First observations of core-transiting seismic phases on Mars.

We present the first observations of seismic waves propagating through the core of Mars. These observations, made using seismic data collected by the InSight geophysical mission, have allowed us to construct the first seismically constrained models for the elastic properties of Mars' core. We observe core-transiting seismic phase SKS from two farside seismic events detected on Mars and measure the travel times of SKS relative to mantle traversing body waves. SKS travels through the core as a compressional wave, providing information about bulk modulus and density. We perform probabilistic inversions using the core-sensitive relative travel times together with gross geophysical data and travel times from other, more proximal, seismic events to seek the equation of state parameters that best describe the liquid iron-alloy core. Our inversions provide constraints on the velocities in Mars' core and are used to develop the first seismically based estimates of its composition. We show that models informed by our SKS data favor a somewhat smaller (median core radius = 1,780 to 1,810 km) and denser (core density = 6.2 to 6.3 g/cm3) core compared to previous estimates, with a P-wave velocity of 4.9 to 5.0 km/s at the core-mantle boundary, with the composition and structure of the mantle as a dominant source of uncertainty. We infer from our models that Mars' core contains a median of 20 to 22 wt% light alloying elements when we consider sulfur, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. These data can be used to inform models of planetary accretion, composition, and evolution.

Recurrent Cushing's Disease in Adults: Predictors and Long-Term Follow-Up.

Cushing's disease (CD) is characterized by endogenous hypercortisolism that is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Due to high recurrence rates in CD, the determination of high-risk patients is of paramount importance. In this study, we aimed to determine recurrence rates and clinical, laboratory, and histological predictors of recurrence in a high volume single-center. This retrospective study included 273 CD patients operated in a single pituitary center between 1997 and 2020. The patients with early postoperative remission were further grouped according to recurrence status (recurrent and sustained remission groups). Demographic, radiologic, laboratory, pathologic, and follow-up clinical data of the patients were analyzed and compared between groups. The recurrence rate was 9.6% in the first 5 years; however, the overall recurrence rate was 14.2% in this study. Higher preoperative basal ACTH levels were significantly correlated with CD recurrence even with ACTH levels adjusted for tumor size, Ki-67 levels, and tumoral invasion. Recurrence rates were significantly higher in patients with ACTH levels higher than 55 pg/ml, tumor diameter>9.5 mm, and if adrenal axis recovery was before 6 months. The severity of hypercortisolism, morbidities, and demographic factors except age were not predictive factors of recurrence. Based on our study data, younger age at diagnosis, a diagnosis of osteoporosis, higher preoperative ACTH levels, larger tumor size, invasive behavior, higher Ki 67 index, and early recovery of the adrenal axis during the postoperative period attracted attention as potential predictors of recurrent disease.

Endonasal endoscopic approach for sellar metastatic pathologies: a national observation.

PURPOSE: Sellar metastases are rare lesions. Recent improvements in diagnosis and treatment strategies have prolonged survival but increased the probability of metastatic tumors. Evaluation with clinical symptomatology and meticulous laboratory examination is crucial. We present our multicenter national study on sellar metastases to evaluate and underline the main clinical, endocrine, and radiological considerations regarding the diagnosis and endonasal endoscopic management of such rare lesions. METHODS: A medical literature-based retrospective study was planned across 13 neurosurgical centers in Turkey, where a data survey was conducted to collect information regarding sellar metastases surgically treated using the endoscopic endonasal approach, including clinical presentation, radiographic features, primary tumor origin, histopathological confirmation, time to metastasis, treatment, and patient outcomes. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2020, 54 patients (22 women [40.7%] and 32 men [59.3%]) who underwent surgery with the endonasal endoscopic approach and had pathologically proven sellar metastases (overall incidence, 0.54%) were included. Of the patients, 59.3% had no known malignancy and presented with new-onset symptoms, 79.6% reported headache, 51.9% complained of some degree of visual deficits, and 50% had cranial nerve symptoms. Tissue biopsy was performed in 7.4% of the patients, whereas gross or subtotal resection was achieved in the remaining patients. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the largest series of patients surgically treated with the endonasal endoscopic approach for sellar metastases. For these patients, the treatment focus should be on management modalities for increasing quality of life instead radical treatment options with survival benefit.

