Effects of iodine supplementation on thyroid function parameter: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Supplementation is an alternative with potential benefits for the prevention of iodine deficiency in pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of iodine supplementation on maternal thyroid hormone concentrations and iodine status during and/or before pregnancy. METHODS: The review was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA). The search was conducted in the databases: Cochrane, Embase, Pubmed/MEDLINE and Scopus. Studies involving pregnant women of all trimesters who received oral iodine supplementation were included. Study selection was performed in the Rayyan program. Risk of bias was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Meta-analysis was performed in R software version 4.0.4. RESULTS: Eleven articles with low and moderate risk of bias were included. According to the results of the meta-analysis, supplementation of 200 µg/day of iodine was able to change urinary iodine concentration during pregnancy, thus contributing to adequate intake. When evaluating the period when the intervention started, the best time to start supplementation was prior to pregnancy or in early pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Daily iodine supplementation had satisfactory effects on iodine status and maternal thyroid hormone concentrations. Although supplementation with 200 µg showed positive effects on iodine status in pregnancy, some studies showed no effect. Prospero Registration: CRD42021249307 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=249307).

Healthy Eating Index: Assessment of the Diet Quality of a Brazilian Elderly Population.

BACKGROUND: The food consumption assessment is necessary to monitor elderly's nutritional status because it allows detecting nutrition deficits and guiding the elaboration of effective conducts. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to assess the global quality of the elderly's diet in Viçosa-MG, Brazil. METHODS: This is a population-based cross-sectional study, involving noninstitutionalized elderly. Diet quality was assessed through the Brazilian Healthy Eating Index-Revised (BHEI-R) validated to the Brazilian population. RESULTS: The study comprised 620 elderly individuals. The mean total BHEI-R score was 64.28. The worse consumption scores concerned the components Whole grains, Milk and derivatives, Sodium, Total fruit, and Whole fruit. Approximately 82% scored zero (0%) for Whole grains and 67% for Sodium. Men presented significantly lower scores than women, who have presented maximal score in the same items. Women's scores were not only significantly higher for Total fruit, Whole fruit, Milk and derivatives, but also significantly lower for Saturated fat. DISCUSSION: Most elderly need to improve their diet quality. Strategies heading toward the improvement of diet quality must be priority in policies to health promotion toward the healthy and active aging.

[Secular trends in growth in male adolescents: height and weight gains, nutritional state and relation with education]. / Tendência secular do crescimento em adolescentes do sexo masculino: ganho estatural e ponderal, estado nutricional e sua relação com a escolaridade.

This work aimed at characterizing the modifications in adolescents nutritional status, growth evolution and education along time and the correlation with the height, weight and body mass index. Data came from 2616 male adolescents soldiers between 17 and 19 years old enlisted for Armed Services in the city of Viçosa-Minas Gerais, Brazil, between 1995 and 2004. There was a positive secular trend for height and weight, with a 4cm and 3kg median increment, respectively, along time. There was a reduction from 28.0% to 11.6% on the prevalence of short stature in the period. It was estimated positive correlation (p < 0.05) between education and stature, weight and BMI. The prevalence of weight excess (risk of overweight and overweight) increased from 7.1% (1995) to 9.1% (2004). Although it was observed positive secular trend for stature and weight, it was not sufficient to reach the median of the National Center for Health Statistics/Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Weight excess and short stature prevalence must be monitored, being necessary the implementation of measures that focus to prevent these disturbance and aim at reaching or maintaining an adequate nutritional state for future generations.

ANTHROPOMETRIC DIFFERENCES RELATED TO GENDERS AND AGE IN THE ELDERLY.

INTRODUCTION: anthropometry facilitates the evaluation of the risks associated with reduced lean body mass, as well as of excess adiposity. However, very little is known regarding the anthropometric standards among the elderly and the differences observed between the genders and among the various age groups Objective: to compare indicators and indices anthropometrics of the elderly by gender and age group. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was undertaken using a representative probability sample, involving 621 elderly. We evaluated the weight, height, circumferences (waist, hip, calf and arm); body mass index, body adiposity index, waist-hip ratio and waist-stature ratio. RESULTS: women were found to have a higher mean body mass index, waist-stature ratio, body adiposity index and arm circumference (p < 0.001), whereas men had higher values for weight, height and waist-hip ratio (p < 0.001). The average arm and calf circumference, however, did not differ between the genders (p > 0.05). Weight, and calf and arm circumferences were observed to be lower in the older age groups (p < 0.001) and the same was true for the body mass index and height only in men (p < 0.05). The waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body adiposity index and waist-stature ratio did not differ among the age groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: the total and peripheral body mass, for the men, in particular, was lower among the older subjects. Central adiposity did not differ among the age groups in both the genders.

