[Oral Health attitude and Practices among children in boys' orphanage of Rabat, Morocco]. / Attitudes et pratiques d'hygiène bucco-dentaire chez les résidents d'un orphelinat de garçons à Rabat (Maroc).

Introduction: Orphanages are a high-risk group of oral health diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral hygiene attitudes among orphans living in Al Akkari orphanage in Rabat, Morocco. Materials and Methods: cross sectional study was conducted among 165 orphans aged between 6 and 15 years-old at the orphanage Al Akkari in Rabat, between December 2012 and February 2013. The information collect was realized by direct questioning of all the residents. The questions were asked by a dentist and concerned the attitudes of the residents towards principles of oral hygiene, the possession of toothbrush and dentifrice, tooth brushing frequency and methods and the existence or not of a previous oral hygiene instruction was also reported. Seizure and statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 13.0 software. Results: The results showed that 94.5 % of the orphans' children have a toothbrush and 90.2% among them have toothpaste. 98.2% of residents brushed their teeth and 83.3% of those who brushed their teeth do it regularly (daily). 49.4% of the orphans' children brushed their teeth vertically while 88.5% of them had already oral hygiene instructions. Discussion: Attitudes of resident concerning tooth brushing regularity and the used method remains largely insufficient even if the orphans were informed of the importance of oral hygiene.

Morphology of the root apex of permanent teeth. A scanning electron microscope study in a Moroccan population.

This study aimed to investigate the root apex morphology in permanent teeth of a Moroccan population using scanning electron microscope. Eighty-seven teeth were collected from Moroccan patients attending the Oral Surgery Department of the faculty of dentistry, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco. The extracted teeth were then prepared for scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation at a root apex slice thickness of 5 mm. The median distance of the apical foramen from the apex was about 0.37 [0-0.62] mm, 0. 60 [0-0.82] mm, 0.71 [0.36-0.94] mm in incisors/canines, bi-rooted and multi-rooted teeth respectively, the mean apical foramen diameter was 0.30 [0.23-0.34] mm, 0.24 [0.18-0.33] mm, 0.27 [0.19-0.35] mm in incisors/canines, bi-rooted and multi-rooted teeth respectively. The apical foramen coincided with the apex in 33.5%, 33%, and 30.8% in incisors/canines, bi-rooted, and multi-rooted teeth. 16.45% of incisors, and 10.1% of the bi-rooted teeth with pulp and peri-apical diseases showed apical resorptions.

[Evaluation of the quality of proximal restorations with plastic materials: radiographic study]. / Evaluation de la qualité des restaurations proximales aux matériaux plastiques. Etude radiographique.

AIM: To assess the quality of proximal coronary restorations and bring out the factors influencing this quality. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A transversal study on 160 radiographs of proximal coronary restorations was conducted at the University Center of Dental Consultation and Treatment of Rabat. Restorations were evaluated according to the modified USPHS criteria. Four variables were studied: restoration material, treated tooth, cavity type and location of treatment in order to identify the influencing factors. RESULTS: Forty five per cent of the evaluated proximal coronary restorations required replacement. The main cause of failure was recurrent caries in 36% of cases, followed by the absence of the contact point (24.4%), unacceptable proximal coronary outline (13.8%), and finally dentin exposure (6.9%). Thus, it turned out that there is a difficulty to restore correctly posterior proximal cavities especially using amalgam and a high rate of recurrent caries at both the anterior and posterior teeth. CONCLUSION: Both a clinical and a radiographic evaluation after each proximal restoration would be recommended to reduce failure.

[First permanent molar caries: a case study of Moroccan children between 6 and 15 year-old]. / Carie de la première molaire permanente chez une population d'enfants marocains âgés de 6 à 15 ans.

It is a transverse descriptive study realized from clinical files of 100 Moroccan children aged between 6 and 15 year-old having consulted the Rabat Dental Hospital (U.T.H. Ibn Sina) in Morocco between January and December 2009. The criteria of inclusion are age, Moroccan origin, first four permanent molars having made their eruption and a complete clinical file. The criteria of exclusion are the non-eruption of a first permanent molar and an incomplete clinical file. The clinical parameters are: age, sex, tooth brushing, quality of alimentation and the condition of the first permanent molars (caries, extraction, filling). The results showed that 65% of the children between 6 and 15 years have at least a first decayed permanent molar. Eight per cent of the children have at least a filling material on the first permanent molar and 4% of the children have already extracted a first permanent molar. The caries touch both sexes, both right and left sectors and both superior and lower arches without statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The presence of the caries increased, on the other hand, with the age (p < 0.05). The relation between presence of caries, tooth brushing and quality of alimentation is not significant (p < 0.05). These results are in accordance with numerous studies and show a particular cario-sensibility of the first permanent molar.