Endoscopic transnasal surgery in optic pathway gliomas located in the chiasma-hypothalamic region: case series of ten patients in a single-center experience and endoscopic literature review.

OBJECTIVE: Optic pathway gliomas (OPGs) constitute approximately 3-5% of childhood intracranial tumors. In this study, the authors presented their experience of using the endoscopic endonasal approach to treat patients with OPG located in the chiasma-hypothalamic region and aimed to use the infrachiasmatic corridor in the endoscopic endonasal approach as an alternative to the transcranial approach in the surgical necessity of OPGs. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of ten patients diagnosed with OPG histopathologically among 3757 cases who underwent endoscopic endonasal surgery between August 1997 and March 2021 at Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine Pituitary Research Center and Department of Neurosurgery. Mean follow-up period 48.5 months. During the postoperative follow-up period, 3 of these 10 patients underwent reoperation due to tumor recurrence. Combined (endoscopic endonasal approach + transcranial approach) approach was applied to 2 patients in the same session. Surgical and clinical outcomes were evaluated in detail. RESULTS: Ten patients with a mean patient age of 20.6 ± 11.4 were included in this study. The most common complaint was visual impairment. After surgery, improvement in visual impairment was observed in five patients. No increase in postoperative visual impairment was observed in any of the patients. Postoperative panhypopituitarism was not observed in any of the patients. STR resection was performed in 5 patients and NTR resection in 5 patients. No additional treatment was required during follow-up in 4 of 5 patients who underwent NTR. A total of 6 patients received postoperative radiotherapy treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In gliomas located in the chiasma-hypothalamic region, appropriate patient selection and endoscopic endonasal surgical treatment may contribute to the elimination of symptoms due to the mass effect of the tumor. It may also contribute to keeping the disease under control with targeted adjuvant therapies by clarifying the pathological diagnosis of the lesion.

The association of bone mineral density Z-score with the early postoperative remission and characteristics of bone mineral loss in patients with Cushing's disease: a retrospective study.

AIM: To investigate the association of bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores with early-postoperative remission rate and clinical parameters in patients with Cushing's disease (CD). METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the records of patients diagnosed with CD. After the exclusion of 230 patients, 87 CD patients were finally enrolled. BMD was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the lumbar spine 1-4 (L1-4) and left femur. Early-postoperative remission was defined as a morning cortisol concentration on the first day after surgery of less than 5 µg/dL. The diagnosis of BMD "below the expected range for age" was defined as a Z-score≤-2.00 standard deviations. RESULTS: DXA results were not significantly associated with early postoperative remission. They also did not significantly differ between eugonadal and menopausal groups. Preoperative morning cortisol significantly negatively but weakly correlated with Z-score of the total femur, while preoperative adrenocorticotropic hormone/cortisol ratio positively but weakly correlated with DXA results of L1-4. CONCLUSION: The severity of bone loss was not significantly related to the failure of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease.

An endoscopic endonasal approach to craniopharyngioma via the infrachiasmatic corridor: a single center experience of 84 patients.

