Detoxified castor seed meal replaces soybean meal in the supplement for Holstein-Zebu crossbred steers finished on tropical pasture during the rainy season.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with detoxified castor seed meal (DCM) on the intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, and performance of pasture-finished (rainy season) steers supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight. Forty ½ Holstein + ½ Zebu steers (initial weight: 283.3 ± 36.3 kg) were allocated to four treatments in a completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of diets in which DCM replaced 0, 30, 60, and 90% of SBM in the supplement dry matter (DM). The steers were finished on an Urochloa brizantha pasture and the experiment lasted 112 days. Replacing SBM with DCM did not influence (P > 0.05) the intake or apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, or neutral detergent insoluble fiber of the animals. Grazing time increased (P < 005), whereas the intake and rumination efficiencies of the steers did not change (P > 0.05) with the substitution. The replacement of SBM with DCM in the supplement fed to the steers also did not influence (P > 0.05) their final weight, average daily gain, or feed conversion (P > 0.05). We recommend replacing up to 90% (DM basis) of SBM with DCM in the concentrate supplement of steers grazing on Urochloa brizantha pasture during rainy season while supplemented with concentrate at 0.4% of their body weight.

Influence of body condition score at calving on the metabolic status and production performance of Murrah buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) during the transition period.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of body condition score (BCS) at calving on the metabolic status of female Murrah buffaloes in the transition period. METHODS: Thirty-seven pregnant buffaloes (multiparous) were selected and monitored during the transition period based on their body condition score and on the estimated calving date. Two groups were formed: i) buffaloes with a BCS>3.5 (n = 17); this group was classified and named 'high BCS at calving' (HBCS); and ii) buffaloes with a BCS≤3.5 (n = 20); this group was classified and named 'low BCS at calving' (LBCS). All animals were monitored during the last 30 days of pregnancy and the first 70 days post-calving and kept in the same environment and under the same feeding and management conditions. Mean values for BCS at calving were 2.98±0.9 (mean±standard error of the mean [SEM]) and 4.21±0.9 (mean±SEM) for the HBCS and LBCS groups, respectively. RESULTS: The HBCS group showed higher milk fat content (p = 0.007) and milk fat yield (p = 0.027) and a higher concentration of milk urea nitrogen (p = 0.001) than LBCS buffaloes, which in turn had a lower urine pH value (p = 0.033) than HBCS buffaloes in the pre-calving period (7.86 for HBCS vs 7.76 for LBCS). The HBCS animals had a higher concentration of erythrocytes (p = 0.001) and hematocrit (p = 0.012) post-calving and a higher hemoglobin concentration (p = 0.004) pre-calving. CONCLUSION: Buffaloes during the transition period exhibited some variations in the oxidative stress related to their metabolic status. After calving, buffaloes with a high BCS at calving and greater lipid mobilization have a more marked alteration in oxidative status, but improved production performance.

Creatinine as a Urinary Marker of the Purine Derivatives Excretion in Urine Spot Samples of Lambs Fed Peach Palm Meal.

The objective was to evaluate the influence of diets on lambs using different levels of peach palm meal as a replacement for maize (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85% of diet dry matter) on the endogenous creatinine clearance (CC), urine concentration ratio of purine derivatives to creatinine (PDC index), and daily creatinine excretion (DCE) as a marker to estimate purine derivatives (PD) excretion from urinary spot samples collected at different time points (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 h after morning feeding) compared to 24-h total urine collection. The measured parameters were voluntary intake, urinary volume, CC, DCE, the concentration of plasma creatinine, and PD and purine derivatives' excretion (PDE). Five lambs were allocated to metabolic cages and distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Urine collection was taken daily on days 16 to 19 of each experimental period. The inclusion of peach palm meal linearly reduced the intake of dry matter (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.005), crude protein (g kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010), metabolizable energy (MJ kg BW−0.75, p = 0.010) and CC (p < 0.0001). It also quadratically affected the urinary volume (p = 0.008) and DCE (p = 0.004). There was a linear decrease for PDC index (p = 0.032) and PDE (p < 0.0001) measured in the 24-h total urine with peach palm meal levels. The different times of spot urine sampling did not affect (p > 0.05) the PDC index and PDE. Peach palm meal decreases the CC thereby compromising the use of a mean value of DCE as a PDE marker in spot urine samples. There is greater accuracy when using different values of DCE obtained for each diet as markers for the PDE in spot urine samples. Unconventional foodstuffs of low palatability affecting the voluntary intake of feed change the renal function.

Chitosan and cottonseed processing method association on carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot lambs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the association of cottonseed processing method with chitosan on carcass traits and meat quality of lambs finished in feedlot. Eighty lambs with an average body weight of 20.6 kg, with 04 months of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The factors were represented by two cottonseed processing method (whole or ground) and two levels of chitosan (0 and 136 mg/kg BW). The association of cottonseed processing method with chitosan in the lamb diet did not affect (P>0.05) carcasses traits. The pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and proximate composition of meat were also not affected (P>0.05) by the processing method of cottonseed or its association with chitosan in the lamb diets. There was an increase in palmitoleic (c9-C16:1; P = 0.01) and conjugated linoleic (P = 0.02) fatty acids when ground cottonseed was associated with chitosan. Ground cottonseed associated with chitosan increases the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the meat of feedlot lambs.

