Not out of the woods yet: Signatures of the prolonged negative genetic consequences of a population bottleneck in a rapidly re-expanding wader, the black-faced spoonbill Platalea minor.

The long-term persistence of a population which has suffered a bottleneck partly depends on how historical demographic dynamics impacted its genetic diversity and the accumulation of deleterious mutations. Here we provide genomic evidence for the genetic effect of a recent population bottleneck in the endangered black-faced spoonbill (Platalea minor) after its rapid population recovery. Our data suggest that the bird's effective population size, Ne , had been relatively stable (7500-9000) since 22,000 years ago; however, a recent brief yet severe bottleneck (Ne  = 20) which we here estimated to occur around the 1940s wiped out >99% of its historical Ne in roughly three generations. Despite a >15-fold population recovery since 1988, we found that black-faced spoonbill population has higher levels of inbreeding (7.4 times more runs of homozygosity) than its sister species, the royal spoonbill (P. regia), which is not thought to have undergone a marked population contraction. Although the two spoonbills have similar levels of genome-wide genetic diversity, our results suggest that selection on more genes was relaxed in the black-faced spoonbill; moreover individual black-faced spoonbills carry more putatively deleterious mutations (Grantham's score > 50), and may therefore express more deleterious phenotypic effects than royal spoonbills. Here we demonstrate the value of using genomic indices to monitor levels of genetic erosion, inbreeding and mutation load in species with conservation concerns. To mitigate the prolonged negative genetic effect of a population bottleneck, we recommend that all possible measures should be employed to maintain population growth of a threatened species.

Canine Parvovirus Infections in Taiwanese Pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla).

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is among the most important and highly contagious pathogens that cause enteric or systemic infections in domestic and nondomestic carnivores. However, the spillover of CPV-2 to noncarnivores is rarely mentioned. Taiwanese pangolins (Manis pentadactyla pentadactyla) are threatened due to habitat fragmentation and prevalent animal trafficking. Interactions between Taiwanese pangolins, humans, and domestic animals have become more frequent in recent years. However, information about the susceptibility of pangolins to common infectious agents of domestic animals has been lacking. From October 2017 to June 2019, 4 pangolins that were rescued and treated in wildlife rescue centers in central and northern Taiwan presented with gastrointestinal signs. Gross and histopathological examination revealed the main pathologic changes to be necrotic enteritis with involvement of the crypts in all intestinal segments in 2 pangolins. By immunohistochemistry for CPV-2, there was positive labeling of cryptal epithelium throughout the intestine, and immunolabeling was also present in epidermal cells adjacent to a surgical amputation site, and in mononuclear cells in lymphoid tissue. The other 2 pangolins had mild enteritis without crypt involvement, and no immunolabeling was detected. The nucleic acid sequences of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons from these 4 pangolins were identical to a Chinese CPV-2c strain from domestic dogs. Quantitative PCR revealed a higher ratio of CPV-2 nucleic acid to internal control gene in the 2 pangolins with severe intestinal lesions and positive immunoreactivity. Herein, we present evidence of CPV-2 infections in pangolins.

GSTM1 Deletion Exaggerates Kidney Injury in Experimental Mouse Models and Confers the Protective Effect of Cruciferous Vegetables in Mice and Humans.

BACKGROUND: GSTM1 encodes glutathione S-transferase µ-1 (GSTM1), which belongs to a superfamily of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes. The highly prevalent GSTM1 deletion variant is associated with kidney disease progression in human cohorts: the African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension and the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. METHODS: We generated a Gstm1 knockout mouse line to study its role in a CKD model (involving subtotal nephrectomy) and a hypertension model (induced by angiotensin II). We examined the effect of intake of cruciferous vegetables and GSTM1 genotypes on kidney disease in mice as well as in human ARIC study participants. We also examined the importance of superoxide in the mediating pathways and of hematopoietic GSTM1 on renal inflammation. RESULTS: Gstm1 knockout mice displayed increased oxidative stress, kidney injury, and inflammation in both models. The central mechanism for kidney injury is likely mediated by oxidative stress, because treatment with Tempol, an superoxide dismutase mimetic, rescued kidney injury in knockout mice without lowering BP. Bone marrow crosstransplantation revealed that Gstm1 deletion in the parenchyma, and not in bone marrow-derived cells, drives renal inflammation. Furthermore, supplementation with cruciferous broccoli powder rich in the precursor to antioxidant-activating sulforaphane significantly ameliorated kidney injury in Gstm1 knockout, but not wild-type mice. Similarly, among humans (ARIC study participants), high consumption of cruciferous vegetables was associated with fewer kidney failure events compared with low consumption, but this association was observed primarily in participants homozygous for the GSTM1 deletion variant. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support a role for the GSTM1 enzyme in the modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and protective metabolites in CKD.