OBJECT: The infrachiasmatic corridor is the most important surgical access route for craniopharyngiomas and was identified and used in clinical series. The aims of this study were to describe the characteristics that assist dissection and resection rates in endoscopic surgery of solid, cystic, and recurrent cases and their importance in the infrachiasmatic corridor in endoscopic surgery. METHODS: One hundred operations on 84 patients with pathologically identified craniopharyngioma were included in the study. The MRI findings were evaluated, and the location of the lesions was classified as (1) infrasellar; (2) sellar; or (3) suprasellar. In the sagittal plane, we measured the longest diameter of cystic and solid components and the height of chiasm-sella. Images were assessed for the extent of resection and were classified as gross total resection. This was deemed as the absence of residual tumor and subtotal resection, which had residual tumor. RESULTS: The infrasellar location was reported in 7/84 (8.3%) patients, the sellar location in 8/84 (9.5%), and the suprasellar location in 69/84 (82.1%) patients. The narrow and high chiasm-sella were observed in 28/69 (40.5%) and 41/69 patients (59.4%), respectively. The mean distance of the chiasm-sella was 9.46± 3.76. Gross total tumor resection was achieved in 60/84 (71.4%) and subtotal tumor resection was performed in 24/84 (28.6%) patients. The results revealed that suprasellar location (OR: 0.068; p = 0.017) and recurrent cases (OR: 0.011; p<0.001) were negative predictive factors on GTR. Increasing the experience (OR: 42,504; p = 0.001) was a positive predictor factor for GTR. CONCLUSION: An EETS approach that uses the infrachiasmatic corridor is required for skull base lesions extending into the suprasellar area. The infrachiasmatic corridor can determine the limitations of endoscopic craniopharyngioma surgery. This corridor is a surgical safety zone for inferior approaches.

The association between insulin-like growth factor 1 levels within reference range and early postoperative remission rate in patients with Cushing's disease.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and glucocorticoids (GC) was examined in various studies. Long-term GC treatment was shown to decrease GH concentration and, interestingly, to increase IGF-1 concentration. We performed a retrospective study in order to examine how preoperative IGF-1 concentrations vary within the reference range and if tertiles of age- and sex-adjusted normal IGF-1 are predictive for early postoperative remission in the patients with Cushing's Disease (CD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with CD were retrospectively evaluated. After the exclusion of 67 patients, a final cohort of 250 CD patients were included. Age- and sex-adjusted normal IGF-1 levels were divided into tertiles (T1, T2 and T3). Early postoperative remission was defined as a nadir morning cortisol concentration measured within the first 3 consecutive days following surgery of less than 5 µg/dL (138 nmol/L). RESULTS: Early postoperative remission rate was the lowest in T1 and highest in T3; 49.1% (n = 28) versus 77.3% (n = 75), p = .001, respectively. Binary logistic regression analysis showed the remission rate in T3 was three times higher than that in T1 (p = .003). Cortisol and ACTH concentration were significantly higher and GH concentrations were significantly lower in T1 compared to those in the other two tertiles. CONCLUSIONS: As the first study evaluating the correlation between early postoperative remission rate in patients with CD and the tertiles of normal age- and sex-adjusted IGF-1 levels, we have shown that higher IGF-1 levels could predict better outcome in CD.

The coexistence of infundibular pituicytoma and Cushing's disease due to pituitary adenoma: A case report.

OBJECTIVES: Pituicytomas are rare, solid, well-circumscribed, low grade (grade I), non-neuroendocrine, and noninfiltrative tumors of the neurohypophysis or infundibulum, which appear in the sellar/suprasellar regions. Herein, we present a case with Cushing's disease (CD) caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma in association with an infundibular pituicytoma. Subject and Results. A 37-year-old male patient presented to the hospital with a six-month history of blurry vision. Physical examination demonstrated plethora, excessive sweating, weight gain, moon facies, and acne. Basal serum cortisol and ACTH levels were 16 µg/dl and 32 pg/ml, respectively. The results of screening tests were suggestive of Cushing syndrome. It was also 1.97 µg/dl following 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test which was consistent with CD. Pituitary MR imaging revealed a single lesion measuring 6x6.5 mm on the pituitary stalk. Infundibular mass excision and pituitary exploration by extended endoscopic endonasal approach were applied. On immunohistochemistry, strong diffuse immunolabeling for both S100 and TTF-1 was noted for the cells of infundibular mass, diagnosed as pituicytoma. Because the developed panhypopituitarism postoperatively, patient was discharged with daily desmopressin, levothyroxine, hydrocortisone, and intramuscular testosterone, once a month. CONCLUSIONS: Pituicytoma is an uncommon noninvasive tumor of the sellar and suprasellar regions. In this case report, we described a patient with Cushing's disease to whom MRI displayed only an infundibular well-circumscribed lesion, but not any pituitary adenoma. Despite the absence of any sellar lesion, awareness of other undetected possible lesion and exploring hypophysis during the transsphenoidal surgery is mandatory for the correct diagnosis.

Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach infrachiasmatic corridor.

An extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach is required for skull base lesions extending to the suprasellar area. Inferior approach using the infrachiasmatic corridor allows access to the lesions through the tumor growth that is favorable for the extended transsphenoidal approaches. Infrachiasmatic corridor is a safer route for the inferior approaches that is made up by basal arachnoid membrane and Liliequist's membrane with its leaves (diencephalic and mesencephalic leaf). This area extends from the optic canal and tuberculum sella to the corpus mamillare. We performed extended endoscopic approach using the infrachiasmatic corridor in 52 cases, including tuberculum sella meningiomas (n:23), craniopharyngiomas (n:16), suprasellar Rathke's cleft cyst (n:6), pituitary adenoma (n:2), fibrous dysplasia (n:1), infundibular granulosa cell tumor (n:2), and epidermoid tumor (n:2). Total resection was achieved in 17 of 23 (74%) with tuberculum sellae meningioma using infrachiasmatic approach. Twenty patients presented with visual disorders and 14 of them improved. There were two postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakages and one transient diabetes insipidus and one permanent diabetes insipidus. Sixteen patients were operated on by the infrachiasmatic approach for craniopharyngiomas. Improvement was reached in seven of eight patients presented with visual disorders. Complete tumor resection was performed in 10 of 16 cases and cyst aspiration in 4 cases, and there were remnants in two cases. Postoperative CSF leakage was seen in two patients. Infrachiasmatic corridor provides an easier and safer inferior route for the removal of middle midline skull base lesions in selected cases.

Clinical and therapeutic outcomes of pediatric pituitary adenomas: a single pituitary center experience.

PURPOSE: Pediatric pituitary adenomas (PPA) are rare. Although PPAs are mostly benign, they can be challenging to manage. Most studies evaluating PPA are based on surgical series. We aimed to present the clinical features, hormonal status and treatment outcomes of children with PPA managed in a joint neuroendocrine setting. METHODS: In this single-center study, demographic, clinical and endocrinological data of patients under 19 years old who were followed up with the diagnosis of PPA between 2002-2022 were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 21 studies published in the past 20 years were also systematically reviewed. RESULTS: There were 79 patients (52 girls, 27 boys) with a median age of 15.8 years. Median follow-up time was 30 months. The most common adenoma subtype was non-functioning adenoma (NFA) (35.5%), followed by prolactinoma (29.1%), corticotropinoma (21.5%), and somatotropinoma (13.9%), respectively. The frequency of micro and macroadenomas was almost equal while 38% of all adenomas were invasive. Headache, visual impairment and menstrual irregularity were the most common complaints, while the most common hormonal deficiency at diagnosis was central hypothyroidism (31.6%), followed by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (22.7%), growth hormone deficiency (15.2%) and central adrenal insufficiency (11.4%), respectively. Fifty patients (63.2%) underwent endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery (EETS). Following the surgery, impaired endocrine functions recovered at a rate of 62% while permanent central diabetes insipidus was observed in 6%, and new onset hypopituitarism developed in 4%. CONCLUSION: NFA was more common in this cohort than in previous reports, which is one of the largest PPA series in the literature. Hormonal disorders, which were common at the time of diagnosis, were largely resolved with appropriate endocrinological and surgical approaches, while the rate of pituitary hormonal deficiencies after EETS was relatively low. Therefore, we recommend that children with PPA be managed in the setting of a high-volume pituitary center to provide long-term low morbidity.

