Sleep Bruxism in Puerperal Women: Data from a Population-Based Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the self-reported SB prevalence and explore associated risk factors in puerperal women who had given birth in Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. METHODS: A single, standardized questionnaire was given within the 48 h postpartum period. Self-reported SB was the main outcome investigated. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions, and Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: A total of 2225 women were included. Only 79 (3.6%) of these reported clenching or grinding their teeth during sleep. Adjusted analysis showed that the higher education level of the mothers (PR = 3.07; 95% CI 1.49-6.28; P = 0.006); living with three or more persons in the household (PR = 0.54; 95% CI 0.34-0.84; P = 0.007); medication intake during pregnancy (PR = 1.68; 95% CI 1.09-2.58; P = 0.017); smoking (PR = 1.93; 1.16-3.23; P = 0.024), or ever smoked (PR = 1.82; 95% CI 0.85-3.90; P = 0.024); severe anxiety (PR = 1.36; 95% CI 0.61-3.02; P = 0.005); and headache upon waking (PR = 4.19; 95% CI 1.95-9.00; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with self-reported SB. CONCLUSION FOR PRACTICE: Our data pointed towards new factors in a specific group of women that may be relevant for preventing sleep-related behaviors in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle. The higher levels of education, medication intake, smoking or even smoked, severe anxiety, the higher the probability of puerperal woman to self-report SB. The nighttime tooth clenching strongly increased headache upon waking.

Body mass index and mortality among community-dwelling elderly of Southern Brazil.

This study aims to measure the association between body mass index (BMI), comparing two different classifications, and mortality among community-dwelling elderly considering myopenia in Pelotas, Brazil. This is a longitudinal study started in 2014, we followed 1451 elderly people (≥ 60 years) enrolled in the "COMO VAI?" study. BMI was classified according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the classification with specific cutoff points for older adults. Myopenia was measured by calf circumference (≤33 cm for women and ≤34 cm for men). Cox proportional-hazards models were used to test associations controlling for sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and number of morbidities. Nearly 10% (N = 145) of the elderly died during almost three years of follow-up. We observed a L-shaped relation between BMI and mortality. Elderly with underweight had a higher mortality risk compared to those with adequate BMI in both classifications. According to the WHO classification, overweight elderly presented protection for mortality (HR: 0.58; 95% CI 0.38-0.87) when compared to those with adequate BMI. Among elderly with myopenia, overweight by WHO continued to protect against mortality, although not significantly, while those with the specific classification underweight presented a higher risk of death compared to those with normal weight (HR: 2.09; 95% CI 1.06-4.14). In conclusion the underweight increased the risk of death in community-dwelling elderly people during a follow-up of three years. The specific classification seemed to be more adequate to indicate risk of mortality in this population. Higher BMI protect against mortality when muscle mass was not considered.

Unplanned pregnancy in the extreme South of Brazil: prevalence, trends, and associated factors. / Gravidez não planejada no extremo Sul do Brasil: prevalência, tendência e fatores associados.

The study aims to estimate the proportion of puerperae with an unplanned pregnancy, evaluate trends and identify factors associated with its occurrence in Rio Grande-RS, Brazil. Trained interviewers applied a single, standardized questionnaire to all puerperae residing in the municipality in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019. The chi-square test compared proportions and the Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment in the multivariate analysis. The prevalence ratio (PR) was the effect measure employed. The study includes 12,415 puerperae (98% of the total). The unplanned pregnancy rate was 63.3% (95%CI: 62.5%-64.1%). After adjusting, the highest PR for not planning pregnancy were observed among younger, black women, living without a partner, with more significant household agglomeration, lower schooling, and household income, multiparous and smokers. The rate of unplanned pregnancy is high and stable, with a higher propensity among women those with the highest risk of unfavorable events during pregnancy and childbirth. Reaching these women in high schools, companies, services and health professionals, in addition to the mass media, can be strategies to prevent unplanned pregnancy.

Este estudo estimou a proporção de puérperas que não planejaram a gravidez, avaliou tendência e identificou fatores associados à sua ocorrência no município de Rio Grande-RS. Entre 01/01 e 31/12 de 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 e 2019 entrevistadoras treinadas aplicaram questionário único e padronizado a todas as puérperas residentes neste município. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e regressão de Poisson com ajuste da variância robusta na análise multivariável. A medida de efeito utilizada foi razão de prevalências (RP). O estudo incluiu 12.415 puérperas (98% do total). A prevalência de não planejamento foi 63,3% (IC95%: 62,5%-64,1%). Após ajuste, as maiores RP para não planejamento da gravidez foram observadas entre mulheres de menor idade, cor da pele preta, com companheiro, maior aglomeração domiciliar, pior escolaridade e renda familiar, maior paridade e tabagistas. Houve pequeno aumento na prevalência de não planejamento da gravidez no final do período principalmente entre àquelas com maiores riscos de eventos desfavoráveis na gestação e parto. Alcançar estas mulheres nas escolas de ensino médio, empresas, serviços e profissionais de saúde, além de meios de comunicação de massa, pode auxiliar na prevenção desse tipo de gravidez.

