptococo beta hemolítico grupo A (EbhGA). El valor predictivo de estos criterios es determinante en la adecuada utilización de la prueba TDR y tratamiento antibiótico. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal cuya población objeto fueron pacientes entre 0 y 14 años atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias Pediátricas del Hospital Casa de Salud de Valencia durante 2016, con diagnóstico de amigdalitis, faringoamigdalitis o faringitis y con las pruebas de detección rápida del antígeno estreptocócico (TDR) realizadas. Se estudió la presencia de los criterios de McIsaac en los grupos TDR positivo y negativo. Se midió la sensibilidad y especificidad, y se aplicaron los teoremas de Probabilidades Totales y de Bayes, así como medidas de razón de verosimilitud. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvo un resultado negativo del TDR en el 58,1% (n=330) y positivo en el 41,9% (n=238). Cumplieron al menos 3 criterios un 48,3% (n=115) de los que presentaban TDR+, de los cuales el más frecuente fue la edad mayor de 3 años (97,4%); y los cumplieron un 46,7% (n=154) de los que tenían TDR-, donde el más frecuente fue la ausencia de catarro (91,6%). El análisis predictivo de los criterios de McIsaac arrojó una sensibilidad de P(+/E)=48,3%, una especificidad de P(-/NE)=53,3%, un valor predictivo positivo de P(E/+)=42,7% y unas razones de verosimilitud de IEP+=1,04 y de IEP-=0,97. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados indican un bajo valor predictivo de los criterios de McIsaac en la población de estudio. Debe implantarse de forma más asidua la prueba de TDR y reevaluar los criterios McIsaac para el correcto diagnóstico de la faringoamigdalitis por EbhGA y, con ello, facilitar un adecuado tratamiento para evitar la sobreprescripción de antibióticos
Objective: There are two scales (Centor and McIsaac) that describe the frequent signs and symptoms in pharyngotonsillitis and determine the attitude to be followed for diagnosis and treatment; among them, the McIsaac criteria are one of the most widely used scales. The goal of the study was to determine the predictive value of the McIsaac criteria in the diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis due to EbhGA in a Pediatric Emergency Service. The predictive value of these criteria is decisive in the adequate use of TDR test and antibiotics as a treatment. Methods: Cross-sectional study. The target population were all patients between 0 and 14 years old treated in the Pediatric Emergency Service of the Casa de Salud Hospital of Valencia during 2016, with discharge diagnoses, tonsillitis, pharyngotonsillitis or pharyngitis and with the TDR performed. Two groups were set up according to whether TDR was positive or negative. The presence of the McIsaac criteria was studied in both groups. A sensitivity and specificity study was carried out and the Total and Bayes Probability theorems were applied as well as the likelihood ratio measures. Results: A negative result of TDR was obtained in 58.1% (n=330) and was obtained a positive result in 41.9% (n=238). At least three criteria met 48.3% (n=115) with TDR+ of which the most frequent was age >3 years (97.4%); and 46.7% (n=154) of children with TDR- where the most frequent was the absence of catarrh (91.6%). The output from the predictive analysis of meeting the McIsaac criteria was a sensitivity (P(+/E)=48.3%), a specificity (P(-/NE)=53.3%), a positive predictive value P(E/+)=42.7% and likelihood ratios LR+=1.04 and LR-=0.97. Conclusions: The results indicate a poor predictive value of the McIsaac criteria in the population being studied. The TDR test should be implanted more frequently and the McIsaac criteria should be re-evaluated for the correct diagnosis of pharyngotonsillitis due to EbhGA and with it an adequate treatment to avoid the overprescription of antibiotics
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Testes Diagnósticos de Rotina/normas , Doenças Faríngeas/diagnóstico , Faringite/diagnóstico , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Infecções Estreptocócicas/diagnóstico , Tonsilite/diagnóstico , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Teorema de Bayes , Estudos Transversais , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Pediatria/métodos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Introducción: los Servicios de Urgencias son frecuentados, con un elevado índice, por neonatos con patología banal y dudas de puericultura. Nuestro objetivo es analizar, en neonatos, la adecuación del uso de Urgencias. Material y métodos: análisis de los informes de los neonatos que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencias del Hospital Marina Salud de Denia (Alicante, España) durante el año 2014 y de la adecuación del uso de Urgencias según los nuevos criterios establecidos: ingreso hospitalario, derivación, clasificación y exploraciones complementarias. Resultados: los Servicios de Urgencias son utilizados por neonatos con patología considerada no urgente, llanto, irritabilidad o malestar (32,08%), y vómitos o regurgitaciones del recién nacido (13,21%), siendo el diagnóstico de alta más frecuente el de normalidad (20%). Según los criterios de adecuación establecidos para el uso del Servicio de Urgencias neonatales, el 63,50% de los motivos de consulta neonatal no fueron adecuados. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las consultas de neonatos son catalogadas como uso no adecuado de los Servicios de Urgencias y deberían por tanto manejarse en Atención Primaria (AU)
Background:the Emergency Services are used, very often, by neonates with banal pathology and childcare questions. The objective of this study is to analyze the proper use of the Emergency Service by families of newborns. Methods: analysis of the emergency report of neonates who attended the Emergency Service of the Marina Salud Hospital, in Denia (Alicante, Spain) during 2014, and the appropriate use of Emergency Service according to the new established criteria: hospital admission, patient referra triage, and complementary explorations. Results: Emergency Services were used by neonates with pathology considered not-urgent- weeping, irritability, discomfort (32,08%) and and vomiting or regurgitation of the newborn (13,21%). At discharge, the most common diagnosis was «normality» (20%). According to the adequacy criteria established for the use of the Emergency Room for neonates, the 63,50% of the reasons for medical consultations were not adequate. Conclusions: most of neonatal consultations are catalogued as inappropriate use of Emergency Service, and should have been handled in Primary Health Care (AU)