Prevalence of endocrine disorders in 304 premenopausal women referred with oligomenorrhoea.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to evaluate 304 premenopausal women admitted to our clinic for oligomenorrhoea, and to screen for Cushing's syndrome (CS) in this population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 304 premenopausal women referred to our clinic for oligomenorrhoea. Anthropometric measurements and Ferriman-Gallwey score were evaluated, and thyroid hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), total testosterone, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) levels were measured in all patients. If basal 17-OHP was > 2 ng/mL, we evaluated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-stimulated 17-OHP levels. CS was screened by 1 mg-dexamethasone suppression test, and if the cortisol value was > 1.8 µg/dL, we performed additional confirmatory tests, and if necessary, pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) were performed. RESULTS: The most common cause of oligomenorrhoea was polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) that was detected in 81.57% of cases, followed by hyperprolactinemia at 7.23% and hypothalamic anovulation at 5.26%. The prevalence of premature ovarian failure (POF) was 1.6%, and non-classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (NCAH) was 1.97%. CS was detected in 7 (2.30%) patients. All the patients with CS were found to have Cushing's disease (CD). Although 3 patients with CD had classical signs and symptoms, 4 had none. Patients with CD had similar total testosterone values to those in the PCOS and NCAH groups, but they had significantly higher DHEA-S compared to both groups (CD vs. PCOS, p = 0.001 and CD vs. NCAH, p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: We found higher prevalence of CS in patients with oligomenorrhoea even in the absence of clinical signs. Therefore, we suggest routine screening for CS during the evaluation of patients with oligomenorrhoea and/or PCOS. The likelihood of CS is greater in patients with high androgen, especially DHEA-S levels.

Rarely Used Endoscopic Transnasal Transdiaphragmatic Technique in Patients with Suprasellar Extension: A Tertiary Center's Experience with Eleven Patient Cases.

OBJECTIVE: As surgical techniques become less invasive, the use of endoscopy in brain surgery supports this trend. Numerous endoscopic surgical approaches have been defined, especially for skull base diseases. The current study summarizes our experience of using the rarely reported endoscopic transnasal transdiaphragmatic approach through the existing hole in the diaphragma sella to access lesions extending into the suprasellar region. METHODS: Our surgical team performed 4876 endoscopic endonasal surgeries between August 1997 and December 2022 at the Department of Neurosurgery, Pituitary Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University. The study retrospectively analyzed data from 11 patients who had undergone endoscopic transnasal transdiaphragmatic surgery since January 2020. Preoperative and postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, pituitary function examination, and clinical observation were carried out. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 31.1 ± 10.7 years and the female/male ratio was 6:5. Pathologic subtypes observed included breast cancer metastasis (n = 1), adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting adenoma (n = 4), growth hormone-secreting adenoma (n = 3), craniopharyngioma (n = 2), and Rathke cleft cyst (n = 1). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 4.7 ± 1.1 days and none of the patients showed cerebrospinal fluid leakage during this period. CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic transnasal transdiaphragmatic approach may be considered an alternative to the conventional extended endoscopic transnasal approach in patients with lesions extending into the suprasellar region. The main strength of this method is that it facilitates suprasellar region access through a small dural incision and bone defect in the base of the skull. As a result, it also reduces the risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage and associated complications.

A Novel Fusion of Radiomics and Semantic Features: MRI-Based Machine Learning in Distinguishing Pituitary Cystic Adenomas from Rathke's Cleft Cysts.

Objectives: To evaluate the performances of machine learning using semantic and radiomic features from magnetic resonance imaging data to distinguish cystic pituitary adenomas (CPA) from Rathke's cleft cysts (RCCs). Materials and Methods: The study involved 65 patients diagnosed with either CPA or RCCs. Multiple observers independently assessed the semantic features of the tumors on the magnetic resonance images. Radiomics features were extracted from T2-weighted, T1-weighted, and T1-contrast-enhanced images. Machine learning models, including Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), and Light Gradient Boosting (LGB), were then trained and validated using semantic features only and a combination of semantic and radiomic features. Statistical analyses were carried out to compare the performance of these various models. Results: Machine learning models that combined semantic and radiomic features achieved higher levels of accuracy than models with semantic features only. Models with combined semantic and T2-weighted radiomics features achieved the highest test accuracies (93.8%, 92.3%, and 90.8% for LR, SVM, and LGB, respectively). The SVM model combined semantic features with T2-weighted radiomics features had statistically significantly better performance than semantic features only (p = 0.019). Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the significant potential of machine learning for differentiating CPA from RCCs.