Knowledge about sudden infant death syndrome prevention among postpartum women in Southern Brazil, 2019: a cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVE: To assess knowledge on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) prevention among postpartum women who received prenatal care in public and private services in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2019. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with postpartum women who gave birth in that municipality in 2019; the outcome was the indication of incorrect sleeping position (side/supine position) to prevent SIDS; the chi-square test was used to compare proportions between those who underwent prenatal care in public and private services. RESULTS: Among all 2,195 postpartum women, 67.7% (95%CI 65.7;69.6) were unaware of the position that prevents SIDS, 71.6% were public care service users; 77.8% of them feared choking/suffocation; 1.9% were informed about SIDS during prenatal care; doctors/nurses (70.5%) and grandmothers (65.1%) were influential regarding the baby's sleeping position. CONCLUSION: Most postpartum women were unaware of the sleeping position that prevents SIDS, especially those receiving care in the public sector; in general, this subject is not discussed in prenatal care. MAIN RESULTS: Two out of three mothers believed the newborn should sleep in the side or prone position, which does not prevent but rather facilitates sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); lack of knowledge was significantly greater when prenatal care took place in public services. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: SIDS should be addressed in prenatal care. Guidance from a doctor/nurse during consultations can be essential for mothers to change their mind and adopt a safe sleeping position (supine position) for their child. PERSPECTIVES: SIDS prevention campaigns are relevant in the context of prenatal care, as is conducting research that aims to evaluate potential impacts of interventions on the correct sleeping position for babies.

Pap smears in the extreme South of Brazil: low coverage and exposure of the most vulnerable pregnant women.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate prevalence, assess trends and identify factors associated with non-performance of Pap smears among postpartum women residing in Rio Grande, Southern Brazil. METHODS: Between 01/01 and 12/31 of 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019, previously trained interviewers applied a single standardized questionnaire at the hospital to all postpartum women residing in this municipality. It was investigated from the planning of pregnancy to the immediate postpartum period. The outcome consisted of not performing a Pap smear in the last three years. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions and assess trends, and Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment in the multivariate analysis. The measure of effect was the prevalence ratio (PR). RESULTS: Although 80% of the 12,415 study participants had performed at least six prenatal consultations, 43.0% (95%CI 42.1-43.9%) had not been screened in the period. This proportion ranged from 64.0% (62.1-65.8%) to 27.9% (26.1-29.6%). The adjusted analysis showed a higher PR for not performing Pap smears among younger puerperal women, living without a partner, with black skin color, lower schooling, and family income, who did not have paid work during pregnancy or planned pregnancy, who attended fewer prenatal consultations. smoked during pregnancy and were not being treated for any illness. CONCLUSION: Despite the improvement in coverage, the observed rate of non-performance of Pap smears is still high. Women most likely to have cervical cancer were those who had the highest PR for not having this test.

Age is the most important factor for change in body mass index and waist circumference in older people in southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to assess the changes in body mass index and waist circumference (WC) and their associations with sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics in non-institutionalized older people in southern Brazil over a period of ≤6 y. METHODS: This is a prospective study, with interviews conducted in 2014 and in 2019 to 2020. Of the 1451 individuals from Pelotas, Brazil, aged >60 y and interviewed in 2014, 537 were reevaluated in 2019 to 2020. An increase or decrease was defined as a variation of ≥5% in body mass index and WC in the second visit compared with the first. The association with changes in outcomes was assessed according to sociodemographic, behavioral, and health characteristics using multinomial logistic regression. RESULTS: Approximately 29% of the older participants lost body mass. Regarding WC, there was an increase in 25.6% in the older participants. The older participants ages ≥80 y had greater odds of losing body mass (odds ratio [OR] = 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.29-9.76) and of reducing WC (OR = 2.84; 95% CI, 1.59-6.94). Former smokers had, on average, 41% and 64% lower odds of losing and gaining body mass (95% CI, 0.37-0.95 and 95% CI, 0.19-0.68, respectively), and those who were on ≥5 medications had greater odds of gaining body mass (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.12-3.28) and WC (OR = 1.79; 95% CI, 1.18-2.74). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high proportion of older people who kept their body mass index and WC stable during this period, many of them lost body mass and gained WC. The findings also highlighted the importance of age in the nutritional changes observed in the population.

Recent trends in cesarean section reduction in extreme south of Brazil: a reality only in the public sector?