MYH9 E1841K Mutation Augments Proteinuria and Podocyte Injury and Migration.

Intronic variants of the MYH9 gene that encodes the nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIA are associated with diabetic nephropathy in European Americans and with sickle cell disease-associated nephropathy. However, the causal functional variants of MYH9 have remained elusive. Rare missense mutations in MYH9 cause macrothrombocytopenia and are occasionally associated with development of nephropathy. The E1841K mutation is among the common MYH9 missense mutations and has been associated with nephropathy in some carriers. To determine the contribution of the E1841K mutation in kidney disease, we studied the effects of the E1841K mutation in mice subjected to high salt or angiotensin II (Ang II) as models of hypertension and in mice subjected to renal mass reduction as a model of CKD. Despite similar levels of BP among wild-type (MYH9+/+ ) mice and mice heterozygous (MYH9+/E1841K ) and homozygous (MYH9E1841K/E1841K ) for the mutation in each model, MYH9E1841K/E1841K mice exhibited mildly increased albuminuria in response to high salt; severe albuminuria, nephrinuria, FSGS, and podocyte foot effacement in Ang II-induced hypertension; and early mortality in the renal mass reduction model. Treatment with candesartan during Ang II-induced hypertension attenuated kidney disease development in MYH9E1841K/E1841K mice. In vitro, isolated primary podocytes from MYH9E1841K/E1841K mice exhibited increased lamellipodia formation and reorganization of F-actin stress fibers. Wound healing assays revealed that MYH9+/+ podocytes had the lowest migration rate, followed by MYH9+/E1841K then MYH9E1841K/E1841K podocytes. In conclusion, the MYH9 E1841K variant alters podocyte cytoskeletal structure and renders podocytes more susceptible to injury after a damaging stimulus.

Renal Collectrin Protects against Salt-Sensitive Hypertension and Is Downregulated by Angiotensin II.

Collectrin, encoded by the Tmem27 gene, is a transmembrane glycoprotein with approximately 50% homology with angiotensin converting enzyme 2, but without a catalytic domain. Collectrin is most abundantly expressed in the kidney proximal tubule and collecting duct epithelia, where it has an important role in amino acid transport. Collectrin is also expressed in endothelial cells throughout the vasculature, where it regulates L-arginine uptake. We previously reported that global deletion of collectrin leads to endothelial dysfunction, augmented salt sensitivity, and hypertension. Here, we performed kidney crosstransplants between wild-type (WT) and collectrin knockout (Tmem27Y/- ) mice to delineate the specific contribution of renal versus extrarenal collectrin on BP regulation and salt sensitivity. On a high-salt diet, WT mice with Tmem27Y/- kidneys had the highest systolic BP and were the only group to exhibit glomerular mesangial hypercellularity. Additional studies showed that, on a high-salt diet, Tmem27Y/- mice had lower renal blood flow, higher abundance of renal sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3, and lower lithium clearance than WT mice. In WT mice, administration of angiotensin II for 2 weeks downregulated collectrin expression in a type 1 angiotensin II receptor-dependent manner. This downregulation coincided with the onset of hypertension, such that WT and Tmem27Y/- mice had similar levels of hypertension after 2 weeks of angiotensin II administration. Altogether, these data suggest that salt sensitivity is determined by intrarenal collectrin, and increasing the abundance or activity of collectrin may have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of hypertension and salt sensitivity.

[Measurement of kinetic parameters of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in rats by deuterated water].

The aim of the present study was to measure the kinetic parameters of skeletal muscle protein synthesis in rats by deuterated water (2H2O). Twenty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were labeled by 2H2O through intraperitoneal injection and drinking. At the each end of the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 6th and 10th week after the first 2H2O labeling, four rats were sacrificed by cardiac puncture for blood plasma and quadriceps femoris sampling. Skeletal muscle protein and free amino acids in plasma were purified, hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid and derived. The deuterium enrichments of 2H-labeled alanyl in skeletal muscle protein and plasma protein-bound 2H-labeled alanine were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fractional synthesis rate of skeletal muscle protein and synthetic dynamic equation were calculated. The fractional synthetic rate of skeletal muscle protein was 12.8%/week, and synthetic dynamic equation was ft = 0.158 × (1 - e-0.128t). The results suggest that the kinetic parameters of skeletal muscle protein synthesis can be measured by 2H2O labeling, and the method can be applied in long-term labeling experiment.