[Management of wastes from dental amalgam by dentists in Burkina Faso and Morocco]. / Gestion des déchets d'amalgame dentaire par les chirurgiens-dentistes au Burkina Faso et au Maroc.

Dental amalgam is a metallic restorative material that is used for direct filling of carious lesions since many years. The use of this material generates solid and particulate wastes that present potential challenges to the environment. This study was carried out to assess amalgam use and waste management protocols practiced by Moroccan and Burkinabe dentists. A cross-sectional study was made of 79 in Rabat, Sale and Temara in Morocco and 56 in Ouagadougou, Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina-Faso. The results showed that 69.5% of dental amalgam waste in Morocco vs 49.9% in Burkina-Faso was disposed with household waste which is a problem for both the environment and a risk to human being. Proper methods of dental amalgam waste disposal should be carried out to prevent indirect mercury poisoning for human.

[Rate of genotypic mutations and resistance to antiretroviral drugs in a general hospital]. / Tasa de mutaciones genotípicas y resistencia a antirretrovirales en un hospital general.

OBJECTIVES: The objective is to describe the resistance mutation rate in protease and reverse transcriptase genes and sensitivity to different antiretrovirals in our environment. METHODS: We performed an observational descriptive study in which we examined the samples provided at the clinical immunology laboratory between April 2004 and April 2009. We analysed both the resistance tests and the sensitivity to different drugs in patients with therapeutic failure using trugene hiv01 genotyping kits(®). RESULTS: We registered samples from 242 patients, 61 of which had no detectable resistance. The most prevalent mutations according to drug families were: for nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors T215A/C/D/F/L/N/S/Y (24.10%), M184G/I/V/W (14.66%), M41J/L/R/T/W (11.24%) and K219E/G/H/N/R/T/W (10.24%). The highest levels of resistance corresponded to stavudine and lamivudine/emtricitabine, and tenofovir produced the least resistance in our environment. The non-analogues were K103N/R (23.98%), V179D/E/I/M/T (10.82%), A98E/G/S (10.53%) y K101E/P/Q/R (9.06%). Nevirapine presented greater resistance than efavirenz. Protease inhibitors were L10F/I/V (15.95%), M36I/L (13.81%), A71I/T/V (13.10%) and 154L/S/V (7.38%). The combination darunavir/ritonavir combination was that which presented the least resistance, and tipranavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir the most resistance. CONCLUSIONS: Antiretroviral resistance and sensitivity to retroviral treatment in our environment was similar to results from other studies in Spain, but differed in the high level of resistance to lamivudine/emtricitabine and lopinavir/ritonavir.

[Assessment of employment's impact on breastfeeding practices]. / Évaluation de l'effet du travail sur la pratique de l'allaitement maternel.

OBJECTIVE: Employment is recognized as a weaning factor in many studies. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of employment on women's breastfeeding (BF) with a duration longer than 6 months in a Moroccan population. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2015 and April 2016 in four hospitals in the region of Rabat-Salé, Morocco. All ages were included with the condition that the woman had at least one living child. A questionnaire-based interview collected data on the duration of BF for each child, breast milk storage practices, woman's opinion on BF, and the perception of work conditions during BF. Factors associated with BF lasting longer than 6 months were analyzed using logistic regression carried out in SPSS 13.0 software. RESULTS: A total of 502 surveyed women were analyzed. The median duration of breastfeeding (exclusive or mixed) in working women was 8 months versus 15 months for those without employment (P<0.001). Only 26 % stored breast milk. For working women, BF practiced due to religious conviction or perceived as mandatory were higher than for unemployed women (18% vs 15% and 11% vs. 7%, respectively; P<0.001). Working conditions during BF were perceived as daunting in 61% of cases. In multivariate analysis, factors correlated with prolonged BF longer than 6 months were: (i) early baby initiation to BF (OR=3; 95% CI [1.9-4.6]), (ii) education level: middle and high school (OR=0.1; 95% CI [0.01-0.5]), and (iii) the social status of working women (OR=0.3; 95% CI [0.1-0.6]). CONCLUSION: Employment has a negative impact on the duration of breastfeeding, work perception, and practices of breastfeeding women.

[Factors associated with dental care use among a population of Moroccan adolescents]. / Facteurs associés au recours aux soins dentaires dans une population d'adolescents marocains.