This study aimed to describe changes in cesarean section (C-section) prevalence from 2007 to 2019, in public and private sectors, according to maternal characteristics. We included all puerperal women who gave birth in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, at years 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019. A questionnaire was applied up to 48 hours after delivery. We assessed C-section rates over time and described the prevalence according to independent variables. Poisson regression was used. A total of 12.415 puerperal women were included. The prevalence of C-section increased between 2007-2013 (from 51.2% to 61.2%) and decreased between 2013-2019 (48.9% in 2019). This decrease was observed only in the public sector and was higher among the youngest (-10.0 percentual points) and high educated women (-10.3 percentual points). While in the private sector C-section occurrence increased even more (95.7% in 2019). In the public sector, women that were older, with a partner, primiparous, who performed prenatal care in the private system and with adequate prenatal assistance presented higher prevalence of C-section. In the private sector the prevalence was high independently of the maternal characteristics. In order to reduce C-section rates, efficient delivery care policies mainly focused on the private sector are necessary.

On-demand cesarean section: assessing trends and socioeconomic disparities.

OBJECTIVE: to measure prevalence, evaluate trends and identify socioeconomic differences of on-demand cesarean section in the municipality of Rio Grande (RS), extreme south of Brazil, in 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016. METHODS: all the puerperae residing in this municipality who had cesarean deliveries in one of the only two local maternity hospitals in the period 01/01-31/12 of the aforementioned years were part of this transversal study. Puerperae were interviewed using a single, standardized questionnaire at the hospital within 48 hours after delivery. The outcome was assessed based on the mothers' report that the cesarean section was performed according to their request. The analysis consisted of the observation of the outcome's frequency in each year and the evaluation of its prevalence throughout this period through the chi-square linear trend test. Socioeconomic inequalities were assessed based on household income and women's schooling using the Slope Index of Inequality and the Relative Index of Inequality. RESULTS: In these four years, 5,721 cesarean deliveries were recorded among mothers living in this municipality (1,309 in 2007, 1,341 in 2010, 1,626 in 2013 and 1,445 in 2016). In this period, the rate of on-demand cesarean sections increased by 107%, from 10.5% (95%CI: 8.9% -12.2%) of the deliveries in 2007 to 21.7% (95%CI: 19.5% -23.8%) in 2016. This increase was more evident among those with lower household income and schooling level. Absolute inequality also increased, especially regarding schooling, while relative inequality sharply declined when assessed by household income. CONCLUSIONS: The increased on-demand cesarean sections in the study location is unsettling, despite the decreasing gap between extreme categories as a consequence of higher levels of this procedure among women of lower income and worse schooling.

Food insecurity in rural families in the extreme south of Brazil. / Insegurança Alimentar em famílias de área rural do extremo sul do Brasil.

This study aimed to track the prevalence of Food Insecurity (FI) and to study associated factors in households with children, women and older adults in the rural area of the city of Rio Grande, RS. This is a cross-sectional population-based study, with systematic sampling of 80% of permanently inhabited households. A short version of the Brazilian Scale of Food Insecurity (EBIA) was employed. The associated factors included data referring to the head of the household, as well as data referring to the household. The levels of prevalence and prevalence ratios and their respective confidence intervals were calculated for food insecurity through Poisson regression with robust variance. Of the 1,627 domiciles interviewed, 26% were in an FI situation, and households that included three populations were higher. The most affected domiciles were those in which the head of the household had less than four years of schooling, with more residents, without animal husbandry, belonging to the lowest income quartile and receiving family grants ("Bolsa Família" Program). This study showed the relevance and magnitude of the FI problem in the rural region of Rio Grande since knowledge about the actual FI prevalence of this region is unknown.

O estudo objetivou rastrear a prevalência de Insegurança Alimentar (IA) e estudar fatores associados em domicílios com crianças, mulheres e idosos na área rural do município de Rio Grande, RS, em 2017. Foi um estudo transversal com amostragem sistemática de 80% dos domicílios permanentemente habitados. Utilizou-se uma versão reduzida da Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Os fatores associados contemplaram dados referentes ao chefe da família, além de dados referentes ao domicílio. Prevalências e Razões de Prevalências e seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança foram calculadas para a IA por meio da Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Dos 1.627 domicílios entrevistados, 26% se encontraram em situação de IA, sendo maior naqueles domicílios que continham as três populações. Os domicílios mais atingidos foram os que o chefe da família tinha menor escolaridade, maior número de moradores, sem criação de animais, pertencentes ao menor quartil de renda e que recebiam Bolsa Família. Esse estudo mostrou a importância e a dimensão do problema da IA na região rural de Rio Grande, já que o conhecimento da real prevalência de IA nessa região é desconhecido.

Non-performance of serological tests for syphilis during prenatal care: prevalence and associated factors. / Não realização de teste sorológico para sífilis durante o pré-natal: prevalência e fatores associados.