Surgical outcomes and follow-up results of 53 pediatric craniopharyngioma cases: a single-center study.

OBJECTIVE: Craniopharyngiomas are locally invasive neoplasms, and they cause potential lifelong morbidity because of their tendency for local recurrence. Despite advancements in endoscopic techniques, gross-total resection (GTR) of tumors with invasion or adhesion to important surrounding anatomical structures is extremely difficult. The authors present a single-center study that evaluated the impact of the endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) on the surgical outcomes of pediatric craniopharyngiomas, the factors affecting the resection rate, and recurrence. METHODS: A total of 44 pediatric patients (age ≤ 18 years) who were treated via the EEA for craniopharyngioma from August 1997 to June 2022, as well as their 53 operations, were included in this study. The preoperative radiological configuration and surgical data of these cases were assessed. Also, preoperative and postoperative clinical (endocrinologic, neurological, and ophthalmological), hypothalamic, physical and social development, and neurocognitive assessment data were described. RESULTS: In total, 37 cases (69.8%) had no history of operation beforehand. The most common symptoms at presentation were endocrine disturbances (98.1%), headache without vomiting (84.3%), and visual disturbance (51%). Cases were classified as infrasellar (1.9%), sellar (32.1%), sellar-suprasellar (52.8%), and suprasellar (13.2%) localization. GTR was achieved in 34/53 cases (64.1%). The rate of GTR was higher in infrasellar and sellar tumors compared with sellar-suprasellar and suprasellar tumors (p = 0.003), and preoperative hypothalamic involvement was associated with lower likelihood of GTR (p = 0.024). Moreover, with experience, the rate of GTR increased (p = 0.037). Postoperative complications, other than endocrine impairment, occurred in 10/53 cases (18.9%). The mean duration of follow-up was 53.57 months. At follow-up, 21/53 (39.6%) cases presented with tumor recurrence. The 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 48.5%. There was a statistically significant difference between the GTR and other-than-GTR groups in terms of PFS (p < 0.001). According to univariate analysis, smaller tumor (p = 0.017), infrasellar and sellar localization (p = 0.031), and GTR (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased rate of recurrence. Also, there was a statistically significant association between the recurrence rate and adhesion strength of the tumor (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective cohort study revealed surgical indications for EEA, as well as factors affecting the resection rate, recurrence, and quality of life during the follow-up period of the included cases. The authors believe that GTR should be the goal for craniopharyngioma treatment, but the authors' treatment approach was to provide a balance between radical surgery with maximum safety and adjuvant treatment for long-term disease control.

Operative Nuances of Capsular Dissection Techniques and Capsule Morphology in Pituitary Adenomas: Past 1-Year Case Experiences of a Tertiary Center.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The widespread use of endoscope and increased surgical experiences in pituitary adenomas (PAs) has raised the expectations for higher resection and cure rates. The subject that will meet this expectation in all types of adenomas is the capsule and its dissection. The purpose of this study was to go beyond the commonly mentioned pseudocapsule definition for small-sized adenomas in previous studies and to describe the capsule structure in different morphologies present in pituitary adenomas of all sizes. This includes detailing the nuances of capsular dissection (CD) and presenting postoperative surgical outcomes through the experiences of a high-volume tertiary center. METHODS: In our center, 534 patients underwent endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery because of pituitary adenoma in 2022 by the same surgeon. The data of the patients were examined retrospectively. The surgical techniques applied were grouped as adenoma resection only, capsular resection after internal debulking, and direct extracapsular resection. RESULTS: CD was performed in 275 (51.5%) patients. The gross total resection (GTR) rate in nonsecretory adenomas with and without CD was 90.7% (97/107) and 90.7% (97/107), respectively. The remission rate in secretory adenomas with and without CD was 81.0% (136/168) and 44.0% (67/152), respectively. When the patients were examined in 2 groups as those who underwent CD and those who did not, the application of CD had a positive predictive value in terms of GTR/remission (P: .036). Capsule thickness was not found to be statistically significant depending on tumor subtype, size, and aggressiveness, but capsule thickness was statistically significant in terms of total capsular resection (P: .045). CONCLUSION: The morphology of the capsule, tumor size/subtype/consistency, and patient-specific factors are crucial for the selection of the surgical technique to be applied. It is possible to increase the GTR/remission rates in adenomas of all sizes by capsule dissection. Moreover, performing CD does not contribute significantly to the development of potential complications in such cases.