Agronomic characterization of sunflower cultivars for animal feeding in tropical conditions

This study was developed to examine morpho-agronomic traits of 18 sunflower cultivars and identify superior cultivars in terms of grain yield, forage quality, or both, for animal feeding. Twenty-two morpho-agronomic traits related to plant development and architecture; earliness of maturity; grain yield (achenes); dry matter yield; and dry matter content were evaluated. Cultivars Hélio 253, Hélio 358, Embrapa 122, BRS 321, and Hélio 360 showed inflorescence at the final stage. Aguará 4 showed the lowest flowering rate, characterizing it as late-maturing. For grain yield, cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended, as they showed the highest achene yields (average: 1,541.67 to 2,148.81 kg.ha−1, respectively). Cultivars Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL exhibited higher dry matter yields (9,550.93 to 11,789.91 kg ha−1) and were thus indicated for forage production. Cultivars Charrua, Olisun 3, BRS 321, Paraíso 103CL, Paraíso 65, Aguará 6, and CF 101 are recommended for grain yield, for the diet of monogastric animals; Charrua, Hélio 251, Olisun 3, Hélio 360, Paraíso 55, and Paraíso 103CL for forage yield, for ruminant feeding; and Charrua, Olisun 3, and Paraíso 103CL for both purposes.

Feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal

The aim in this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing corn (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % on a dry matter basis). Thirty crossbred Boer kids, with 90 days old and initial body weight of 16.7 ± 3.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Diets were daily supplied ad libitum to allow 10-20 % leftovers. Three collections were performed every 28 days. Diets were isoenergetics and isonitrogenous, composed of corn, soybean meal, peach palm meal, mineral supplement and Tifton 85 hay, with roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a linear reduction in the intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with a respective decrease of 35.7 % and 58.8 % comparing the diet with 85 % replacement and the control diet. The rumination and chewing times increased in diets with peach palm meal. The feeding and rumination rates decreased with reducing intakes of DM and NDF. The peach palm meal affects the feeding behavior and decreases the feed intake in response to palatability, fat and fiber composition, and it is recommended until 10 % replacing corn.

Feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal

The aim in this study was to evaluate the feeding behavior of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal replacing corn (0, 10, 40, 60, and 85 % on a dry matter basis). Thirty crossbred Boer kids, with 90 days old and initial body weight of 16.7 ± 3.5 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates. Diets were daily supplied ad libitum to allow 10-20 % leftovers. Three collections were performed every 28 days. Diets were isoenergetics and isonitrogenous, composed of corn, soybean meal, peach palm meal, mineral supplement and Tifton 85 hay, with roughage: concentrate ratio of 30:70. There was a linear reduction in the intakes of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) with a respective decrease of 35.7 % and 58.8 % comparing the diet with 85 % replacement and the control diet. The rumination and chewing times increased in diets with peach palm meal. The feeding and rumination rates decreased with reducing intakes of DM and NDF. The peach palm meal affects the feeding behavior and decreases the feed intake in response to palatability, fat and fiber composition, and it is recommended until 10 % replacing corn.(AU)

Adsorption of immunoglobulin Y in supermacroporous continuous cryogel with immobilized Cu(2+) ions.

The influence of temperature, pH and ionic strength on the adsorption of Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in IDA-Cu(2+) cryogel system was studied by batch equilibrium measurements. The adsorptive equilibrium data were obtained at 17 and 27°C, pH 5.0 and 6.5, and at ionic strength of 50 and 200mmolL(-1) NaCl. Langmuir, Freundlich and Langmuir-Freundlich models were fitted to equilibrium data, while the enthalpy of adsorption of IgY in IDA-Cu(2+) cryogel system was calculated through Van't Hoff analysis. The binding of IgY on cryogel was stronger at 27°C and lowest pH and ionic strength values, with apparent maximum adsorption capacity of 27mgg(-1). The adsorption of protein in the resin was spontaneous in all analyzed cases. The results provide valuable information to enable the improvement of IgY purification processes.

Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of oilseed byproducts / Degradação ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de coprodutos de oleaginosas

The objective was to evaluate the rumen degradability of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of some oilseed byproducts. Oilseed byproducts evaluated were: Sunflower Meal, Cotton Cake and Castor Bean Cake. The rumen degradability test was performed following a split plot randomized complete block design with three treatments (plots) and seven incubation times (subplots) and six blocks (animals). The readily soluble fraction of the dry matter of sunflower meal was 35.0% higher than the same fraction of cotton cake and castor bean cake (mean 24.46%, P < 0.01). The highest potential degradability of crude protein (P < 0.01) was verified in castor bean cake (96.90%, 5% rate of passage). Sunflower meal had the lowest insoluble fraction of the fiber fraction, 34.4%, compared to cotton cake and castor bean cake, with 64.4% and 39.4%, respectively (P < 0.01). Sunflower meal had the highest fiber effective degradability (25.2%). Sunflower meal presented better values of ruminal parameters of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in relation to the other byproducts.