INTRODUCTION: Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease, easy to diagnose and treat, but whose incidence is increasing in Brazil. This study estimated the prevalence of the non-performance of serological tests for syphilis during prenatal care, in addition to evaluating its trend and identifying its associated factors in the municipality of Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional survey that included all pregnant women living in this municipality who gave birth between January 1 and December 31, 2007, 2010, and 2013. A single standardized questionnaire was administered to the mothers within 48 hours of delivery, while they were still in the maternity ward. We used the χ2 test for proportions and linear trend, and Poisson regression with robust adjustment in the multivariate analysis. The effect measure adopted was prevalence ratio (PR). RESULTS: Among the 7,351 mothers who had at least one prenatal visit, the prevalence of non-performance of serological tests for syphilis in the three years studied was 2.9% (95% confidence interval - 95%CI 2.56 - 3.33), with 3.3% (95%CI 2.56 - 3.97) in 2007, 2.8% (95%CI 2.20 - 3.52) in 2010, and 2.7% (95%CI 2.12 - 3.38) in 2013. Black mothers, those with low household income and schooling, and who had few prenatal visits showed higher PR of non-performance of this test. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of non-performance has virtually not changed in the period, and women with high-risk pregnancy showed a greater probability of not undergoing the test. CONCLUSIONS: This municipality needs to reach mothers with lower socioeconomic status, restructure the local health services, and enhance their operationalization to improve the quality of prenatal care.

INTRODUÇÃO: A sífilis é uma doença de transmissão sexual de diagnóstico e tratamento fáceis, mas de incidência crescente no Brasil. Este estudo mediu prevalência, avaliou tendência e identificou fatores associados à não realização de exame sorológico para sífilis no pré-natal em Rio Grande, RS. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de inquérito transversal que incluiu todas as gestantes residentes nesse município que tiveram filho entre 1º de janeiro e 31 de dezembro nos anos de 2007, 2010 e 2013. Aplicou-se à mãe questionário único, padronizado em até 48 horas após o parto, quando ainda na maternidade. Utilizaram-se teste χ2 para proporções e para tendência linear e regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto na análise multivariável. A medida de efeito usada foi razão de prevalências (RP). RESULTADOS: Entre as 7.351 mães que passaram por pelo menos uma consulta, a prevalência de não realização de sorologia para sífilis nos três anos foi de 2,9% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 2,56 - 3,33), sendo de 3,3% (IC95% 2,56 - 3,97) em 2007, 2,8% (IC95% 2,20 - 3,52) em 2010 e 2,7% (IC95% 2,12 - 3,38) em 2013. Mães de cor da pele preta, de baixa renda familiar e escolaridade e que passam por poucas consultas apresentaram maior RP à não realização desse exame. DISCUSSÃO: A prevalência de não realização praticamente não se modificou no período, com maior probabilidade de não realização entre aquelas de maior risco gestacional. CONCLUSÕES: Alcançar mães de pior nível socioeconômico, reestruturar os serviços locais de saúde, aperfeiçoar sua operacionalização a fim de melhorar a qualidade da assistência pré-natal parecem mandatórios nesse município.

Occurrence of combined pain in the lumbar spine, pelvic girdle and pubic symphysis among pregnant women in the extreme south of Brazil. / Ocorrência de dor combinada na coluna lombar, cintura pélvica e sínfise púbica entre gestantes do extremo sul do Brasil.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence and characterize the occurrence of low back pain (LBP), posterior pelvic girdle pain (PPGP) and pubic symphysis pain (PSP) among pregnant women resident in Rio Grande, RS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of all postpartum women who gave birth in 2016. Two pictures were used to investigate the presence of LBP, PPGP and PSP, both isolated and combined. Multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate the factors associated with each symptom. RESULTS: LBP was reported by 42.2%, PSP by 4.9%, and PPGP by 2%, while LBP + PSP was reported by 9%, LBP and PPGP by 2.8% and PPGP + PSP by 1.1%, and pain in all three regions was reported by 3.9% of the sample. The more advanced the age of the pregnant women, the risk for LBP and of LBP combined with one of the pelvic girdle regions was reduced, while the risk for PPGP + PSP was increased. Depression during pregnancy increased the risk for all symptom combinations. CONCLUSION: This study provided a detailed description of the occurrence of the evaluated outcomes and its associated factors. Studies like this are rare in Brazil, especially a census with low rates of losses and refusals. The high prevalence of the evaluated symptoms suggests that it should be investigated routinely in prenatal care, taking into account the age of the pregnant women, depressive symptoms and those experiencing combined or intense pain.

[Non-performance of dental consultation among pregnant women in southern Brazil: a population-based study]. / Não realização de consulta odontológica entre gestantes no extremo sul do Brasil: um estudo de base populacional.