Introducción: la antropometría facilita la evaluación de los riesgos asociados con la masa corporal magra reducida, así como con el exceso de adiposidad. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco acerca de las diferencias antropométricas observadas entre los géneros y entre los grupos de edad en los ancianos. Objetivo: comparar indicadores e índices antropométricos de los ancianos por género y grupo de edad. Métodos: estudio transversal, con una muestra de 621 ancianos. Se evaluó el peso, la talla, circunferencias (cintura, cadera, pantorrilla y brazo), índice de masa corporal, índice de adiposidad corporal, relación cintura-cadera y cintura-talla. Resultados: se encontró que las mujeres tienen un promedio mayor de índice de masa corporal, relación cintura- talla, índice de adiposidad corporal y circunferencia del brazo (p < 0,001); mientras que los hombres presentaron mayores valores para el peso, la talla y la relación cintura-cadera (p < 0,001). Las circunferencias de brazo y pantorrilla, sin embargo, no fueron diferentes entre los géneros (p > 0,05). Se observaron peso y circunferencias de pantorrilla y brazo menores en los grupos de mayor edad (p < 0,001) y lo mismo sucedió para el índice de masa corporal y la talla solo en los hombres (p < 0,05). La circunferencia de cintura, índice de adiposidad corporal, relación cintura-cadera y cintura-talla no fue diferente entre los grupos de edad (p > 0,05). Conclusión: la masa corporal total y periférica, para los hombres, en particular, fue menor entre los sujetos de mayor edad. La adiposidad central no fue diferente entre los grupos de edad en ambos géneros.

Inflammatory markers in relation to body composition, physical activity and assessment of nutritional status of the adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The evaluation of inflammatory markers during adolescence can monitor different stages and manifestation of chronic diseases in adulthood. The control of the subclinical inflammation process through changes in lifestyle, especially in the practice of physical activity and dietary education can mitigate the effects of risk factors that trigger the process of atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE: To do a critical review regarding inflammatory markers as a risk factor of cardiovascular disease in relation to body composition, physical activity and assessment of nutritional status of adolescents. METHODS: A literature review was performed in the following electronic databases: PUBMED, SCIELO and CONCHRANE COLLECTION. The following associated terms were used "inflammation AND cardiovascular diseases AND nutritional status OR body composition OR physical activity". There were topics created for the discussion of subjects: obesity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease during adolescence; expression of inflammatory markers in adolescence; development of cardiovascular disease with inflammatory markers, and finally, inflammatory markers, physical activity and nutritional evaluation. RESULTS: It was observed that the inflammatory markers may manifest in adolescence and be related to risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity and nutritional evaluation featured as non-pharmacological measures to control the incidence of inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: Intervention studies may clarify how the adoption of a more proper lifestyle can influence the inflammatory process.

Introducción: La evaluación de los marcadores inflamatorios en la adolescencia puede monitorear diferentes etapas y manifestación de las enfermedades crónicas en la edad adulta. El control del proceso de inflamación subclínica mediante cambios en el estilo de vida, especialmente en la práctica de la actividad física y la educación dietética puede mitigar los efectos de los factores de riesgo que desencadenan el proceso de la aterosclerosis. Objetivo: Hacer una revisión crítica sobre los marcadores inflamatorios como un factor de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en relación con la composición corporal, la actividad física y la evaluación del estado nutricional de los adolescentes. Métodos: Una revisión de la literatura se realizó en las siguientes bases de datos electrónicas: PUBMED, SCIELO y COLECCIÓN CONCHRANE. Los siguientes términos asociados se utilizaron "composición de la inflamación y las enfermedades cardiovasculares y el estado nutricional, organismo o la actividad física". Había temas creados para la discusión de la materia: factores de obesidad y riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en la adolescencia; expresión de marcadores inflamatorios en la adolescencia; desarrollo de la enfermedad cardiovascular con marcadores inflamatorios y, por último, los marcadores de inflamación, la actividad física y la evaluación nutricional. Resultados: Se observó que los marcadores inflamatorios pueden manifestarse en la adolescencia y se relaciona con factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares. La actividad física y la evaluación nutricional ofrecida como medidas no farmacológicas para el control de la incidencia de los marcadores inflamatorios y factores de riesgo cardiovascular. Conclusiones: Los estudios de intervención pueden aclarar cómo la adopción de un estilo de vida más adecuada puede influir en el proceso inflamatorio.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF HEALTHY EATING INDEXES IN ADULTS AND ELDERLY: APPLICABILITY AND VALIDITY.