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de alguns coprodutos de oleaginosas. Os coprodutos de oleaginosas avaliados foram: Farelo de Girassol, Torta de Algodão e Torta de Mamona. O ensaio de degradabilidade ruminal foi conduzido seguindo o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três tratamentos (parcelas) e sete tempos de incubações (subparcelas) e seis blocos (animais. A fração prontamente solúvel da matéria seca do farelo de girassol foi 35,0 % superior em relação à mesma fração dos coprodutos torta de algodão e torta de mamona (média 24,46%; P < 0,01). A maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta (P < 0,01) foi verificada na torta de mamona (96,90%; taxa de passagem de 5%). O farelo de girassol apresentou menor fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável da fração fibrosa, 34,4%, em relação à torta de algodão e torta de mamona que apresentaram média de 64,4% e 39,4%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). O farelo de girassol apresentou maior degradabilidade efetiva da fibra (25,2%). O farelo de girassol apresentou melhores valores dos parâmetros ruminais da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro em relação aos demais coprodutos.

Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of oilseed byproducts / Degradação ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de coprodutos de oleaginosas

The objective was to evaluate the rumen degradability of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of some oilseed byproducts. Oilseed byproducts evaluated were: Sunflower Meal, Cotton Cake and Castor Bean Cake. The rumen degradability test was performed following a split plot randomized complete block design with three treatments (plots) and seven incubation times (subplots) and six blocks (animals). The readily soluble fraction of the dry matter of sunflower meal was 35.0% higher than the same fraction of cotton cake and castor bean cake (mean 24.46%, P < 0.01). The highest potential degradability of crude protein (P < 0.01) was verified in castor bean cake (96.90%, 5% rate of passage). Sunflower meal had the lowest insoluble fraction of the fiber fraction, 34.4%, compared to cotton cake and castor bean cake, with 64.4% and 39.4%, respectively (P < 0.01). Sunflower meal had the highest fiber effective degradability (25.2%). Sunflower meal presented better values of ruminal parameters of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in relation to the other byproducts.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de alguns coprodutos de oleaginosas. Os coprodutos de oleaginosas avaliados foram: Farelo de Girassol, Torta de Algodão e Torta de Mamona. O ensaio de degradabilidade ruminal foi conduzido seguindo o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três tratamentos (parcelas) e sete tempos de incubações (subparcelas) e seis blocos (animais. A fração prontamente solúvel da matéria seca do farelo de girassol foi 35,0 % superior em relação à mesma fração dos coprodutos torta de algodão e torta de mamona (média 24,46%; P < 0,01). A maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta (P < 0,01) foi verificada na torta de mamona (96,90%; taxa de passagem de 5%). O farelo de girassol apresentou menor fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável da fração fibrosa, 34,4%, em relação à torta de algodão e torta de mamona que apresentaram média de 64,4% e 39,4%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). O farelo de girassol apresentou maior degradabilidade efetiva da fibra (25,2%). O farelo de girassol apresentou melhores valores dos parâmetros ruminais da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro em relação aos demais coprodutos.(AU)

Fatty acid composition of beef cattle finished on tropical pasture and supplemented with crude glycerin / Composição em ácidos graxos da carne de bovinos terminados a pasto e suplementados com glicerina bruta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of crude glycerin supplementation on the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the muscle of cattle grazing on Urochloa decumbens. Thirty-five crossbreed bulls, with an average initial body weight of 428.0 ± 32.11 kg, were supplemented with dry matter corresponding to 1% body weight for 74 days on pasture and distributed to five treatments (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12% low purity glycerin in the total dry matter of the supplement) in a completely randomised design. After 74 days, the animals were slaughtered, and the longissimus dorsi muscle was sampled and frozen for meat composition analysis. The addition of glycerin did not affect the mean moisture (73.6 ± 0.3%), protein (22.8 ± 0.4%), total lipid (1.1 ± 0.1%) and ash (1.0 ± 0.04%) contents of the animal muscle. However, there was an increasing linear effect (P < 0.05) on the contents of trans-vaccenic acid (increase of 175% in relation to the control) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (25% increase in relation to the control). We observed an increasing linear pattern in monounsaturated fatty acid levels (39.8 to 44.5%) and a decreasing linear pattern in polyunsaturated fatty acid content (13.5 to 9.5%). The inclusion of crude glycerin promoted a linear decreasing pattern for omega-3 fatty acids. Thus, the inclusion of crude glycerin in the supplement of beef cattle affects the...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de glicerina bruta no suplemento sobre a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo de bovinos terminados em pastagem de Urochloa decumbens. Para isso foram utilizados 35 touros azebuados, com peso inicial médio de 428,0 ± 32,11kg, suplementados com 1% do peso corporal, por 74 dias em pastagem e distribuídos em cinco tratamentos (0, 3, 6, 9 e 12% de glicerina de baixa pureza na matéria seca total do suplemento) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Após 74 dias os animais foram abatidos, o músculo Longissimus dorsi foi amostrado e congelado para análise de composição da carne. A adição de glicerina no suplemento não afetou (P>0,05) os teores médios de umidade (73,6%±0,3), proteína (22,8%±0,4), lipídeos totais (1,1%±0,1) e cinzas (1,0%±0,04) do músculo dos animais. Todavia, observou-se efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) para os teores de ácido trans-vacênico (acréscimo de 175% em relação ao controle) e ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) (acréscimo de 25% em relação ao controle). Observou-se comportamento linear crescente para os teores de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (39,8 para 44,5%) e linear decrescente para os teores de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (13,5% para 9,5%). A inclusão da glicerina bruta promoveu comportamento linear decrescente para os ácidos graxos da série omega-3. Assim, a inclusão de glicerina bruta...(AU)