Endoscopic distinction between capsule and pseudocapsule of pituitary adenomas.

BACKGROUND: Pseudocapsules were first identified in pituitary adenoma surgery in 1936. Since then, the distinction between pituitary capsules and pseudocapsules has been unclear, and the definitions of these entities have varied. In this study, pituitary capsules and extracapsular dissection were examined retrospectively, intra- and extrapseudocapsular resection was evaluated, and dissection of the pituitary adenoma and pseudocapsule was examined prospectively. METHODS: Between January 2009 and May 2012, endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery was performed on 224 patients in the Department of Neurosurgery, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Turkey. Data for 174 patients were analyzed retrospectively between January 2009 and December 2011, and 50 patients treated between December 2011 and May 2012 were included in a prospective study. RESULTS: In the retrospective phase of the study, capsules were examined in 21 of the 174 patients on whom extracapsular resection had been performed. In the 50 cases treated between December 2011 and May 2012, dissection of the pituitary capsule, adenohypophysis, and pseudocapsule was performed. In 30 patients in the prospective phase of the study, pseudocapsules were identified during intraoperative endoscopic observation. Remission was achieved in 28 of 33 functioning adenomas in the prospective study. The mean follow-up period in this group was 13 months. CONCLUSION: The endoscopic and histopathological evidence provided in this study demonstrates that the pituitary capsule and pseudocapsule are distinct structures. In addition, it is also shown that extracapsular dissection can be performed in functioning adenomas that invade the suprasellar region. Significantly higher rates of total resection and higher remission rates were observed in cases where extra- and intrapseudocapsular dissection was required.

Endoscopic Transnasal Approach for Microprolactinomas with Experience of 105 Cases in a Single Center: Paradigmal Shift for Conventional Medical Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: The classically recommended first-line therapy for microprolactinomas is medical therapy. In the presence of drug resistance and intolerance after the use of dopamine agonists or when the patients prefer surgery instead of medication, surgical treatment is considered as second-line treatment. The high hormonal remission and low complication rates after surgery for microprolactinomas suggest that the surgical outcome of endoscopic surgeries may be better than medical therapy in well-selected patients. This study reports a large series of patients with microprolactinoma treated by endoscopic transnasal approach and evaluates the efficiency of surgical treatment. METHODS: Our study is a retrospective cohort analysis of patients with microprolactinoma operated on by an endoscopic transnasal approach between August 1997 and February 2022 by an experienced pituitary surgeon in a single tertiary center. Inclusion criteria for microprolactinoma were based on increased prolactin levels, microadenoma (<10 mm in diameter) on pituitary magnetic resonance imaging, and histopathologically verified lactotroph adenoma. RESULTS: The mean follow-up was 74.90 months (range, 6-207). The postoperative day 1 remission rate was 85.7% and the long-term remission rate was 74.3%. The long-term remission rates of the patients in the preference group were significantly higher than those of the patients in the resistant or intolerance group (P = 0.002). Patients who used dopamine agonists for more than 3 years had a lower remission rate compared with patients who used dopamine agonists for a shorter period or who did not use it (P = 0.01). The surgical complication rate was 4.76%. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, endoscopic transnasal surgery performed by an experienced neurosurgeon in well-selected patients with microprolactinoma can be offered with cure rates superior to medical therapy and may be an alternative first-line treatment option to dopamine agonists.