The scope of this study was to measure the prevalence and identify factors associated with the non-use of dental care among pregnant women living in the municipality of Rio Grande, RS. In 2013, previously trained interviewers applied a single, standardized questionnaire within 48 hours after childbirth to all puerperal women living in this city. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions and, for multivariate analysis, Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment was used to obtain the prevalence ratio. Among the 2.653 puerperal women included in this study, 60.1% (95% CI: 58.2% - 61.9%) did not use any type of dental service during gestation. After adjustment, the probability of not using these services was significantly higher among pregnant women of lower age, income and schooling, who lived with more people at home, who performed a smaller number of prenatal consultations, who had prenatal care in the public service, and who were not attended under the Family Health Strategy (FHS). Encouraging pregnant women with this epidemiological profile to look for dental services during prenatal consultations and to expand the FHS on offer are measures with great potential to increase coverage for this type of service in the location studied.

Este estudo teve por objetivo medir a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à não utilização de assistência odontológica entre gestantes residentes no município de Rio Grande, RS. Em 2013, entrevistadores previamente treinados aplicaram questionário único, padronizado em até 48 horas após o parto à todas puérperas residentes neste município. Utilizou-se teste do qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e, da análise multivariável, regressão de Poisson com ajuste robusto da variância para a obtenção da razão de prevalências. Dentre 2.653 puérperas incluídas neste estudo, 60,1% (IC95%: 58,2% ­ 61,9%) não utilizaram qualquer tipo de serviço odontológico durante a gestação. Após ajuste, a probabilidade de não uso destes serviços foi significativamente maior entre gestantes de menor idade, renda e escolaridade, que viviam com maior número de pessoas no domicílio, que realizaram um menor número de consultas de pré-natal, que fizeram pré-natal no serviço público, e que não foram atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF). Incentivar gestantes com este perfil epidemiológico a procurar por serviços odontológicos durante as consultas de pré-natal e ampliar a oferta da ESF são medidas com grande potencial de elevar a cobertura para este tipo de serviço na localidade estudada.

Knowledge about sudden infant death syndrome prevention among postpartum women in Southern Brazil, 2019: a cross-sectional survey / Conocimiento sobre la prevención del síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante en puérperas del Sur de Brasil, 2019: un estudio transversal / Conhecimento sobre prevenção da síndrome da morte súbita do lactente entre puérperas no Sul do Brasil, 2019: um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective To assess knowledge on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) prevention among postpartum women who received prenatal care in public and private services in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, in 2019. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with postpartum women who gave birth in that municipality in 2019; the outcome was the indication of incorrect sleeping position (side/supine position) to prevent SIDS; the chi-square test was used to compare proportions between those who underwent prenatal care in public and private services. Results Among all 2,195 postpartum women, 67.7% (95%CI 65.7;69.6) were unaware of the position that prevents SIDS, 71.6% were public care service users; 77.8% of them feared choking/suffocation; 1.9% were informed about SIDS during prenatal care; doctors/nurses (70.5%) and grandmothers (65.1%) were influential regarding the baby's sleeping position. Conclusion Most postpartum women were unaware of the sleeping position that prevents SIDS, especially those receiving care in the public sector; in general, this subject is not discussed in prenatal care.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar el conocimiento sobre la prevención del síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante (SMSL) entre puérperas que realizaron prenatal en servicios públicos y privados en Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, en 2019. Métodos Estudio transversal, con puérperas que dieron a luz en Rio Grande, en 2019; el resultado consistió en la indicación de posición incorrecta para dormir (lado/supino) para prevenir el SMSL; utilizando chi-cuadrado, se compararon las proporciones entre mujeres que recibieron atención prenatal en servicios públicos y privados. Resultados Entre las 2.195 puérperas, 67,7% (IC95% 65,7;69,6) desconocían como se previene el SMSL, estando el 71,6%, en la red pública; 77,8% temía asfixiarse/ahogarse; el 1,9% fue informado sobre el SMSL durante el prenatal; los médicos(as)/enfermeros(as) (70,5%) y los abuelos (65,1%) influyeron en la posición para dormir del bebé. Conclusión La mayoría de las puérperas desconocían la posición que previene el SMSL, especialmente en la red pública; en general, este tema no está cubierto en la atención prenatal.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o conhecimento sobre prevenção da síndrome da morte súbita do lactente (SMSL) entre puérperas com pré-natal realizado nos serviços público e privado de Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2019. Métodos Estudo transversal, com puérperas do município; seu desfecho constituiuse da indicação de posição incorreta para dormir (decúbito lateral ou dorsal), visando prevenir a SMSL; utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado para comparar proporções do desfecho e de exposição entre puérperas que realizaram pré-natal nos serviços público e privado. Resultados De 2.195 puérperas, 67,7% (IC95% 65,7;69,6), majoritariamente atendidas na rede pública (71,6%), desconheciam a posição preventiva da SMSL; 77,8% temiam engasgo/afogamento; 1,9% foram informadas sobre SMSL no pré-natal; médicos(as)/enfermeiros(as) (70,5%) e avós (65,1%) mostraram-se influentes na decisão sobre como posicionar o bebê adormecido. Conclusão A maioria das puérperas, especialmente as atendidas na rede pública, desconhecia a posição que previne SMSL; geralmente, o tema não é abordado no pré-natal.

