Characteristics associated with dietary patterns in Brazilian children under two years of age.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the dietary patterns of Brazilian children under two years of age and assess their association with sociodemographic characteristics and health service use. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS). Patterns were found for two age groups by principal component analysis and their correlation with characteristics of interest was tested by linear regression models. RESULTS: We found two dietary patterns for our groups. The first consisted of the consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods and the second, of ultra-processed foods. The greater adherence of children between six and 11 months to the first pattern was associated with higher per capita family income and urban residences in the most developed regions of Brazil. At 12 months or more, adherence related to white race/color, higher per capita family incomes, residence in more developed regions, and visits to private childcare. Adherence to the second pattern among children under one year of age was inversely associated with Yellow or Indigenous race/color, residence in the Brazilian Northeast, and childcare in specialized public or private services. At 12 months or more, greater adherence was directly associated with Black or Brown children who resided in more developed regions, and inversely associated with those living in the Brazilian Northeast. CONCLUSION: We found two opposite dietary patterns in Brazilian children under two years of age and that several social determinants modify their chance of adhering to these patterns.

Temporal trend of simultaneous risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases: National School Health Survey 2009, 2012, 2015.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of simultaneous occurrence of behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazilian school adolescents. METHODS: Ecological time-series study that analyzed data from the three editions of the National Survey of School Health with students in the 9th year of public and private schools. Cluster analysis was performed to identify the simultaneity of the following factors: irregular consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods, regular consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods, insufficient level of physical activity during leisure time, consumption of alcoholic beverages, use of cigarettes and illicit drugs. The cluster trend was tested using simple linear regression. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 173,310 school adolescents. Sixty-four possible combinations were evaluated, resulting in the formation of six clusters. The grouping formed by all factors showed the highest ratios observed/expected prevalence in the last two years of the series. The highest ratios were observed for combinations in which alcohol and cigarettes were present. These substances integrated five of the six clusters. One of the groups (insufficient level of physical activity during leisure time + consumption of alcoholic beverages + use of cigarettes and illicit drugs) had an upward trend throughout the series. CONCLUSION: The trend analysis showed four out of six clusters remaining stable throughout the series, which shows that the factors are persistently present among school adolescents.

Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS: ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION: Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

Characteristics associated with dietary patterns in Brazilian children under two years of age / Características associadas a padrões alimentares em crianças brasileiras menores de dois anos

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To analyze the dietary patterns of Brazilian children under two years of age and assess their association with sociodemographic characteristics and health service use. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study with data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS). Patterns were found for two age groups by principal component analysis and their correlation with characteristics of interest was tested by linear regression models. RESULTS We found two dietary patterns for our groups. The first consisted of the consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods and the second, of ultra-processed foods. The greater adherence of children between six and 11 months to the first pattern was associated with higher per capita family income and urban residences in the most developed regions of Brazil. At 12 months or more, adherence related to white race/color, higher per capita family incomes, residence in more developed regions, and visits to private childcare. Adherence to the second pattern among children under one year of age was inversely associated with Yellow or Indigenous race/color, residence in the Brazilian Northeast, and childcare in specialized public or private services. At 12 months or more, greater adherence was directly associated with Black or Brown children who resided in more developed regions, and inversely associated with those living in the Brazilian Northeast. CONCLUSION We found two opposite dietary patterns in Brazilian children under two years of age and that several social determinants modify their chance of adhering to these patterns.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar padrões alimentares de crianças brasileiras menores de dois anos e verificar a sua associação com características sociodemográficas e de utilização de serviços de saúde. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. A identificação dos padrões foi realizada em dois grupos etários por meio da análise fatorial por componentes principais e a correlação às características de interesse, testada por meio de modelos de regressão linear. RESULTADOS Em ambos os grupos foram identificados dois padrões alimentares: o primeiro foi caracterizado pelo consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processado e o segundo marcado somente pelo consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. A maior adesão das crianças entre seis e 11 meses ao primeiro padrão foi associada à maior renda familiar per capita, residência em área urbana e nas regiões mais desenvolvidas do país. Com 12 meses ou mais, a adesão foi relacionada com a raça/cor branca, maior renda familiar per capita, residência nas regiões mais desenvolvidas e realizar consultas de puericultura em serviços privados. No segundo padrão, a aderência entre os menores de um ano foi inversamente associada com raça/cor amarela ou indígena, residência na região Nordeste e realização de puericultura nos serviços públicos especializados ou nos privados. A partir dos 12 meses, a adesão foi diretamente associada com raça/cor preta ou parda e residência nas regiões mais desenvolvidas, e inversamente associada com residência na região Nordeste. CONCLUSÃO O estudo identificou dois padrões alimentares opostos em crianças brasileiras menores de dois anos, sendo que diferentes determinantes sociais modificam a chance de adesão a esses padrões.