Ingestive behavior and thermoregulation in sheep fed forage cactus silage undergoing intermittent water supply / Comportamento ingestivo e termorregulação em ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma forrageira submetidos a oferta intermitente de água

This study aimed to assess the effect of using forage cactus silage in the diet of sheep under intermittent water supply on its ingestive behavior and thermoregulation. We used in the experiment thirty-six intact male sheep of undefined genotype with an initial average weight of 19.8 ± 2.1 kg and age of approximately six months. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme composed of three levels of forage cactus silage in the diet (0, 21, and 42%), three water supply periods (0, 24, and 48 hours), and four replications. For the ingestive behavior, observations were carried out every 5 minutes for 2 periods of 24 hours. Thermoregulatory responses were taken at 7:00 and 15:00 h on days other than those intended for ingestive behavior tests. Intermittent water supply did not affect any of the studied variables (P > 0.05). The use of forage cactus silage significantly influenced the ingestive behavior of animals (P < 0.05). Sheep fed forage cactus silage in the diet presented an average feeding efficiency of 255.77 g DM h−1 and an average rumination efficiency of 102.16 g DM h−1, while animals fed control diet showed values of 198.63 and 78.45 g DM h−1, respectively. Urinary frequency increased according to the levels of forage cactus silage in the diet, with 23.60 urination per day in animals fed diets with 42% of forage cactus silage and 10.83 urination per day in animals fed control diet. However, the search for water reduced, with averages of 2.73 and 0.54 per day for animals fed 0 and 42% forage cactus silage, respectively. The use of forage cactus silage also increased thermoregulatory responses of sheep, with an average respiratory rate of 103.35 mov. min−1 and heart rate of 140.08 mov. min−1 in the warmest period of the day (in the afternoon). Thus, sheep fed forage cactus silage increases its feeding and rumination efficiencies, decreases its search for water, and increases its thermoregulatory responses...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de silagem de palma forrageira na dieta de ovinos submetidos a oferta intermitente de água sobre o comportamento ingestivo e a termorregulação de ovinos. Foram utilizados 36 ovinos machos não castrados sem padrão racial, com peso médio inicial de 19,8 + 2,1 kg e idade aproximada de seis meses, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, composto por três proporções de silagem de palma na dieta (0; 21 e 42 %) e três períodos de oferta de água (0; 24 e 48 horas), com quatro repetições. Para o comportamento ingestivo foram realizadas observações a cada 5 minutos durante 2 períodos de 24 horas. As respostas termorregulatórias foram tomadas nos horários das 7 e 15 horas, em dias diferentes daqueles destinados ao comportamento. Observou-se que a oferta intermitente de água não afetou nenhuma das variáveis estudadas (P > 0,05). A utilização de silagem de palma influenciou significativamente o comportamento ingestivo dos animais (P < 0,05). Ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma forrageira na dieta apresentaram eficiência de alimentação média de 255,77 gMS h-1 e de ruminação de 102,16 gMS h-1, enquanto que aqueles que não recebiam esse alimento, apresentaram valores dessas variáveis de 198,63 e 78,45 gMS h-1, respectivamente. A frequência urinária dos animais se elevou conforme a proporção de silagem de palma na dieta, sendo observadas 23,60 micções dia-1 em animais que recebiam 42% e 10,83 micções dia-1 naqueles que não recebiam silagem de palma. A procura por água, entretanto, diminuiu. Foram observadas médias de 2,73 e 0,54 (nº dia-1) para animais alimentados com 0 e 42% de silagem de palma, respectivamente. A utilização da silagem de palma também elevou as respostas termorregulatórias dos ovinos. Ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma apresentaram média de frequência respiratória de 103,35 e cardíaca de 140,08 movimentos minuto-1 no período mais quente do dia (tarde)...(AU)

Correlations of the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing pearl millet silage with addition of urea / Correlações do comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo silagem de milheto com adição de ureia