INTRODUCTION: The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) assesses a combination of different types of foods, nutrients and dietary components. It has been adapted in some countries, considering the local dietary habits. OBJECTIVE: in this article, the Healthy Eating Indexes published to date were identified by means of a systematic review. Besides, issues relating to their validity, applicability and limitations were discussed. METHODS: an electronic search was performed in the PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, BVS and SciELO data base containing studies on the adaptation, review, update or validation of the HEI. The descriptors Healthy Eating Index, Index of Diet Quality, Quality of diet, Diet surveys were used, in different combinations. RESULTS: a total of 11 studies were described and critically analyzed. One of the studies dealt with the development of the index; six proposed adjustments; two assessed validity and reliability of the index, and the other two proposed revision and update. The Healthy Eating Indexes reveal the actual quality of the diet, but the absence of a methodological standard hinders the comparison of the results found in different populations.

Introducción: los índices de alimentación saludable evalúan la combinación de diferentes tipos de alimentos, nutrientes y componentes de la dieta. Estos indicadores han sido adaptados en algunos países considerando las directrices dietéticas locales. Objetivo: esta revisión sistemática identifica todos los índices de alimentación saludable publicados hasta el momento; así mismo, discute la validez, aplicabilidad y limitaciones de los mismos. Métodos: para ello se realizó una búsqueda electrónica en PubMed, Science Direct, BVS y SciELO utilizando los siguientes términos: Healthy Eating Index, Index of Diet Quality, Quality of diet y Diet surveys con diferentes combinaciones e idiomas. Resultados: un total de 11 estudios fueron seleccionados y analizados críticamente: entre ellos, un estudio que desarrolla el primer índice, seis estudios en los que se proponen ajustes en la metodología utilizada, dos estudios que evaluan la validez y la fiabilidade, así como dos de revisión y actualización. Los datos muestran que los índices de alimentación saludable son buenas herramientas para valorar la calidad de la dieta, pero la falta de estandarización en la metodología hace difícil la comparación entre los resultados de las diferentes poblaciones.

Serum uric acid can predict higher C-reactive protein levels in apparently healthy men.

INTRODUCTION: Epidemiological studies have shown an association between coronary heart disease and emerging cardiovascular risk factors, such as, levels of fibrinogen and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). OBJECTIVES: To verify the ability of biochemical indicators in discriminating changes in the levels of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, in apparently healthy adult men. METHODS: Were evaluated 130 apparently healthy men (20-59 years), having measurement of weight and height. Biochemical measurements (lipid profile, fasting glucose, uric acid, hs-CRP and fibrinogen) were performed. Body mass index, total cholesterol/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c ratios were calculated. It was considered as the cutoff point for hs-CRP values ≥ 0.12 mg/dL and for fibrinogen the 50th percentile of the evaluated sample. RESULTS: The uric acid showed the best correlation (r = 0.325) and the higher area under the ROC curve (0.704 ± 0.054), showing greater ability to discriminate higher levels of hs-CRP (p < 0.01). The total cholesterol/HDL-c ratio (r = 0.222) and the LDL-c/HDL-c ratio (r = 0.235) showed the best correlations and the higher areas under the ROC curves (0.624 ± 0.049 and 0.624 ± 0.049) in identify higher levels of fibrinogen (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The uric acid and the total cholesterol/HDL-c and the LDL-c/HDL-c ratios showed greater ability to identify changes in the levels of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, respectively. It was suggested the use of biochemical markers in the clinical practice, in order to establish preventive action for cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy adult men.