Gravidez não planejada no extremo Sul do Brasil: prevalência, tendência e fatores associados / Unplanned pregnancy in the extreme South of Brazil: prevalence, trends, and associated factors

Resumo Este estudo estimou a proporção de puérperas que não planejaram a gravidez, avaliou tendência e identificou fatores associados à sua ocorrência no município de Rio Grande-RS. Entre 01/01 e 31/12 de 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 e 2019 entrevistadoras treinadas aplicaram questionário único e padronizado a todas as puérperas residentes neste município. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar proporções e regressão de Poisson com ajuste da variância robusta na análise multivariável. A medida de efeito utilizada foi razão de prevalências (RP). O estudo incluiu 12.415 puérperas (98% do total). A prevalência de não planejamento foi 63,3% (IC95%: 62,5%-64,1%). Após ajuste, as maiores RP para não planejamento da gravidez foram observadas entre mulheres de menor idade, cor da pele preta, com companheiro, maior aglomeração domiciliar, pior escolaridade e renda familiar, maior paridade e tabagistas. Houve pequeno aumento na prevalência de não planejamento da gravidez no final do período principalmente entre àquelas com maiores riscos de eventos desfavoráveis na gestação e parto. Alcançar estas mulheres nas escolas de ensino médio, empresas, serviços e profissionais de saúde, além de meios de comunicação de massa, pode auxiliar na prevenção desse tipo de gravidez.

Abstract The study aims to estimate the proportion of puerperae with an unplanned pregnancy, evaluate trends and identify factors associated with its occurrence in Rio Grande-RS, Brazil. Trained interviewers applied a single, standardized questionnaire to all puerperae residing in the municipality in 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019. The chi-square test compared proportions and the Poisson regression with robust variance adjustment in the multivariate analysis. The prevalence ratio (PR) was the effect measure employed. The study includes 12,415 puerperae (98% of the total). The unplanned pregnancy rate was 63.3% (95%CI: 62.5%-64.1%). After adjusting, the highest PR for not planning pregnancy were observed among younger, black women, living without a partner, with more significant household agglomeration, lower schooling, and household income, multiparous and smokers. The rate of unplanned pregnancy is high and stable, with a higher propensity among women those with the highest risk of unfavorable events during pregnancy and childbirth. Reaching these women in high schools, companies, services and health professionals, in addition to the mass media, can be strategies to prevent unplanned pregnancy.

Vaccination against influenza among pregnant women in southern Brazil and associated factors.

This article aims to identify the prevalence and factors associated with influenza vaccination in pregnant women. This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a municipality in the southernmost region of Brazil, which included all women giving birth in 2016. The outcome was having received the vaccine against influenza during pregnancy. Sociodemographic, behavioral and prenatal care characteristics and morbidities were analyzed. The analysis included sample description, the prevalence of vaccination for each independent variable and a multivariate analysis. Two thousand six hundred ninety-four pregnant women were interviewed, of which 53.9% reported having been vaccinated. Factors associated with increased prevalence of vaccination were mother's higher schooling, prenatal care, tetanus vaccination and prenatal care performed in a public service. On the other hand, prenatal care onset after the first quarter reduced the prevalence of vaccination. The results point to the need to reinforce the importance of vaccination against influenza among pregnant women and among health professionals, regardless of the severity of the current epidemiological setting.

[Sunburn in young people: population-based study in Southern Brazil]. / Queimadura solar em jovens: estudo de base populacional no Sul do Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and risk factors for sunburn in young people. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional study using a multiple-stage sampling carried out with people living in the urban area of Pelotas, Southern Brazil, between October and December 2005. Data was collected from interviews with 1.604 subjects using a standardized pre-coded questionnaire about their family and another questionnaire applied to those aged between ten and 29 years for assessing the occurrence of sunburn episodes. Sunburn was defined as skin burning after sun exposure. Chi-square test with Yates' correction was used to compare proportions and Poisson regression with design effect control and robust adjustment of variance was applied in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Of those aged between 10 and 29 years, 1,412 reported sun exposure in the last summer. Losses and refusals were 5.5%. A total of 48.7% of the interviewees reported sunburn in the last year. The following variables were associated with sunburn in the multivariate analysis: white skin (PR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.12;1.79); higher skin sensitivity to sun exposure (PR=1.84; 95% CI: 1.64;2.06); age between 15 and 19 years (PR=1.30; 95% CI: 1.12;1.50); belonging to the higher quartile of income (PR=1.20; 95% CI: 1.01;1.42); and irregular use of sunscreens (PR=1.23; 95% CI: 1.08;1.42). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of sunburn in the population studied was high mainly among white young people with higher skin sensitivity, higher income and who used sunscreens irregularly. Sun exposure during safe times and with adequate protection should be promoted.