Endoscopic Endonasal Approach Limitations and Evolutions for Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: Data from Single-Center Experience of Sixty Patients.

AIM: To determine the limits, to show the effect of tumor consistency on resection rates and to present the sinonasal morbidity rate in patients with tuberculum sellae meningiomas who underwent endoscopic endonasal approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the medical data, radiological images, and surgical videos of the patients with pathologically confirmed meningiomas originating from the tuberculum sellae and they were operated via endoscopic endonasal approach between August 1997 and December 2020. We used our endoscopic classification based on infrachiasmatic corridor. In this classification, tumors were divided into those within the infrachiasmatic corridor and proximity of the optic nerve, internal carotid artery, and anterior artery complex and those outside the infrachiasmatic corridor. RESULTS: Gross total resection was achieved in 45/60 (75%) patients. We found that tumor consistency was statistically significant on resection rates. Simultaneously, tumor median diameters on the anteroposterior (≤21.15 mm), transverse (≤19.75 mm), and superoinferior (≤15 mm) axes were statistically significant on resection rates. CONCLUSION: In summary, the most important factor in selecting the surgical technique is the tumor size. Infrachiasmatic corridor boundaries are the limitations of endoscopic approach. These limitations can change based on surgeon's experience. Also, tumor consistency is a factor that affecting degree of tumor resection rates.

Retinal vascular and structural recovery analysis by optical coherence tomography angiography after endoscopic decompression in sellar/parasellar tumors.

We assessed the potential retinal microcirculation alterations for postoperative visual recovery in sellar/paraseller tumor patients with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A). Two hundred ten eyes with sellar/parasellar tumor for which preoperative and postoperative (3 months) MRI Scans, Visual Acuity Test, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), OCT-A and, Visual Field Test data were available, besides 92 healthy eyes were evaluated. In the preoperative phase, significant reductions were observed in retinal vascular densities in various regions, including the Superficial Retinal Capillary Plexus (SRCP) (whole: p < 0.001, fovea: p = 0.025, parafovea: p < 0.001), Deep Retinal Capillary Plexus (DRCP) (whole: p < 0.001, fovea: p = 0.003, parafovea: p < 0.001), Peripapillary Vascular Density (PVD) (whole: p = 0.045, peripapillary: p < 0.001, nasal: p < 0.001, inferior: p < 0.001, temporal: p < 0.001), and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) (nasal: p = 0.024, inferior: p < 0.001, temporal: p < 0.001, superior: p < 0.001) compared to the healthy control group. After surgery, the postoperative data of patients without chiasmal distortion were compared to their preoperative data. In the postoperative evaluation, significant increases were observed in vascular densities in patients without chiasmal distortion in the SRCP (whole: p < 0.001, parafovea: p = 0.045), DRCP (whole: p = 0.007, fovea: p = 0.006, parafovea: p = 0.040), PVD (peripapillary: p = 0.010, inferior: p < 0.001, temporal: p < 0.001, superior: p < 0.001), and RNFL (nasal: p = 0.011, inferior: p = 0.034, temporal: p = 0.046, superior: p = 0.011). Furthermore, significant associations were observed in the ROC analysis between the postoperative Visual Field Mean Deviation (VFMD) and SRCP (whole AUC = 0.793, p < 0.001, cut-off = 51.45, parafovea AUC = 0.820, p < 0.001, cut-off = 53.95), DRCP (whole AUC = 0.818, p < 0.001, cut-off = 55.95, parafovea AUC = 0.820, p < 0.001, cut-off = 59.05), PVD (temporal AUC = 0.692, p < 0.001, cut-off = 55.10), and RNFL (whole AUC = 0.690, p = 0.001, cut-off = 119.5, inferior AUC = 0.712, p < 0.001, cut-off = 144.75). These findings indicate a potential role of pre and post-operative OCT-A measurements in the assessment of surgical timing and postoperative visual recovery in patients with or without optic chiasm distortion.