The aim of this study was to evaluate correlations among the feeding behavior, intake, in vitro digestibility and production parameters of feedlot-finished lambs. Thirty-two male uncastrated mixed-breed lambs with an average initial live weight of 17.39 ± 2.16 kg were distributed into four treatments (diets) with eight replicates (animals) each, as a function of their weight, in a completely randomized block design. Diets were composed of pearl millet silage with addition of levels of urea (0, 2, 4, and 6%, DM basis), ground corn, soybean meal, and a mineral mixture. The experimental period was 62 days, consisting of 10 days of adaptation and 52 days of data collection. Positive correlations were observed (P < 0.05) for rumination time and feeding efficiency in dry matter with the intakes of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), organic matter (OM), and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). Negative correlations were detected (P < 0.05) between rumination efficiency in NDF and the intakes of DM, EE, NDF, OM, and NFC. Correlations were negative (P < 0.05) between the number of chews per cud and the digestibilities of DM, NDF, NFC, and TDN. The number of chews per day was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with the digestibility of NDF and with TDN. Rumination time had a positive correlation (P < 0.05) with average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE). Feeding efficiency in DM was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with ADG and FE, whereas ruminationefficiency in NDF was negatively correlated with ADG and positively with feed conversion. The increase in feeding efficiency for dry matter generated positive effects on nutrient intake, weight gain, and feed efficiency of the lambs fed diets containing pearl millet silage with addition of urea.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar correlações entre o comportamento ingestivo, consumo, digestibilidade in vivo e os parâmetros produtivos em cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros sem padrão racial definido, machos, não-castrados, com peso vivo inicial de 17,39 ± 2,16 kg distribuídos em blocos inteiramente casualizados, em função do peso, com quatro tratamentos (dietas) e oito repetições (animais). As dietas foram compostas de silagem de milheto com adição de ureia (0, 2, 4 e 6% com base na MS), grão de milho moído, farelo de soja e mistura mineral. O período experimental foi de 62 dias, sendo 10 dias de adaptação e 52 dias de coleta de dados. Observou-se correlações positivas (P < 0,05) entre o tempo de ruminação (RUM), eficiência de alimentação da MS (EAMS) e o consumo de matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), matéria orgânica (MO) e carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF). Correlações negativas (P < 0,05) foram observadas entre a eficiência de ruminação de FDN e os consumos de MS, EE, FDN, MO e CNF. A correlação foi negativa (P < 0,05) entre o número de mastigações por bolo (Nmbolo) e as digestibilidades da MS, FDN, CNF e NDT. O número de mastigações por dia (NMM) se correlacionou de forma negativa (P < 0,05) com a digestibilidade da FDN e com NDT. A variável RUM apresentou correlação positiva (P < 0,05) com oganho médio diário (GMD) e eficiência de alimentação (EA). A EAMS correlacionou-se positivamente(P < 0,05) com GMD e EA, enquanto que, a eficiência de ruminação da FDN (ERFDN) se correlacionounegativamente com GMD e positivamente com conversão alimentar (CA). Aumento na eficiência dealimentação de matéria seca foi responsável pelos efeitos positivos no consumo de nutrientes, ganho depeso e eficiência alimentar dos cordeiros alimentados com dietascontendo silagem de milheto com adição de ureia.(AU)

Performance of confined sheep fed diets based on silages of different sorghum cultivars / Desempenho produtivo de ovinos em confinamento alimentados com dietas à base de silagens de diferentes cultivares de sorgo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of silages of different sorghum cultivars through digestibility and nutrient intake and performance of sheep. The experiment was conducted at the Pendência Experimental Station, of the State Company for Agricultural Research of Paraíba S.A. For the experiment, thirty-five rams were used, without defined breed, with average live weight of 17.7 kg, distributed in a completely randomized block design, with five diets and seven replicates to determine intake and performance; and 25 non-castrated rams, without defined breed, distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and five replicates, to determine the digestibility of nutrients. The average daily intake of dry matter was, on average, 994.66 g. Only the average intakes of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates, were affected by the diets. The weight gain (WG), feed conversion and feed efficiency of the animals receiving the diets suffered no effect. Silages of BRS 655, 610, 800, 810 and Ponta Negra provided similar intake and digestibility of nutrients. The use of silages of different sorghum cultivars (BRS 610, BRS 655, BRS 800, BRS 810 and Ponta Negra) in diets for confined sheep provide similar performance and intakes.

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a utilização de silagens de diferentes cultivares de sorgo através do consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e desempenho de ovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Pendência, da Empresa Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba S.A. Para o experimento, foram utilizados trinta e cinco carneiros, sem raça definida, com peso vivo médio de 17,7 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições para determinar o consumo e desempenho; e 25 carneiros não castrados, sem raça definida, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, para determinar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O consumo médio diário de matéria seca foi, em média, 994,66 g. Somente os consumos médios de extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e carboidratos não-fibrosos, foram afetados pelas dietas. O ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar dos animais que receberam as dietas não foram afetados pelos diferentes cultivares utilizados. Silagens de sorgo BRS 655, 610, 800, 810 e Ponta Negra promoveram consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes semelhantes. A utilização de silagens de diferentes cultivares de sorgo (BRS 610, BRS 655, BRS 800, BRS 810 e Ponta Negra) em dietas para ovinos em confinamento promove desempenho e consumo similar.