Temporal trend of simultaneous risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases: National School Health Survey 2009, 2012, 2015 / Tendência temporal dos fatores de risco simultâneos para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis: Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2009, 2012, 2015

ABSTRACT: Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of simultaneous occurrence of behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in Brazilian school adolescents. Methods: Ecological time-series study that analyzed data from the three editions of the National Survey of School Health with students in the 9th year of public and private schools. Cluster analysis was performed to identify the simultaneity of the following factors: irregular consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods, regular consumption of processed and ultra-processed foods, insufficient level of physical activity during leisure time, consumption of alcoholic beverages, use of cigarettes and illicit drugs. The cluster trend was tested using simple linear regression. Results: The sample was composed of 173,310 school adolescents. Sixty-four possible combinations were evaluated, resulting in the formation of six clusters. The grouping formed by all factors showed the highest ratios observed/expected prevalence in the last two years of the series. The highest ratios were observed for combinations in which alcohol and cigarettes were present. These substances integrated five of the six clusters. One of the groups (insufficient level of physical activity during leisure time + consumption of alcoholic beverages + use of cigarettes and illicit drugs) had an upward trend throughout the series. Conclusion: The trend analysis showed four out of six clusters remaining stable throughout the series, which shows that the factors are persistently present among school adolescents.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal da ocorrência simultânea de fatores de risco comportamentais para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis em adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de série temporal, que analisou os dados das três edições da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar dos alunos do 9º ano de escolas públicas e privadas. Realizou-se a análise de cluster para a identificação da simultaneidade dos seguintes fatores: consumo irregular de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados, consumo regular de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, nível insuficiente de atividade física no lazer, consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, uso de cigarro e de drogas ilícitas. A tendência dos clusters foi testada utilizando-se regressão linear simples. Resultados: A amostra constituiu-se de 173.310 escolares. Sessenta e quatro possíveis combinações foram avaliadas, havendo a formação de seis clusters. O agrupamento formado por todos os fatores apresentou as maiores razões entre prevalências observadas e esperadas para os dois últimos anos da série. As maiores razões foram verificadas para as combinações em que estavam presentes o álcool e o cigarro. Além disso, essas substâncias integraram cinco dos seis clusters. Um dos agrupamentos (nível insuficiente de atividade física no lazer + consumo de bebidas alcóolicas + uso de cigarro e drogas ilícitas) apresentou tendência crescente durante toda a série. Conclusão: A análise de tendência constatou que quatro de seis clusters mantiveram-se estáveis durante toda a série, demonstrando que os fatores continuam presentes de forma persistente entre os adolescentes escolares.

Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí / Plano de amostragem e aspectos metodológicos: inquérito de saúde domiciliar no Piauí

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de "não-resposta" (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

Sampling plan and methodological aspects: a household healthcare survey in Piauí / Plano de amostragem e aspectos metodológicos: inquérito de saúde domiciliar no Piauí