Non-performance of Pap smears among pregnant women in the Extreme South of Brazil: prevalence and associated factors. / Não realização de citopatológico de colo uterino entre gestantes no extremo sul do Brasil: prevalência e fatores associados.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cause of cancer among women worldwide, and Pap smears are the best screening strategy for its detection. This study evaluated the prevalence and the associated factors of the non-performance of Pap smears among pregnant women above the age of 25 during prenatal care in the municipality of Rio Grande, Brazil, in 2013. The multivariate analysis was performed by Poisson regression evaluated by prevalence ratio (PR). Of the 1,474 pregnant women included in the study, 21.6% (95% CI, 19.5%-23.7%) had not been screened. The adjusted analysis evidenced a PR for the non-performance among puerperae with 0-4 years schooling of 2.14 (95% CI, 1.35-3.38) compared to those with 12 years or more. Reporting previous abortion and alcohol use during pregnancy showed a PR of 1.38 (1.10-1.73) and 1.39 (1.04-1.84) of not doing so compared to the other, respectively. Finally, performing 1-5 prenatal visits evidenced a PR of 1.35 (1.03-1.77) compared to the others. A high proportion of pregnant women non-performing Pap smears and non-compliance with the basic recommendation by the Brazilian Ministry of Health has been found. Health professionals should reinforce the need for this test and active search for pregnant women in the community with the profile described herein.

O câncer do colo do útero é o terceiro tumor mais frequente na população feminina e o teste citopatológico (CP) a principal estratégia para o rastreamento. Este estudo mediu a prevalência e os fatores associados à não realização de CP entre gestantes maiores de 25 anos, durante o pré-natal, no município de Rio Grande, RS, em 2013. A análise multivariável utilizou regressão de Poisson avaliada por meio de razão de prevalências (RP). Dentre as 1474 gestantes incluídas no estudo, 21,6% (IC95% 19,5%-23,7%) não realizaram CP nos últimos três anos. Na análise ajustada, a RP para não realização entre puérperas com escolaridade entre 0-4 anos foi 2,14 (IC95%:1,35-3,38) em comparação àquelas com 12 anos ou mais. Ter referido aborto prévio e consumido álcool durante a gestação mostrou RP = 1,38 (1,10-1,73) e 1,39 (1,04-1,84) de não fazê-lo em relação às demais, respectivamente. Realizar 1-5 consultas de pré-natal conferiu RP = 1,35 (1,03-1,77) em relação às demais. Evidencia-se proporção expressiva de não realização de CP e não cumprimento de recomendação básica do Ministério da Saúde. Os profissionais de saúde deveriam reforçar a necessidade de realização deste exame, bem como busca ativa na comunidade das gestantes com o perfil aqui descrito.

[Severe low back pain among pregnant women in Southern Brazil]. / Dor lombar intensa em gestantes do extremo Sul do Brasil.

The scope off this article is to assess the prevalence and identify associated factors with severe low back pain (LBP) during pregnancy among mothers living in Rio Grande, in the south of Brazil, in 2013. A standardized questionnaire was applied by trained interviewers within 48 hours after delivery. Multivariate analysis was carried out using Poisson regression. The prevalence ratio was the effect measure used. Among the 2,685 pregnant women enrolled in the study, 51.2% reported LBP and 27.3% reported severe LBP, which was more likely to occur among adolescents, with overweight/obese individuals, former smokers and those who practiced physical activity during pregnancy. Among those with severe LBP, 29.2%, 37.3% and 33.3% reported limitations for daily activities at home, had to seek medical care and had to miss work due to this problem, respectively. The prevalence of severe LBP during pregnancy is high and its impact for daily life and health services is concerning. The management of LBP should be part of routine pre-natal consultation.