Performance of confined sheep fed diets based on silages of different sorghum cultivars / Desempenho produtivo de ovinos em confinamento alimentados com dietas à base de silagens de diferentes cultivares de sorgo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of silages of different sorghum cultivars through digestibility and nutrient intake and performance of sheep. The experiment was conducted at the Pendência Experimental Station, of the State Company for Agricultural Research of Paraíba S.A. For the experiment, thirty-five rams were used, without defined breed, with average live weight of 17.7 kg, distributed in a completely randomized block design, with five diets and seven replicates to determine intake and performance; and 25 non-castrated rams, without defined breed, distributed in a completely randomized design with five diets and five replicates, to determine the digestibility of nutrients. The average daily intake of dry matter was, on average, 994.66 g. Only the average intakes of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates, were affected by the diets. The weight gain (WG), feed conversion and feed efficiency of the animals receiving the diets suffered no effect. Silages of BRS 655, 610, 800, 810 and Ponta Negra provided similar intake and digestibility of nutrients. The use of silages of different sorghum cultivars (BRS 610, BRS 655, BRS 800, BRS 810 and Ponta Negra) in diets for confined sheep provide similar performance and intakes.(AU)

O objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a utilização de silagens de diferentes cultivares de sorgo através do consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e desempenho de ovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Pendência, da Empresa Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária da Paraíba S.A. Para o experimento, foram utilizados trinta e cinco carneiros, sem raça definida, com peso vivo médio de 17,7 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos e sete repetições para determinar o consumo e desempenho; e 25 carneiros não castrados, sem raça definida, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, para determinar a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O consumo médio diário de matéria seca foi, em média, 994,66 g. Somente os consumos médios de extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e carboidratos não-fibrosos, foram afetados pelas dietas. O ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar dos animais que receberam as dietas não foram afetados pelos diferentes cultivares utilizados. Silagens de sorgo BRS 655, 610, 800, 810 e Ponta Negra promoveram consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes semelhantes. A utilização de silagens de diferentes cultivares de sorgo (BRS 610, BRS 655, BRS 800, BRS 810 e Ponta Negra) em dietas para ovinos em confinamento promove desempenho e consumo similar.(AU)

Biomass turnover in brachiaria cultivars in a tropical environment / Fluxo de biomassa em cultivares de brachiaria em ambiente tropical

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the morphogenetic traits of three Brachiaria cultivars (common, Llanero and Tupi) subjected to continuous grazing with variable stocking rate in the four seasons of the year. A randomized block design with five replicates was adopted. Tissue turnover evaluations were carried out in the summer, fall, winter and spring, with measurements taken every two days. Stem length and the length of each green leaf were measured. With these determinations, the following variables were calculated: stem elongation rate (cm/tiller/day), leaf elongation rate (cm/leaf/day), number of live leaves per tiller and phyllochron (days/leaf). The highest leaf appearance rate was obtained by Tupi grass in the summer, and the lowest by Llanero grass in the winter. The lowest phyllochron, 5.90 days/leaf, was obtained by Tupi grass in the winter, whereas in commercial cultivars Llanero and common the average phyllochron was 9.04 and 10.04 days/leaf, respectively. Because of the effect of the transition from the dry season to the beginning of rains in the summer, this was the period of greatest variations in results among the different cultivars. Llanero grass stood out for the highest values for plant, tiller and leaf lengths, resulting from greater stem and leaf elongation rates. Tupi grass had the worst performance of all cultivars.

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as características morfogenéticas de três cultivares de Brachiaria humidicola (common, Llanero e Tupi), submetido a pastejo contínuo, em quatro estações do ano. Foi utilizado delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. As avaliações do volume de tecido vegetal foram realizadas no verão, outono, inverno e primavera, e as medidas foram tomadas a cada dois dias. Determinaram-se o comprimento da haste e o comprimento de cada lâmina de folha verde. Com essas determinações, foram calculados: taxa de alongamento (cm / perfilho / dia), taxa de alongamento foliar (cm / folha / dia), número de folhas vivas por perfilho e filocromo (dia / folha). A maior taxa de aparecimento de folhas foi obtida na grama Tupi no período de verão, e o menor aparecimento ocorreu no cultivar Llanero, durante o inverno. O menor filocromo (5,90 dias / folha) foi verificado no cultivar Tupi, no inverno, enquanto no cultivares Llanero e common o filocromo médio foi de 9,04 e 10,04 dias / folha, respectivamente. Devido ao efeito da transição, a partir da estação seca para o início das chuvas no verão, foi constatado que as maiores variações nos resultados dos diferentes cultivares, ocorreram nesta época. O cultivar, Llanero se destacou para os maiores valores da planta, resultante das maiores taxas de alongamento de caule e folhas. O cultivar Tupi teve o menor desempenho em comparação com os outros.