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the methodological aspects of the Piauí home healthcare survey (ISAD-PI) and assess the relation between sampling plan, precision, and design effects, assuming that population health surveys are relevant instruments for health monitoring. METHODS ISAD-PI was a population-based cross-sectional study that analyzed the living conditions and health status of the population residing in urban areas in the municipalities of Teresina and Picos, in Piauí. Sampling was carried out by conglomerates in two stages: Primary Sampling Units and households. To calculate the sample size, we considered the stratification of the population in both cities, according to the age of the individuals. We evaluated the "non-response" rate (NRR) and estimated the proportions according to sex and age, as well as the prevalence of social determinants of health in order to assess the compliance of the sampling plan. Analyses related to the precision according to the coefficient of proportion variation of the standard error (Cv-pˆ) and the design effect (deff). Cv-pˆ less than 20% and deff less than 1.5 were considered adequate. The total NRR of households was 38.2% in Teresina and 38.3% in Picos. We carried out twenty-four proportion estimates in relation to age and sex and 48 prevalence of social and health determinants estimates, totaling 72 estimates. Among them, 71 had Cv-pˆ less than 20% and 61 had deff less than or equal to 1.5. CONCLUSION Data generated from the ISAD-PI may contribute to the assessment of health and morbidity conditions in the population. Furthermore, methodological aspects employed in this research may serve as a basis for studies carried out in other cities in Brazil.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever os aspectos metodológicos do Inquérito de Saúde Domiciliar no Piauí (ISAD-PI), bem como avaliar a conformidade do plano amostral em relação à precisão e aos efeitos do desenho, dado que os inquéritos populacionais de saúde constituem instrumentos importantes para o monitoramento da situação de saúde da população. MÉTODOS O ISAD-PI foi um estudo de base populacional, transversal, que analisou as condições de vida e situação de saúde da população residente nas áreas urbanas dos municípios de Teresina e Picos, no Piauí. A amostragem foi realizada por conglomerados, em dois estágios: Unidades Primárias de Amostragem e domicílios. Para o cálculo do tamanho da amostra, considerou-se a estratificação da população de ambas as cidades, de acordo com a idade dos indivíduos, para ambos os sexos. Para avaliação da conformidade do plano amostral, foi avaliada a taxa de "não-resposta" (TNR) e, além disso, as estimativas de proporções segundo sexo e idade, bem como as prevalências de determinantes sociais de saúde, que foram analisadas em relação à precisão por meio do coeficiente de variação da proporção do erro padrão (Cv-pˆ) e do efeito do delineamento (deff). Foram considerados adequados Cv-pˆ menores que 20%, e deff menores que 1,5. A TNR-Total dos domicílios foi de 38,2% em Teresina e de 38,3% em Picos. Foram realizadas 24 estimativas de proporção em relação à idade e ao sexo e 48 estimativas de prevalência de determinantes sociais e de saúde, totalizando 72 estimativas, das quais 71 apresentaram Cv-pˆ menor que 20% e 61 apresentaram deff menor ou igual a 1,5. CONCLUSÃO Dados gerados a partir do ISAD-PI poderão contribuir para a avaliação das condições de saúde e morbidade na população. Ademais, aspectos metodológicos empregados nesta pesquisa poderão servir de base para estudos realizados em outras cidades do Brasil.

An analysis of risk factors for arterial hypertension in adolescent students.

The objective of the study was to evaluate some risk factors for increases in systemic arterial blood pressure. This transversal study was carried out with 145 individuals from 12 to 18 years of age at two state schools in the city of Pico in the state of Piauí in Brazil. The majority were female (62.8%). The median age was 14.8 years (±3.19). It was ascertained that 13 of the subjects (9.0%) were overweight [CI% 73.0-86.0]. Elevations in waist circumference were found in 31 (21.4%) and 76 (52.4%) had elevated arterial blood levels. There was no statistically-significant association between the above-cited risk factors and gender (p=0.088; 0.999; 0.204, respectively). However, 44.8% of the adolescents had at least one risk factor associated with arterial hypertension; 15.9% had two, and 2.1% had three. The study confirms the influence of the risk factors on arterial pressure values among adolescents. Being aware of these factors means that nurses can intervene with health education measures.

Gordura corporal e síndrome metabólica em adolescentes / Body fat and metabolic syndrome in adolescents

Objetivo: determinar a frequência de componentes da síndrome metabólica e analisar a associação com a gordura corporal em adolescentes. Metodologia: estudo transversal com 716 adolescentes de escolas públicas. Na coleta de dados, utilizou-se formulário contendo dados socioeconômicos, antropométricos e metabólicos. Na análise dos dados aplicaram-se os testes de t de Student e correlação linear de Pearson. Resultados: a síndrome metabólica foi encontrada em 3,2% da amostra. A comparação de médias das variáveis antropométricas de acordo com a presença ou ausência da síndrome mostrou que em ambos os casos as médias foram superiores entre os adolescentes com a síndrome (p=0,000). A circunferência abdominal esteve correlacionada forte e significativamente com o índice de massa corporal, circunferência do pescoço e percentual de gordura. Conclusão: existe uma relação positiva entre a Síndrome Metabólica e os marcadores de gordura corporal analisados, de modo que a circunferência do pescoço demonstrou maior força nas associações.