Introducción: Los estudios epidemiológicos han demostrado una asociación entre la enfermedad coronaria y nuevos factores de riesgo cardiovascular, como, los niveles de proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible (PCR-us) y fibrinógeno. Objetivos: Evaluar la capacidad de los indicadores bioquímicos en discriminar cambios en los niveles de PCRus y fibrinógeno, en hombres adultos sanos. Métodos: Se evaluaron 130 hombres (20-59 años). Se midió peso y talla. Se realizó mediciones bioquímicas (perfil lipídico, glucosa en ayunas, ácido úrico, PCR-us y fibrinógeno). Se calculó el índice de masa corporal, la relación colesterol total/HDL-c y la relación LDL-c/HDL-c. Se consideró como punto de corte para los valores de PCR-us ≥0,12 mg/dL y para el fibrinógeno se utilizó el percentil 50 de la muestra evaluada. Resultados: El ácido úrico mostró la mejor correlación (r = 0,325) y el área más alta bajo la curva ROC (0,704 ± 0,054), mostrando una mayor capacidad predictiva para detectar niveles más altos de PCR-us (p < 0,01). La relación colesterol total/HDL-c (r = 0,222) y la relación LDLc/ HDL-c (r = 0,235) mostraron una mejor correlación y el área más alta bajo la curva ROC (0,624 ± 0,049 y 0,624 ± 0,049) en la identificación de niveles más altos de fibrinógeno (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El ácido úrico y la relación colesterol total/ HDL-c y la relación LDL-c/HDL-c mostraron una mayor capacidad predictiva para detectar cambios en los niveles de PCR-us y fibrinógeno, respectivamente. Se sugirió el uso de marcadores bioquímicos en la práctica clínica, a fin de establecer medidas preventivas para la enfermedad cardiovascular en hombres adultos sanos.

Relationship between waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter measured at different anatomical sites and inflammatory biomarkers in apparently health men.

INTRODUCTION: Visceral fat accumulation is associated with several changes, such as, increased production of inflammatory biomarkers, especially, C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen. Anthropometric measurements for central adiposity evaluation, such as, waist circumference (WC) and sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) have been highlighted. However, there is no consensus on the best anatomical site for measurement. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability of different measurements of WC and SAD and verify their capacity to discriminate changes in inflammatory biomarkers. METHOD: 130 men (20-59 years) were assessed, having measurements of weight, height, WC and SAD. It was considered as the cutoff point for high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) values ≥ 0.12 mg/dL and for fibrinogen the 50th percentile of the evaluated sample. RESULTS: All measurements presented an intraclass correlation coefficient between 0.998 and 0.999. WC measured at the umbilical level (AUC=0.693 ± 0.049) and the smallest circumference between the thorax and the hips (AUC=0.607 ± 0.050) had greater ability to discriminate changes in concentrations of hs-CRP and fibrinogen, respectively. SAD (umbilical level) showed the better ability to detect changes in concentrations of hs-CRP (AUC=0.698 ± 0.049) and fibrinogen (AUC=0.625 ± 0.049), according to the ROC analysis (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: WC (smallest circumference between the thorax and the hips) and SAD (umbilical level) are the anatomic sites of measurement for use in predicting the inflammatory risk in apparently health men.

Introducción: La acumulacion de grasa visceral se asocia con varios cambios, tales como, aumento de la produccion de los biomarcadores inflamatorios, en especial, la proteina C-reactiva (PCR) y fibrinogeno. Las medidas antropometricas para la evaluacion de la adiposidad central, como la circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y el diametro abdominal sagital (DAS) se han destacado. Sin embargo, no hay consenso sobre el mejor sitio anatomico para la medicion. Objetivos: Evaluar la fiabilidad de diferentes mediciones de CC y DAS y verificar su capacidad para discriminar los cambios en biomarcadores inflamatorios. Metodos: Se evaluaron 130 hombres (20-59 anos). Se midio peso, estatura, circunferencia de la cintura (CC) y diametro abdominal sagital (DAS). Se considero como punto de corte para los valores de PCR ultrasensible (PCR-us) ≥ 0,12 mg/dL y para el fibrinogeno se utilizo el percentil 50 de la muestra evaluada. Resultados: Todas las mediciones presentaron un coeficiente de correlacion intraclase entre 0.998 y 0.999. CC medida a nivel umbilical (AUC=0,693}0,049) y la circunferencia mas pequena entre el torax y las caderas (AUC=0,607}0,050) tuvieron una mayor capacidad para discriminar los cambios en las concentraciones de PCRus y fibrinogeno, respectivamente. DAS (nivel umbilical) mostro la mejor capacidad para detectar cambios en las concentraciones de PCR-us (AUC=0,698}0,049) y fibrinogeno (AUC=0,625}0,049), de acuerdo con el analisis ROC (p.