Reproductive performance of Ile de France ewes under dietary supplementation before and during the breeding season / Desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas Ile de France submetidas à suplementação alimentar antes e durante a estação de monta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of Ile de France ewes undergoing dietary supplementation before and during the breeding season, with and without association with management conditions (pre-mating shearing). Thirty-six ewes with an average body weight of 66 kg were used in the experiment. Treatments involved ewes receiving or not receiving concentrate supplementation (flushing), with groups subdivided according to the management condition to which animals were subjected: shearing or lack of it. Thus, ewes were divided into four treatments: flushed and shorn; flushed and unshorn; unflushed and shorn; and unflushed and unshorn. Flushing increased weight gain and body condition score, and when associated with shearing, it promoted anticipation of estrus. Fertility rate (86.05%), calving rate (77.77%), birth rate (113.83%), and type of birth (single: 82.29% and twin: 17.71%) were not influenced. Birth weight (3.96 kg) and prolificacy (1.25%) also were not affected. Despite the lack of changes in reproductive traits, flushing adopted during the breeding season associated with shearing anticipated estrus in ewes.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas Ile de France submetidas à suplementação alimentar antes e durante a estação de monta associado ou não a condições de manejo (tosquia pré-acasalamento). Foram utilizadas 36 ovelhas, com peso corporal médio de 66 kg. Os tratamentos envolveram ovelhas para receber ou não suplementação concentrada, sendo os grupos ainda subdivididos de acordo com a condição de manejo em que foram submetidos, tosquiados ou não. Assim, as ovelhas foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: suplementadas e tosquiadas; suplementadas e não tosquiadas; não suplementadas e tosquiadas e não suplementadas e não tosquiadas. A suplementação alimentar aumentou o ganho de peso e o escore corporal e quando associada à tosquia favoreceu a antecipação do estro. Os índices de fertilidade (86,05%), parição (77,77%) e natalidade (113,83%), assim como o tipo de parto (simples: 82,29% e duplo: 17,71%) não foram influenciados. O peso ao nascer (3,96 kg) e a prolificidade (1,25%) também não foram afetados. Embora não se tenha verificado alteração nas características reprodutivas, a suplementação alimentar na estação de monta associada à tosquia antecipou o estro das ovelhas.(AU)

Correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay / Correlações entre consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho com o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo feno de capim-buffel amonizado

This study aimed to evaluate the correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay. Buffel grass hay was treated with four levels of urea (0, 18, 36 and 54 g/kg DM basis) and eight repetitions. Thirty-two sheep with no defined breed and an average body weight of 17.7 ± 1.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. It was observed positive correlations were found between the feeding time and the intake of dry matter (r = 0.3120), organic matter (r = 0.3242), neutral detergent fiber (r = 0.3800), total carbohydrates (r = 0.3343) and total digestible nutrients (r = 0.3233). Positive correlations (P 0.05) were found among the rumination efficiencies, g of DM/h and g of NDF/h with nutrient intake variables, except for ether extract intake. Positive correlations were observed (P 0.05) between both total weight gain (TWG) and average daily gain (ADG) and the rumination efficiency, g of DM/h (r = 0.3330) and g of NDF/h (r = 0.3304). The feeding and rumination efficiencies have a positive relationship with the total digestible nutrients. The correlation among intake, digestibility and performance variables with the ingestive behavior, it was important for the understanding of diet containing ammoniated buffel grass hay, in which the positive correlation of rumination...

Objetivou-se avaliar as correlações entre o consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho com o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros confinados alimentados com dietas contendo feno de capim-buffel amonizado. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em quatro dietas contendo os fenos de capim-buffel amonizados com as diferentes concentrações de uréia (0, 18, 36 e 54 g/kg na MS) e oito repetições. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), com peso vivo médio de 17,7 ± 1,8 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Foram verificadas correlações positivas entre o tempo de alimentação e os consumos: de matéria seca (r=0,3120), matéria orgânica (0,3242), fibra em detergente neutro (r=0,3800), carboidratos totais (r=0,3343) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (r=0,3233). Correlações positivas (P 0,05) foram encontradas entre as eficiências de ruminação, g MS/h e g FDN/h, com as variáveis de consumo de nutrientes, exceto para consumo de extrato etéreo. Indicando conformidade dos resultados com as variáveis de consumo, foram observadas correlações positivas (P 0,05) encontradas para ganho de peso total e ganho médio diário entre as eficiências de ruminação, g MS/h (r=0,3330) e g FDN/h (r=0,3304). As eficiências de alimentação e ruminação apresentam relação positiva com os nutrientes digestíveis totais. O estudo da correlação entre as...

Correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay / Correlações entre consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho com o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros alimentados com dietas contendo feno de capim-buffel amonizado

This study aimed to evaluate the correlations of intake, digestibility and performance with the ingestive behavior of lambs fed diets containing ammoniated buffel grass hay. Buffel grass hay was treated with four levels of urea (0, 18, 36 and 54 g/kg DM basis) and eight repetitions. Thirty-two sheep with no defined breed and an average body weight of 17.7 ± 1.8 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design. It was observed positive correlations were found between the feeding time and the intake of dry matter (r = 0.3120), organic matter (r = 0.3242), neutral detergent fiber (r = 0.3800), total carbohydrates (r = 0.3343) and total digestible nutrients (r = 0.3233). Positive correlations (P 0.05) were found among the rumination efficiencies, g of DM/h and g of NDF/h with nutrient intake variables, except for ether extract intake. Positive correlations were observed (P 0.05) between both total weight gain (TWG) and average daily gain (ADG) and the rumination efficiency, g of DM/h (r = 0.3330) and g of NDF/h (r = 0.3304). The feeding and rumination efficiencies have a positive relationship with the total digestible nutrients. The correlation among intake, digestibility and performance variables with the ingestive behavior, it was important for the understanding of diet containing ammoniated buffel grass hay, in which the positive correlation of rumination...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as correlações entre o consumo, digestibilidade e desempenho com o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros confinados alimentados com dietas contendo feno de capim-buffel amonizado. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em quatro dietas contendo os fenos de capim-buffel amonizados com as diferentes concentrações de uréia (0, 18, 36 e 54 g/kg na MS) e oito repetições. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), com peso vivo médio de 17,7 ± 1,8 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC). Foram verificadas correlações positivas entre o tempo de alimentação e os consumos: de matéria seca (r=0,3120), matéria orgânica (0,3242), fibra em detergente neutro (r=0,3800), carboidratos totais (r=0,3343) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (r=0,3233). Correlações positivas (P 0,05) foram encontradas entre as eficiências de ruminação, g MS/h e g FDN/h, com as variáveis de consumo de nutrientes, exceto para consumo de extrato etéreo. Indicando conformidade dos resultados com as variáveis de consumo, foram observadas correlações positivas (P 0,05) encontradas para ganho de peso total e ganho médio diário entre as eficiências de ruminação, g MS/h (r=0,3330) e g FDN/h (r=0,3304). As eficiências de alimentação e ruminação apresentam relação positiva com os nutrientes digestíveis totais. O estudo da correlação entre as...(AU)

Feed value of Gliricidia fodder salt for sheep / Valor alimentício do sal forrageiro de gliricídia para ovinos

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with Gliricidia fodder salt on intake, nutrient digestibility, and feeding behavior of lambs. Twenty-five Santa Inês crossbred male sheep at approximately 180 days of age, with an average live weight of 25 kg, were confined in individual 1-m2 stalls and distributed in a randomized complete design with five treatments and five replications. Treatments consisted of 0 (1,000 g/kg−1 NaCl), 930, 950, 970, and 990 g/kg−1 inclusion of Gliricidia hay (70, 50, 30, and 10 g/kg−1 NaCl in the formulation of the fodder salt, respectively). The animals were fed ground Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) hay, ground fodder salt and or mineral salt, and water ad libitum, at 07h00 and 17h00. Intakes of dry matter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, and neutral detergent fiber were influenced (P<0.05) by supplementation with Gliricidia fodder salt. Crude protein intake increased linearly (P<0.01), while mineral-salt intake decreased linearly (P<0.01) as the levels of Gliricidia hay in the fodder salt were increased. There was no difference (P>0.05) in nutrient digestibility due to supplementation. Rumination time and number of cuds ruminated per day decreased (P<0.05), whereas rumination chews per cud increased (P<0.05). Feed and rumination efficiencies (g DM and NDF h−1) increased (P<0.01) with supplementation, and so did the rumination efficiency (P<0.01) expressed in g DM and NDF cud−1. Supplementation with Gliricidia fodder salt increases nutrient intake and positively changes the feeding behavior of lambs.(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação com sal forrageiro de gliricídia sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e o comportamento ingestivo em cordeiros. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos, machos, mestiços da raça Santa Inês, com aproximadamente 180 dias de idade, peso vivo médio de 25 kg, confinados em baias individuais de 1m2, distribuídos num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições, em que os tratamentos foram constituídos de 0 (1000 g/kg-1 de NaCl), 930, 950, 970 e 990 g/kg-1 de inclusão de feno de gliricidia (70, 50, 30 e 10 g/kg-1 de NaCl na formulação do sal forrageiro, respectivamente). Os animais foram alimentados com feno de Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) triturado, sal forrageiro moído e/ou mineral e água ad libitum, às 7h00 e às 17h00. O consumo de matéria seca, sal mineral, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro foram influenciados (P<0,05) pela suplementação com sal forrageiro de gliricidia. Houve efeito linear crescente (P<0,01) para o consumo de proteína bruta e decrescente (P<0,01) para o consumo de sal mineral em função dos níveis de inclusão de feno de gliricidia no sal forrageiro. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) na digestibilidade dos nutrientes em função da suplementação. O tempo de ruminação e o número de bolos ruminados por dia reduziram (P<0,05), enquanto que as mastigações merícicas por bolo aumentaram (P<0,05). As eficiências de alimentação e ruminação (g MS e FDN hora-1) foram incrementadas (P<0,01) pela suplementação, assim como a eficiência de ruminação (P<0,01), expressa em g de MS e FDN bolo-1. A suplementação com sal forrageiro de gliricidia aumenta o consumo de nutrientes e altera positivamente o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiros.(AU)