Objective: to determine the frequency of components of the metabolic syndrome and to analyze the association with body fat in adolescents. Methodology: is is across-sectional study with 716 adolescents of public schools. In the data collection, a form containing socioeconomic, anthropometric and metabolic data was used. Student's t test and Pearson's linear correlation were applied to the data analysis. Results: metabolic syndrome was found in 3.2% of the sample. The comparison of means of the anthropometric variables according to the presence or absence of the syndrome showed that in both cases the means were higher among the adolescents with the syndrome (p=0.000). Abdominal circumference was strongly and significantly correlated with body mass index, neck circumference and fat percentage. Conclusion: there is a positive relationship between the Metabolic Syndrome and the body fat markers analyzed, so that the neck circumference showed greater strength in the associations.

Identification and analysis of antinutritional factors in possible interactions between medications and food/nutrients in hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the presence of antinutritional factors in possible interactions between medications and foods/ nutrients of the diets prescribed for patients of the Hospital Regional Justino Luz, in the city of Picos (PI) in order to suggest their likely mechanisms. METHODS: The sample was made up of 120 medical records of hospitalized patients. The charts were analyzed to verify the presence or absence of interactions between medications and foods/nutrients of the diets prescribed to the patients at the Hospital Regional Justino Luz, emphasizing the action of antinutritional factors in these interactions. RESULTS: Of the 189 medications prescribed, 128 (67.7%) had a possible interaction with food, totaling up 98 possible interactions between nutrients/foods and medications. Therefore, 20 (20.4%), 12 (12.2%) and 11 (11.2%) possible interactions were identified with captopril, acetylsalicylic acid and spironolactone, respectively, representing, in this order, the greatest frequencies of possible interactions among drugs and foods. A total of nine antinutritional factors were found in seven vegetable foods prescribed to inpatients, in which five (55.6%) were capable of interacting with the medications. Phytates and tannins had the largest quantity of possible interactions with drugs, each with 4 (26.7%) in a total of 15 interactions. The medications aluminum hydroxide, digoxin, and paracetamol attained greater probability of interaction with antinutrients, with 5 (33.3%), 3 (20%) and 3 (20%) interactions, respectively. CONCLUSION: Due to the large quantity of antinutritional factors capable of interacting with drugs prescribed for inpatients, the involvement of a multiprofessional team is indispensable so that these possible interactions between foods, antinutritional factors and drugs might be foreseen, detected, and resolved.

Fatores de risco associados ao desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica em crianças e adolescentes / Risk factors associated with the development of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a frequência de fatores de risco cardiovascular, entre crianças e adolescentes, e sua associação com a síndrome metabólica. Métodos Estudo analítico e quantitativo em uma amostra estratificada de 421 crianças e adolescentes de 9 a 19 anos selecionados por amostragem aleatória simples em 12 escolas públicas municipais localizadas na Região Nordeste do Brasil. Investigaram-se os fatores sedentarismo e excesso ponderal. A síndrome metabólica foi identificada a partir dos critérios adaptados para a idade. Resultados Houve prevalência de 4,1% de síndrome metabólica. Eram sedentários 30,2% e 20,5% apresentaram excesso ponderal, sendo que valores mais elevados de índice de massa corporal estiveram associados à presença de síndrome. Pressão arterial média, triglicerídeos, glicemia e circunferência abdominal estavam aumentados em 11,9%, 20,9%, 0,5%, 8,6% dos investigados, respectivamente; 26,1% apresentaram HDL-c baixo. Conclusão Parcela substancial dos envolvidos apresentou fatores de risco avaliados, bem como associação do excesso ponderal com componentes da síndrome.

Abstract Objective To analyze the frequency of cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents, and their association with metabolic syndrome. Methods This was an analytical, quantitative study using a stratified sample of 421 children and adolescents from 9 - 19 years of age, selected by simple random sampling in 12 municipal public schools located in the Northeast region of Brazil. Physical inactivity and weight excess were the factors investigated. Metabolic syndrome was identified based on the adopted criteria for age. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 4.1%; sedentary lifestyle was 30.2%; and weight excess was 20.5%. Higher values of body mass index were associated with the presence of the syndrome. Mean blood pressure, triglycerides, blood glucose, and waist circumference were increased in 11.9%, 20.9%, 0.5%, 8.6% of the sample, respectively; 26.1% presented low HDL-c. Conclusion A substantial portion of those involved presented the risk factors assessed, as well as weight excess association with the components of the syndrome.