An Essential Role of cAMP Response Element Binding Protein in Ginsenoside Rg1-Mediated Inhibition of Na+/Glucose Cotransporter 1 Gene Expression.

The Na(+)/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is responsible for glucose uptake in intestinal epithelial cells. It has been shown that the intestinal SGLT1 level is significantly increased in diabetic individuals and positively correlated with the pathogenesis of diabetes. The development of targeted therapeutics that can reduce the intestinal SGLT1 expression level is, therefore, important. In this study, we showed that ginsenoside Rg1 effectively decreased intestinal glucose uptake through inhibition of SGLT1 gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Transient transfection analysis of the SGLT1 promoter revealed an essential cAMP response element (CRE) that confers the Rg1-mediated inhibition of SGLT1 gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and targeted CRE-binding protein (CREB) silencing demonstrated that Rg1 reduced the promoter binding of CREB and CREB binding protein associated with an inactivated chromatin status. In addition, further studies showed that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway also plays an essential role in the inhibitory effect of Rg1; taken together, our study demonstrates the involvement of the EGFR-CREB signaling pathway in the Rg1-mediated downregulation of SGLT1 expression, which offers a potential strategy in the development of antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic treatments.

Loss of collectrin, an angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 homolog, uncouples endothelial nitric oxide synthase and causes hypertension and vascular dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: Collectrin is an orphan member of the renin-angiotensin system and is a homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, sharing ≈50% sequence identity. Unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, collectrin lacks any catalytic domain. Collectrin has been shown to function as a chaperone of amino acid transporters. In rodents, the renal expression of collectrin is increased after subtotal nephrectomy and during high-salt feeding, raising the question of whether collectrin has any direct role in blood pressure regulation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using a susceptible genetic background, we demonstrate that deletion of collectrin results in hypertension, exaggerated salt sensitivity, and impaired pressure natriuresis. Collectrin knockout mice display impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation that is associated with vascular remodeling, endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling, decreased nitric oxide production, and increased superoxide generation. Treatment with Tempol, a superoxide scavenger, attenuates the augmented sodium sensitivity in collectrin knockout mice. We report for the first time that collectrin is expressed in endothelial cells. Furthermore, collectrin directly regulates l-arginine uptake and plasma membrane levels of CAT1 and y(+)LAT1 amino acid transporters in endothelial cells. Treatment with l-arginine modestly lowers blood pressure of collectrin knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS: Collectrin is a consequential link between the transport of l-arginine and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in hypertension.

Molecular characterization of cryptically circulating rabies virus from ferret badgers, Taiwan.

After the last reported cases of rabies in a human in 1959 and a nonhuman animal in 1961, Taiwan was considered free from rabies. However, during 2012-2013, an outbreak occurred among ferret badgers in Taiwan. To examine the origin of this virus strain, we sequenced 3 complete genomes and acquired multiple rabies virus (RABV) nucleoprotein and glycoprotein sequences. Phylogeographic analyses demonstrated that the RABV affecting the Taiwan ferret badgers (RABV-TWFB) is a distinct lineage within the group of lineages from Asia and that it has been differentiated from its closest lineages, China I (including isolates from Chinese ferret badgers) and the Philippines, 158-210 years ago. The most recent common ancestor of RABV-TWFB originated 91-113 years ago. Our findings indicate that RABV could be cryptically circulating in the environment. An understanding of the underlying mechanism might shed light on the complex interaction between RABV and its host.

Valley Spin-Polarization of MoS2 Monolayer Induced by Ferromagnetic Order in an Antiferromagnet.

Transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers exhibit unique valleytronics properties due to the dependency of the coupled valley and spin state at the hexagonal corner of the first Brillouin zone. Precisely controlling valley spin-polarization via manipulating the electron population enables its application in valley-based memory or quantum technologies. This study uncovered the uncompensated spins of the antiferromagnetic nickel oxide (NiO) serving as the ferromagnetic (FM) order to induce valley spin-polarization in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) monolayers via the magnetic proximity effect (MPE). Spin-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (SR-PL) was employed to observe MoS2, where the spin-polarized trions appear to be responsible for the MPE, leading to a valley magnetism. Results indicate that local FM order from the uncompensated surface of NiO could successfully induce significant valley spin-polarization in MoS2 with the depolarization temperature approximately at 100 K, which is relatively high compared to the related literature. This study reveals new perspectives in that the precise control over the surface orientation of AFMs serves as a crystallographic switch to activate the MPE and the magnetic sustainability of the trion state is responsible for the observed valley spin-polarization with the increasing temperature, which promotes the potential of AFM materials in the field of exchange-coupled Van der Waals heterostructures.

[Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown on Air Quality in Shenzhen in Spring 2022].

The short-term reduction of air pollutant emissions is an important emergency control measure for avoiding air pollution exceedances in Chinese cities. However, the impacts of short-term emission reductions on the air qualities in southern Chinese cities in spring has not been fully explored. We analyzed the changes in air quality in Shenzhen, Guangdong before, during, and after a city-wide lockdown associated with COVID-19 control during March 14 to 20, 2022. Stable weather conditions prevailed before and during the lockdown, such that local air pollution was strongly affected by local emissions. In-situ measurements and WRF-GC simulations over the Pearl River Delta (PRD) both showed that, due to reductions in traffic emissions during the lockdown, the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respirable particulate matter (PM10), and fine particulate matters (PM2.5) in Shenzhen decreased by (-26±9.5)%, (-28±6.4)%, and (-20±8.2)%, respectively. However, surface ozone (O3) concentration did not change significantly[(-1.0±6.5)%]. TROPOMI satellite observations of formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide column concentrations indicated that the ozone photochemistry in the PRD in spring 2022 was mainly controlled by the volatile organic compound (VOCs) concentrations and was not sensitive to the reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOx) concentrations. Reduction in NOx may even have increased O3, because the titration of O3 by NOx was weakened. Due to the small spatial-temporal extent of emission reductions, the air quality effects caused by this short-term urban-scale lockdown were weaker than the air quality effects across China during the widespread COVID-19 lockdown in 2020. Future air quality management in South China cities should consider the impacts of NOx emission reduction on ozone and focus on the co-reduction scenarios of NOx and VOCs.

The First Nationwide Surveillance of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Ruminants and Wildlife in Taiwan.

Since the first discovery of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) in China in 2009, SFTSV has rapidly spread through other Asian countries, including Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Pakistan, in chronological order. Taiwan reported its first discovery of SFTSV in sheep and humans in 2020. However, the prevalence of SFTSV in domestic and wildlife animals and the geographic distribution of the virus within the island remain unknown. A total of 1324 animal samples, including 803 domestic ruminants, 521 wildlife animals and 47 tick pools, were collected from March 2021 to December 2022 from 12 counties and one terrestrial island. The viral RNA was detected by a one-step real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Overall, 29.9% (240/803) of ruminants showed positive SFTSV RNA. Sheep had the highest viral RNA prevalence of 60% (30/50), followed by beef cattle at 28.4% (44/155), goats at 28.3% (47/166), and dairy cows at 27.5% (119/432). The bovine as a total of dairy cow and beef cattle was 27.8% (163/587). The viral RNA prevalence in ticks (predominantly Rhipicephalus microplus) was similar to those of ruminants at 27.7% (13/47), but wild animals exhibited a much lower prevalence at 1.3% (7/521). Geographically the distribution of positivity was quite even, being 33%, 29.1%, 27.5% and 37.5% for northern, central, southern and eastern Taiwan, respectively. Statistically, the positive rate of beef cattle in the central region (55.6%) and dairy cattle in the eastern region (40.6%) were significantly higher than the other regions; and the prevalence in Autumn (September-November) was significantly higher than in the other seasons (p < 0.001). The nationwide study herein revealed for the first time the wide distribution and high prevalence of SFTSV in both domestic animals and ticks in Taiwan. Considering the high mortality rate in humans, surveillance of other animal species, particularly those in close contact with humans, and instigation of protective measures for farmers, veterinarians, and especially older populations visiting or living near farms or rural areas should be prioritized.

Morphometric Relationships, Growth and Condition Factors of Critically Endangered Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla).