Early determinants of overweight and obesity at 5 years old in preschoolers from inner of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil is experiencing a nutritional transition characterized by a reduction in the prevalence of nutritional deficits and an increase in overweight and obesity, not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the factors associated with overweight and obesity in Brazilian 5-year-old preschoolers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a cohort of 232 preschoolers born in Diamantina/Minas Gerais, Brazil, was undertaken. The data, including socioeconomic status, anthropometry, diet, previous history of the preschoolers and family history, were collected between July of 2009 and July of 2010. To identify the factors associated with overweight and obesity, a logistic regression and a hierarchical model were undertaken. RESULTS: Overweight and obesity occurred in 17.2% of the preschoolers. After adjusting for mother's obesity, per capita income, protective food intake, weight gain at age 0-4 months and time spent playing, the factors associated with overweight and obesity that reached statistical significance were mother's obesity [OR = 3.12 (95%CI 1.41-6.91), P = 0.01], weight gain of more than 0.85 kg/month in the first four months of life [OR = 2.16 (95%CI 1.01-4.64), P = 0.04] and lower per capita income [OR = 0.32 (95%CI 0.13-0.79), P = 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The results show that more weight gain during the first four months of life and being born of mothers with obesity increased the odds of overweight/ obesity in the preschoolers, while lower per capita income was a protective factor.

Introducción: Brasil está experimentando una transición nutricional caracterizada por una reducción en la prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales y un aumento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, no sólo en los adultos sino también en los niños y los adolescentes. Objetivos: Este estudio se diseñó para evaluar los factores asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en preescolares brasileños de 5 años de edad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de una cohorte de 232 preescolares nacidos en Diamantina/ Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos, que incluían situación socioeconómica, antropometría, dieta, antecedentes de los preescolares y familiares, se recogieron entre julio de 2009 y julio de 2010. Para identificar los factores asociados con sobrepeso y obesidad, se realizaron una regresión logística y un modelo jerárquico. Resultados: El sobrepeso y la obesidad ocurrieron en el 17,2 % de los preescolares. Tras ajustar para obesidad materna, la renta per cápita, la ingesta de alimentos, la ganancia de peso entre los 0-4 meses de edad y el tiempo dedicado al juego, los factores asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad que alcanzaban una significación estadística fueron la obesidad materna [OR = 3,12 (IC al 95 % 1,41- 6,91), P = 0,01], la ganancia de peso de más de 0,85 kg/mes en los primeros 4 meses de vida [OR = 2,16 (IC al 95 % 1,01-4,64), P = 0,04] y una menor renta per cápita [OR = 0,32 (IC al 95 % 0,13-0,79), P = 0,01]. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que la mayor ganancia de peso durante los 4 primeros meses de vida y tener una madre obesa aumentan las probabilidades de sobrepeso/obesidad en los preescolares, mientras que una menor renta per cápita es un factor de protección.

Tendência secular do crescimento em adolescentes do sexo masculino: ganho estatural e ponderal, estado nutricional e sua relaçao com a escolaridade / Secular trends in growth male adolescents: height and ponderal gains, nutritional state and relation with the education

Objetivou-se caracterizar as modificaçoes do estado nutricional dos adolescentes ao longo do tempo, a evoluçao do seu crescimento, a escolaridade e sua correlaçao com a estatura, o peso e o índice de massa corporal. Avaliou-se dados de 2616 adolescentes do sexo masculino com idade entre 17 e 19 anos, que se alistaram no Tiro de Guerra do município de Viçosa-Minas Gerais - Brasil, no decênio 1995-2004. Foi encontrada tendência secular positiva para estatura e peso com incremento mediano de 4 cm e 3 kg, respectivamente, ao longo dos anos. Houve redução nas prevalências de baixa estatura de 28,0 por cento para 11,6 por cento entre os anos de 1995 e 2004. Constatou-se correlaçao positiva (p<0,05) entre escolaridade e estatura, peso e IMC. A prevalência de excesso de peso (risco de sobrepeso e sobrepeso) aumentou de 7,1 por ceinto (1995) para 9,1 por ceinto (2004). Apesar da ocorrência de tendência secular positiva para estatura e peso, essa nao foi suficiente para alcançar a mediana do National Center for Health Statistics/Center for Disease Control and Prevention. O aumento da prevalência de excesso de peso e a alta prevalência de baixa estatura devem ser monitorados, sendo necessária a implementaçao de medidas que visem prevenir a ocorrência desses distúrbios e objetivem o alcance ou a manutençao de um adequado estado nutricional para as gerações futuras