Padrões de comportamentos de risco e de proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na população adulta e infantil do Brasil / Patterns of risk and protective behaviors for chronic non-communicable diseases in the adult and child population of Brazil

Introdução: As doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) são um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública e causam milhões de óbitos no mundo todos os anos. Frequentemente observadas entre adultos, essas doenças podem iniciar ainda na adolescência ou na infância, ou estão relacionados aos comportamentos adquiridos em fases iniciais da vida. Em geral, a avaliação dos fatores de risco e de proteção associados às DCNT é realizada de forma isolada, no entanto, sabe-se que o comportamento é multideterminado e uma avaliação individual de cada fator pode não refletir o risco real dos indivíduos. Objetivo: Analisar padrões comportamentais de fatores de risco e de proteção para doenças crônicas não transmissíveis na população adulta e infantil no Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal, de base populacional domiciliar, que utiliza dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), conduzida pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) em parceria com o Ministério da Saúde. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de agosto de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014, em uma amostra representativa da população brasileira de moradores com 18 anos ou mais de idade e de crianças menores de dois anos. Um total de 60.202 adultos e de 3.646 crianças entre seis e 23 meses de idade foi avaliado. Foram utilizadas informações sobre alimentação, atividade física, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, características sociodemográficas e de utilização de serviços de saúde. Em ambos os grupos, foi realizada análise fatorial por componentes principais para identificar os padrões comportamentais, sendo que nas crianças foram avaliados padrões alimentares, e nos adultos foram estudados padrões a partir de uma lista de fatores de risco e proteção para DCNT (alimentação, atividade física, consumo de álcool e tabagismo). A associação entre os padrões encontrados e as características de cada grupo etário foi avaliada usando modelos de regressão linear. Resultados: Em crianças, dois padrões alimentares foram observados, onde o primeiro foi caracterizado pelo consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processado e o segundo marcado somente pelo consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. De forma geral, características como raça/cor, renda familiar per capita, área de residência, região do País e utilização de serviços de saúde podem determinar a maior adesão ao tipo de padrão alimentar da criança. Em adultos, foram identificados dois padrões comportamentais: um "padrão de proteção", caracterizado por marcadores de uma alimentação saudável e prática recomendada de atividade física durante o tempo de lazer, e um "padrão de risco" formado pelo consumo de alimentos não saudáveis, ingestão abusiva de bebidas alcoólicas e tabagismo. A adesão ao padrão de proteção esteve associada às mulheres, brancas, mais velhas, com maior escolaridade, economicamente ativas e que residiam nas zonas urbanas do país. O padrão de risco se associou com homens, mais jovens e economicamente ativos das zonas urbanas do país. Conclusão: Padrões comportamentais opostos, determinados por fatores saudáveis e não saudáveis, foram identificados em dois grupos etários da população brasileira e apresentaram diferenças segundo as características sociodemográficas e de utilização de serviços de saúde. Espera-se que esses achados contribuam para melhor direcionar a promoção da saúde e a prevenção de DCNT nesses grupos.

Introduction: Chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the biggest public health problems and cause millions of deaths in the world every year. Often observed among adults, these diseases can start still in adolescence or childhood, or are related to behaviors acquired in early life. In general, the assessment of risk and protective factors associated with NCDs is carried out in isolation, however, it is known that the behavior is multidetermined and an individual assessment of each factor may not reflect the real risk of individuals. Objective: Analyze behavioral patterns of risk and protective factors for chronic non-communicable diseases in the adult and child population in Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional, populationbased study, that uses secondary data from the National Health Survey (PNS), conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) in partnership with the Ministry of Health. Data collection took place from August 2013 to February 2014, in a representative sample of the Brazilian population of residents aged 18 and over and of children under two years. A total of 60,202 adults and 3,646 children between six and 23 months of age were assessed. Information on diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, sociodemographic characteristics and the use of health services were used. In both groups, factor analysis by main components was carried out to identify behavioral patterns, being that in children, dietary patterns were evaluated, and in adults, patterns were studied from a list of risk and protective factors for NCDs (diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption and smoking). The association between the patterns found and the characteristics of each age group was assessed using linear regression models. Results: In children, two eating patterns were observed, where the first was characterized by the consumption of natural or minimally processed foods and the second marked only by the consumption of ultra-processed foods. In general, characteristics such as race/color, family income per capita, area of residence, region of the country and use of health services can determine the greater adherence to the type of child's eating pattern. In adults, two behavioral patterns were identified: a "protection standard", characterized by healthy eating markers and recommended physical activity during leisure time, and a "risk pattern" formed by the consumption of unhealthy foods, abusive intake of alcoholic beverages and smoking. Adherence to the standard of protection was associated with women, white, older, more educated, economically active and living in urban areas of the country. The risk pattern was associated with men, younger and economically active in urban areas of the country. Conclusion: Opposite behavioral patterns, determined by healthy and unhealthy factors, were identified in two age groups of the Brazilian population and showed differences according to sociodemographic characteristics and use of health services. These findings are expected to contribute to better targeting health promotion and the prevention of CNCD in these groups.