O objetivo deste artigo é medir a prevalência e identificar fatores associados à dor lombar intensa (DL intensa) entre parturientes do município de Rio Grande, RS, Brasil, em 2013. Questionário padronizado aplicado por entrevistadoras previamente treinadas em até 48 horas após o parto. Realizou-se análise multivariável utilizando regressão de Poisson tendo a razão de prevalência como medida de efeito. Dentre as 2685 parturientes incluídas no estudo, 51,2% referiram dor lombar gestacional e 27,3% tinham DL intensa, com maior probabilidade de ocorrência entre adolescentes, mulheres com sobrepeso/obesidade, ex-fumantes e naquelas que praticaram atividade física na gestação. Entre as parturientes que tiveram DL intensa, 29,2%, 37,3% e 33,3% tiveram que deixar de fazer as lidas da casa, faltar ao trabalho e procurar um médico devido à DL, respectivamente. É elevada a prevalência de dor lombar intensa no período gestacional e preocupante seu impacto sobre as atividades da vida diária e utilização de serviços de saúde. Recomenda-se investigação clínica e manejo da dor lombar durante a gestação nas consultas de rotina do pré-natal.

Smoking cessation during pregnancy: a population-based study.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the prevalence of smoking cessation during pregnancy and to identify factors associated with its occurrence. METHODS: The present survey included all puerperal women living in the municipality of Rio Grande, RS, whose birth occurred between January 1 and December 31, 2013. A single standardized questionnaire was applied, in the hospital, within 48 hours of delivery. Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of smoking cessation among the 598 parturients studied was 24.9% (95%CI 21.5-28.6). After adjusting for confounding factors, mothers aged 13 to 19 years (PR = 1.76; 95%CI 1.13-2.74), who had higher family income (PR = 1.83; 95%CI, 1.23-2.72), higher educational level (PR = 2.79; 95%CI 1.27-6.15), higher number of prenatal appointments (PR = 1.84; 95%CI 1.11-3.05), and who did not smoke in the previous pregnancy (PR = 2.93; 95% CI, 1.95-4.41) presented a higher prevalence ratio of smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Although pregnancy is a window of opportunity for smoking cessation, the rate of cessation was low. The prevalence of cessation was higher among mothers with lower risk of complications, suggesting the need for interventions prioritizing pregnant women of lower socioeconomic levels.

Prenatal care among adolescent women in the extreme South of Brazil: coverage and associated factors / Assistência pré-natal entre adolescentes no extremo sul do Brasil: adequação e fatores associados

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate coverage and identify factors associated with adequate prenatal care for adolescent mothers in Rio Grande, Southern Brazil, in a period of 13 years. Methods: over the years 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2019, a single standardized questionnaire was applied to all mothers at hospital level in this municipality. The outcome consisted of the proportion of puerperae women who started prenatal care in the first trimester and performed 6+ medical visits, completed 2+ HIV, syphilis, and urine tests. Chi-square test was used for proportions, Poisson regression in the multivariate analysis and the prevalence ratio (PR) as measure of effect. Results: among the 12,645 identified mothers, 2,184 (17.3%) were adolescents. Of this total, 35.2% (CI95%= 33.2%-37.2%) had received adequate prenatal care, ranging from 13.8% (10.8%-16.7%) in 2007 to 52,5% (46.8%-58.1%) in 2019. The adjusted analysis showed a higher PR for adequate prenatal care among those of older age and better schooling level, white/brown skin color, with a partner, never had an abortion, were primiparous and non-smokers. Conclusion: there was substantial improvement in coverage of adequate prenatal care over the period studied, but there is still a long way to go. The increase in this coverage depends on reaching adolescents who are younger, less educated, black skin color, living without a partner, multiparous and smokers.

Resumo Objetivos: estimar a realização de pré-natal adequado entre adolescentes no extremo sul do Brasil e identificar fatores associados à sua ocorrência ao longo de 13 anos. Métodos: em 2007, 2010, 2013, 2016 e 2019, entrevistadoras previamente treinadas aplicaram na maternidade questionário único, padronizado à todas as parturientes residentes no município de Rio Grande, RS. Considerou-se como tendo realizado pré-natal adequado a puérpera que iniciou consultas no primeiro trimestre da gravidez, realizou 6+ consultas e 2+ exames para HIV, sífilis e qualitativo de urina. Utilizou-se teste qui-quadrado para comparar proporções, regressão de Poisson na análise multivariável e razão de prevalências (RP) como medida de efeito. Resultados: dentre as 12.645 parturientes identificadas, 2.184 (17,3%) eram adolescentes. Destas, 35,2% (IC95%=33,2%-37,2%) realizaram pré-natal considerado adequado, variando de 13,8% (10,8%-16,7%) em 2007 a 52,5% (46,8%-58,1%) em 2019. A análise ajustada mostrou maior RP à realização de pré-natal adequado entre aquelas de maior idade (18-19 anos), de cor da pele branca e parda, vivendo com companheiro, com 9+ anos de escolaridade, que sofreram aborto, primíparas e não fumantes. Conclusões: houve substancial melhora na cobertura de pré-natal adequado no período estudado, mas ainda muito aquém do desejado. A melhoria destes índices depende de alcançar adolescentes de menor idade, pior escolaridade, cor da pele preta, vivendo sem companheiro, multíparas e fumantes.