Morphometric relationships and condition factors are crucial to quickly understanding the fitness and well-being of animals. Total length (cm) and bodyweight (g) of 282 (male = 167 and female = 115) pangolins were accounted for in this study which was received and rehabilitated in Pingtung Rescued Center, Pingtung and Endemic Species Research Institute, Nantou, Taiwan. The allometric equation; W = aLb was used to estimate the length-weight relationships where R2 = 0.70, a = 0.61, and b = 1.98. The ratio of total body length and tail length was between 1.1 and 2.7. Pangolins exhibited negative allometric growth (b < 3) as their length increased. The average relative condition factor (KR) was 1.04, indicating a state of good health for rescued individuals. However, Fulton condition factor (KF) and KR fluctuated in different months but was significantly heavier during the wet seasons. This study recommended to release healthy animals with KF of 0.8 or higher back into the wild in order to increase their survival rate. The study, thus will be helpful to promote standardized guidelines for conducting physical measurements and understanding health status. Additionally, it will support the recovery of this threatened species by husbandry and diet management in ex-situ and in-situ conservation.

[Characteristics and Meteorological Factors of Complex Nonattainment Pollution of Atmospheric Photochemical Oxidant (Ox) and PM2.5 in the Pearl River Delta Region, China].

Based on the atmospheric pollutant data from twelve monitoring sites in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Pearl River Delta Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network, the mass concentration trends of atmospheric photochemical oxidants (Ox, NO2+O3) and PM2.5 during 2013-2017 were studied. The complex nonattainment pollution of Ox and PM2.5 is defined as the daily average mass concentration of NO2 and PM2.5 and daily maximum 8 h average (O3 MDA8) mass concentration of O3 simultaneously that exceeds the Chinese grade Ⅱ national air quality standard. The characteristics and meteorological factors that influence the complex nonattainment pollution of Ox and PM2.5 at different types of areas were analyzed. The results indicate that from 2013 to 2017, the annual average mass concentration of PM2.5 in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region decreased from (44±7) µg·m-3 to (32±4) µg·m-3, which met the annual standard for three consecutive years. The annual average mass concentration of Ox decreased from (127±14) µg·m-3 in 2013 to (114±12) µg·m-3 in 2016 and then showed a general rebound trend to (129±13) µg·m-3 in 2017 when O3 concentrations increased significantly (10 µg·m-3). The proportion of pollution processes with O3 as the primary pollutant increased from 33% in 2013 to 78% in 2017, and the regional characteristics of simultaneous pollution in multiple cities have been highlighted. The complex nonattainment pollution of Ox and PM2.5 occurred 60 times during the study period, primarily in urban sites (78%) and suburban sites (22%). The largest number of days of complex nonattainment pollution occurred in autumn (52%) because of strong solar radiation that was conducive to ozone formation, and consequently, the high oxidization of the atmosphere promoted the secondary generation of PM2.5. The weather conditions that caused the complex nonattainment pollution in the PRD mainly include outflow-high-pressures (43%), subtropical-high-pressures(30%), and tropical-depressions (27%). In terms of specific meteorological conditions, when the temperature was in the range of 20-25℃ and relative humidity was in the range of 60%-75%, the proportion of complex nonattainment pollution was the highest (22%). When O3 pollution was substantial, the high relative humidity and low wind speed during the nighttime caused the concentration of NO2 and PM2.5 to rise significantly, and then the high temperatures during the day aggravated the complex nonattainment pollution.

Frequent detection of anticoagulant rodenticides in raptors sampled in Taiwan reflects government rodent control policy.

Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) are known to cause extensive secondary exposure in top predators in Europe and North America, but there remains a paucity of data in Asia. In this study, we collected 221 liver samples from 21 raptor species in Taiwan between 2010 and 2018. Most birds were recovered from rescue organizations, but some free-ranging individuals were obtained from bird-strike prevention measures at airports. ARs were detected in 10 species and more than half of the total samples. Common rodent-eating Black-winged Kites (Elanus caeruleus) had the highest prevalence (89.2%) and highest average sum concentration (0.211 ±â€¯0.219 mg/kg), which was similar between free-ranging birds at airports and injured birds from rescue organizations. Scavenging Black Kites (Milvus migrans) and snake-eating Crested Serpent-eagles (Spilornis cheela) had the second highest prevalence or sum concentration, respectively. Seven different AR compounds were detected, of which brodifacoum was the most common and had the highest average concentration, followed by flocoumafen and bromadiolone. The frequency of occurrence in the three most numerous species (Black-winged Kite, Crested Goshawk [Accipiter trivirgatus], and Collared Scops-owl [Otus lettia]) was significantly higher in autumn than summer, which is consistent with the timing of the Taiwanese government's supply of free ARs to farmers. Regional differences in the detection of individual compounds also tended to reflect differences in human population density and use patterns (in agriculture or urban-dominated environments). Clinical poisoning was confirmed in Black Kites with sum concentrations as low as 0.026 mg/kg; however, further study of interspecific differences in AR sensitivity and potential population effects are needed. In addition, continued monitoring remains important given the Taiwanese government has modified their farmland rodent control policy to gradually reduce free AR supplies since 2015.