Analysis of possible food/nutrient and drug interactions in hospitalized patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prescription in relation to the possible interactions between drugs and foods/nutrients in the diets of patients in the Hospital Regional Justino Luz in the municipality of Picos, Piauí, Brazil. METHODS: The sample consisted of 60 medical records of patients admitted at the hospital. The records were analyzed according to the presence or absence of interactions between drugs and foods/nutrients of the prescribed diets. RESULTS: Of the 82 drugs prescribed in all periods, there were 16 drugs (19.5%) with possible interaction with food, a total of 60 interactions between nutrient/food and medicine. Thus, 18 (30%), 10 (17%) and 8 (13%) possible interactions were identified with captopril (cardiovascular drug) with acetylsalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory) and spironolactone (diuretic), respectively representing the highest numbers of interactions among the classes of investigated drugs. It was also found that the total interactions between food/nutrients and drugs, 32 (53%) accounted for interactions with cardiovascular drugs, 13 (22%) with anti-inflammatory drugs, 11 (18%) with diuretic agents e 4 (7%) with drugs that act on the digestive tract. CONCLUSION: There was a high number of interactions between food/nutrients and medicines emphasizing the need for prior knowledge of these interactions as a way to avoid impairment in the treatment, longer hospital stays and/or damage to the nutritional status of the patients.

Prevalência de hipertensão arterial e seus fatores de risco em adolescentes / Prevalence of arterial hypertension and risk factors in adolescents

Avaliar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e fatores de risco associados entre adolescentes. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 211 adolescentes escolares. Foi avaliada a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e verificada a relação desta com o excesso de peso, atividade física e glicemia capilar. Resultados A prevalência de hipertensão arterial foi de 13,7%. Não foram observadas associações da pressão arterial elevada com o excesso de peso e níveis de atividade física. Os adolescentes com glicemia capilar elevada apresentaram maiores chances de desenvolver a hipertensão arterial. Conclusão Os adolescentes apresentaram elevada prevalência de hipertensão arterial. Os casos de hipertensão foram associados apenas com a glicemia capilar elevada...

Objective To assess the prevalence of arterial hypertension and the risk factors associated with it among adolescents. Methods Cross-sectional study developed with 211 adolescent students. The prevalence of arterial hypertension was assessed and its relationship with weight excess, physical activity and capillary glucose was verified. Results The prevalence of arterial hypertension was 13.7%. No association was found between high blood pressure and weight excess and levels of physical activity. Adolescents with high capillary glucose presented greater chances of developing arterial hypertension. Conclusion The studied adolescents presented a high prevalence of arterial hypertension. The cases of hypertension were only associated with high capillary glucose...

Qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde de pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Related quality of life health of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objetivou-se avaliar a Qualidade de Vida Relacionada à Saúde de pessoas com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Pesquisa transversal realizada com 100 diabéticos. A coleta dos dados foi realizada nos meses de março e abril de 2012, em duas equipes da Estratégia Saúde da Família de Picos, PI, Brasil por meio de entrevista individual. Aplicou-se um formulário contendo variáveis socioeconômicas, clínicas e o Medical Outcomes Study 36 – Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). As médias entre os componentes do SF-36 variaram de 34,8 (Aspectos físicos) a 72,0 (Saúde mental). Houve associação estatisticamente significante da dor e capacidade funcional com o sexo, bem como, da capacidade funcional e aspectos emocionais com a atividade física (p<0,05). Conclui-se que os participantes apresentaram uma melhor avaliação na qualidade de vida nas dimensões que integram o componente mental.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of life related to the health of people with diabetes mellitus type2. It was a cross-sectional research conducted with 100 diabetics. Data collection was conducted during March and April2012 with two teams of the Family Health Strategy in Picos, PI, Brazil through individual interviews. A form containingsocioeconomic, clinical and the Medical Outcomes Study 36 – Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The average amongthe participants of the SF-36 ranged from 34.8 (physical aspects) to 72.0 (mental health). There was a statistically significantassociation between pain and functional capacity with sex, as well as functional capacity and emotional aspects with physicalactivity (p <0.05). It was concluded that the participants had a better quality of life in the assessment in the dimensions thatcomprise mental components...