INTRODUCTION: Untreated dental caries are a major public health concern because of the impact on quality of life and of the high cost of dental care. Our aim was to identify factors related to dental care use among a population of urban Moroccan adolescents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving adolescents in an urban area was conducted. Adolescents were recruited in high schools selected by a cluster sampling method. The studied variables were recorded through a questionnaire and oral examinations. Collected data were socio-demographic parameters, medical insurance status and oral health status using DMFT (Decayed, Missing, Filled Teeth) and SiC (Significant Caries Index) indexes. Logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate factors associated to dental care use. RESULTS: Four hundred and fifty adolescents were included in 2012 and 2013. Three hundred and eighty seven (86%) had one untreated dental caries at least. One hundred and seventy-one (38%) had at least one filled teeth. Logistic regression analysis showed that health insurance status, parental income, gender and DMFT index were statistically significant variables associated to dental care use. DISCUSSION: Renouncement to dental care is not only related to the lack of medical insurance. Other factors such as gender and income level seems to be as important.

[Ameloblastoma of the mandible]. / Notre expérience des améloblastomes de la mandibule.

Ameloblastoma is a benign tumor of the jaws. The mandible is affected more often than the maxilla. Conservative treatment or radical resection may be indicated. We reviewed our experience with 16 cases of ameloblastoma. We concluded that radical resection is more appropriate despite the sequelae.

El déficit selectivo de inmunoglobulina A excepcionalmente se asocia a esclerosis múltiple / Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency is exceptionally associated with multiple sclerosis

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Monitoring omalizumab treatment efficacy in chronic urticaria by the basophil activation test

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Tasa de mutaciones genotípicas y resistencia a antirretrovirales en un hospital general / Rate of Genotypic Mutations and Resistance to Antiretroviral Drugs in a General Hospital

Objetivo El objetivo es describir la tasa de mutaciones de resistencia en los genes de la proteasa y la transcriptasa inversa y la sensibilidad de los diferentes antirretrovirales en nuestro medio. Métodos Estudio observacional, descriptivo en el cual se estudiaron las muestras remitidas al laboratorio de inmunología clínica desde abril de 2004 hasta abril de 2009. Se analizaron tanto los test de resistencias, como el análisis de sensibilidad a los diferentes fármacos de pacientes en fracaso terapéutico mediante Trugene Hiv-1 Genotyping Kit®. Resultados Se registraron las muestras de 242 pacientes, en 61 de ellos no se detectaron resistencias. Las mutaciones más prevalentes según familia de fármacos fueron: para los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos nucleosídicos T215a/C/D/F/L/N/S/Y (24,10%), M184g/I/V/W (14,66%), M41j/L/R/T/W (11,24%) y K219e/G/H/N/R/T/W (10,24%). La estavudina y la lamivudina/emtricitabina fueron los que más resistencias presentaron, y el tenofovir es el que tiene menos resistencias en nuestro medio. En cuanto a los no análogos fueron K103N/R (23,98%), V179d/E/I/M/T (10,82%), A98e/G/S (10,53%) y K101e/P/Q/R (9,06%). Nevirapina presentó más resistencias que efavirenz. Respecto a los inhibidores de la proteasa fueron L10F/I/V (15,95%), M36I/L (13,81%), A71I/T/V (13,10%) y I54l/S/V (7,38%). La combinación darunavir/ritonavir fue la que menos resistencias presentó junto con tipranavir/ritonavir, en contraposición lopinavir/ritonavir fue el que más resistencias obtuvo. Conclusión La resistencia y sensibilidad al tratamiento antirretroviral en nuestro medio fueron similares a las de otros estudios realizados en nuestro país, pero difiere y destaca un alto grado de resistencia a lamivudina/emtricitabina y lopinavir/ritonavir (AU)

Objectives The objective is to describe the resistance mutation rate in protease and reverse transcriptase genes and sensitivity to different antiretrovirals in our environment. Methods We performed an observational descriptive study in which we examined the samples provided at the Clinical Immunology Laboratory between April 2004 and April 2009. We analysed both the resistance tests and the sensitivity to different drugs in patients with therapeutic failure using Trugene HIV-1 Genotyping Kits®. Results We registered samples from 242 patients, 61 of which had no detectable resistance. The most prevalent mutations according to drug families were: for nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors T215A/C/D/F/L/N/S/Y (24.10%), M184G/I/V/W (14.66%), M41J/L/R/T/W (11.24%) and K219E/G/H/N/R/T/W (10.24%). The highest levels of resistance corresponded to stavudine and lamivudine/emtricitabine, and tenofovir produced the least resistance in our environment. The non-analogues were K103N/R (23.98%), V179D/E/I/M/T (10.82%), A98E/G/S (10.53%) and K101E/P/Q/R (9.06%). Nevirapine presented greater resistance than efavirenz. Protease inhibitors were L10F/I/V (15.95%), M36I/L (13.81%), A71I/T/V (13.10%) and 154L/S/V (7.38%). The darunavir/ritonavir combination was that which presented the least resistance, and tipranavir/ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir the most resistance. Conclusions Antiretroviral resistance and sensitivity to retroviral treatment in our environment was similar to results from other studies in Spain, but differed in the high level of resistance to lamivudine/emtricitabine and lopinavir/ritonavir (AU)