El objetivo fue evaluar la Calidad de Vida Relacionada a la Salud de personas con Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2. Investigacióntransversal, realizada con 100 diabéticos. La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo entre marzo y abril de 2012, en dosequipos de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia de Picos, PI, Brasil, a través de entrevista individual. Se aplicó formulario convariables socioeconómicas, clínicas y el Medical Outcomes Study 36 – Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). El promedioentre los componentes del SF-36 osciló de 34,8 (Aspectos físicos) a 72,0 (Salud mental). Hubo asociación estadísticamentesignificativa del dolor y la capacidad funcional con el sexo, así como de la capacidad funcional y los aspectos emocionalescon la actividad física (p <0,05). En conclusión, los participantes presentaron mejor evaluación en la calidad de vida en lasdimensiones que integran el componente mental...

An analysis of risk factors for arterial hypertension in adolescent students / Análise de fatores de risco para hipertensão arterial em adolescentes escolares / Análisis de los factores de riesgo para hipertensión arterial en adolescentes escolares

The objective of the study was to evaluate some risk factors for increases in systemic arterial blood pressure. This transversal study was carried out with 145 individuals from 12 to18 years of age at two state schools in the city of Pico in the state of Piauí in Brazil. The majority were female (62.8%). The median age was 14.8 years (±3.19). It was ascertained that 13 of the subjects (9.0%) were overweight [CI% 73.0-86.0]. Elevations in waist circumference were found in 31 (21.4%) and 76 (52.4%) had elevated arterial blood levels. There was no statistically-significant association between the above-cited risk factors and gender (p=0.088; 0.999; 0.204, respectively). However, 44.8% of the adolescents had at least one risk factor associated with arterial hypertension; 15.9% had two, and 2.1% had three. The study confirms the influence of the risk factors on arterial pressure values among adolescents. Being aware of these factors means that nurses can intervene with health education measures.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar alguns fatores de risco para aumento dos níveis de pressão arterial sistêmica. Trata-se de estudo transversal, desenvolvido com 145 indivíduos de 12 a 18 anos, de duas escolas públicas da cidade de Picos, PI. A maioria era composta por mulheres (62,8%). A média de idade foi de 14,8 anos (±3,19). Verificou-se que 13 (9,0%) apresentavam excesso de peso [IC% 73,0-86,0]. Elevações da circunferência abdominal foram encontradas em 31 (21,4%), e 76 (52,4%) tinham elevação nos níveis de pressão arterial. Não houve associação estatisticamente significante dos fatores de risco investigados citados anteriormente com o sexo (p=0,088; 0,999; 0,204, respectivamente). No entanto, 44,8% dos adolescentes tinham pelo menos um fator, 15,9% dois e 2,1%, três fatores associados indicativos de hipertensão arterial. Confirma-se a influência de fatores de risco sobre os valores da pressão arterial em adolescentes. Diante do conhecimento desses fatores, a enfermagem poderá intervir com medidas de educação em saúde.

El objetivo fue evaluar de los algunos factores de riesgo para aumento de los niveles de presión arterial sistémica. Estudio transversal con 145 personas de 12 a 18 años de dos escuelas públicas de la ciudad de Picos-PI. La mayoría eran mujeres (62,8%). La edad media fue de 14,8 años (±3.19). Se encontró 13 (9,0%) tenían exceso de peso [IC% 73,0 a 86,0]. Elevaciones de la circunferencia de cintura se encontraron en 31 (21,4%) y 76 (52,4%) con niveles elevados de presión arterial. No hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa de los factores de riesgo mencionados anteriormente investigado con el sexo (p=0,088, 0,999, 0,204, respectivamente). Sin embargo, 44,8% de los jóvenes tenían al menos un factor; 15,9% dos y 2,1% tres factores relacionados con la hipertensión. Confirma la influencia de factores de riesgo en los valores de presión arterial en la juventud. Delante del conocimiento de estos factores, la enfermería podrá intervenir con medidas de educación en salud.

Identificação e análise dos fatores antinutricionais nas possíveis interações entre medicamentos e alimento/nutrientes em pacientes hospitalizados / Identification and analysis of antinutritional factors in possible interactions between medications and food/nutrients in hospitalized patients

Objective: To identify and analyze the presence of antinutritional factors in possible interactions between medications and foods/nutrients of the diets prescribed for patients of the Hospital Regional Justino Luz, in the city of Picos (PI) in order to suggest their likely mechanisms. Methods: The sample was made up of 120 medical records of hospitalized patients. The charts were analyzed to verify the presence or absence of interactions between medications and foods/nutrients of the diets prescribed to the patients at the Hospital Regional Justino Luz, emphasizing the action of antinutritional factors in these interactions. Results: Of the 189 medications prescribed, 128 (67.7%) had a possible interaction with food, totaling up 98 possible interactions between nutrients/foods and medications. Therefore, 20 (20.4%), 12 (12.2%) and 11 (11.2%) possible interactions were identified with captopril, acetylsalicylic acid and spironolactone, respectively, representing, in this order, the greatest frequencies of possible interactions among drugs and foods. A total of nine antinutritional factors were found in seven vegetable foods prescribed to inpatients, in which five (55.6%) were capable of interacting with the medications. Phytates and tannins had the largest quantity of possible interactions with drugs, each with 4 (26.7%) in a total of 15 interactions. The medications aluminum hydroxide, digoxin, and paracetamol attained greater probability of interaction with antinutrients, with 5 (33.3%), 3 (20%) and 3 (20%) interactions, respectively. Conclusion: Due to the large quantity of antinutritional factors capable of interacting with drugs prescribed for inpatients, the involvement of a multiprofessional team is indispensable so that these possible interactions between foods, antinutritional factors and drugs might be foreseen, detected, and resolved.

Analysis of possible food/nutrient and drug interactions in hospitalized patients / Análise das possíveis interações entre medicamentos e alimento/nutrientes em pacientes hospitalizados

Objective: To evaluate the prescription in relation to the possible interactions between drugs and foods/nutrients of the diets of patients in the Hospital Regional Justino Luz in the municipality of Picos, Piauí, Brazil. Methods: The sample consisted of 60 medical records of patients admitted at the hospital. The records were analyzed according to the presence or absence of interactions between drugs and foods/nutrients of the prescribed diets. Results: Of the 82 drugs prescribed in all periods, there were 16 drugs (19.5%) with possible interaction with food, a total of 60 interactions between nutrient/food and medicine. Thus, 18 (30%), 10 (17%) and 8 (13%) possible interactions were identified with captopril (cardiovascular drug) with acetylsalicylic acid (anti-inflammatory) and spironolactone (diuretic), respectively representing the highest numbers of interactions among the classes of investigated drugs. It was also found that the total interactions between food/nutrients and drugs, 32 (53%) accounted for interactions with cardiovascular drugs, 13 (22%) with anti-inflammatory drugs, 11 (18%) with diuretic agents e 4 (7%) with drugs that act on the digestive tract. Conclusion: There was a high number of interactions between food/nutrients and medicines emphasizing the need for prior knowledge of these interactions as a way to avoid impairment in the treatment, longer hospital stays and/or damage to the nutritional status of the patients.

Objetivos: Avaliar as possíveis interações entre os medicamentos e os alimentos/nutrientes das dietas de pacientes do Hospital Regional Justino Luz do município de Picos, Piauí. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída por 60 prontuários médicos de pacientes internados analisados para verificar a presença ou não de interações entre os medicamentos e os alimentos/nutrientes das dietas prescritas. Resultados: Dos 82 medicamentos prescritos, em todos os períodos, havia 16 (19,5%) com possível interação com a alimentação, totalizando 60 interações entre nutriente/alimentos e medicamentos. Assim, foram identificadas 18 (30%), 10 (17%) e 8 (13%) possíveis interações com o captopril (droga cardiovascular), com o ácido acetilsalicílico (anti-inflamatório) e com a espironolactona (diurético), respectivamente, representando as maiores frequências de interações entre as classes farmacológicas investigadas. Detectou-se também que, do total das interações entre alimentos/nutrientes e medicamentos, 32 (53%) corresponderam a interações com drogas cardiovasculares; 13 (22%) com fármacos anti-inflamatórios, 11 (18%) com agentes diuréticos e 4 (7%) com fármacos que atuam sobre o trato digestório. Conclusão: Verificou-se um alto número de interações entre alimentos/nutrientes e medicamentos, reforçando a necessidade do conhecimento prévio dessas interações para que não haja prejuízo no tratamento, aumento do tempo de internação e/ou danos ao estado nutricional dos pacientes.