Effect of ginsenosides on glucose uptake in human Caco-2 cells is mediated through altered Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 expression.

In this study, we measured the effect of ginsenosides on glucose uptake using the Caco-2 cell system. At submicromolar concentrations, these compounds exhibited marked effects on the rate of glucose transport across the differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayer. Compound K (CK), the main intestinal bacterial metabolite of the protopanaxadiol ginsenosides, significantly enhanced the steady-state glucose transport rate to about 50% of the control sample rate (from 1.54 +/- 0.09 to 2.25 +/- 0.15 nmol/min). Conversely, the protopanaxatriol ginsenoside Rg1 inhibited glucose transport to about 70% of the original rate (from 1.54 +/- 0.09 to 1.02 +/- 0.05 nmol/min). Consistent with the effect on glucose uptake rate, CK and Rg1 conferred a significant and paralleled alteration on both the protein and mRNA expression levels of the Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) gene. Unlike SGLT1, there is no significant alteration on the protein or mRNA levels of GLUTs in CK- or Rg1-treated cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ginsenosides CK and Rg1 elicited potent enhancing and suppressing effects, respectively, on glucose uptake across human intestinal Caco-2 monolayer through modulation of SGLT1 expression.

The complete mitochondrial genome of the small Indian civet, Viverricula indica taivana - the first complete representation of the genus Viverricula.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Viverricula indica taivana, exclusive of tandem repeats within the control region, is 16,583 bp in length, with a total base composition of: 33.18% A, 28.93% T, 24.88% C, and 13.00% G in H-strand. The genome contains 37 genes, including 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 1 control region.

PATHOLOGY AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF RABIES VIRUS IN FERRET BADGERS ASSOCIATED WITH A RABIES OUTBREAK IN TAIWAN.

Until Rabies virus (RABV) infection in Taiwan ferret badgers (TWFB; Melogale moschata subaurantiaca) was diagnosed in mid-June 2013, Taiwan had been considered rabies free for >50 yr. Although rabies has also been reported in ferret badgers in China, the pathologic changes and distribution of viral antigens of ferret badger-associated rabies have not been described. We performed a comprehensive pathologic study and molecular detection of rabies virus in three necropsied rabid TWFBs and evaluated archival paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of six other TWFBs necropsied during 2004 and 2012. As in other RABV-infected species, the characteristic pathologic changes in TWFBs were nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, ganglionitis, and the formation of typical intracytoplasmic Negri bodies, with the brain stem most affected. There was also variable spongiform degeneration, primarily in the perikaryon of neurons and neuropil, in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brain stem. In nonnervous system tissues, representative lesions included adrenal necrosis and lymphocytic interstitial sialadenitis. Immunohistochemical staining and fluorescent antibody test demonstrated viral antigens in the perikaryon of the neurons and axonal or dendritic processes throughout the nervous tissue and in the macrophages in various tissues. Similar to raccoons (Procyon lotor) and skunks (Mephitidae), the nervous tissue of rabid TWFBs displayed widely dispersed lesions, RABV antigens, and large numbers of Negri bodies. We traced the earliest rabid TWFB case back to 2004.

An essential role of cAMP response element-binding protein in epidermal growth factor-mediated induction of sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 gene expression and intestinal glucose uptake.

The sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is responsible for glucose uptake in intestinal epithelial cells. Its expression is decreased in individuals with intestinal inflammatory disorders and is correlated with the pathogenesis of disease. The aim of this study was to understand the regulatory mechanism of the SGLT1 gene. Using the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation, we observed decreased SGLT1 expression in the inflamed intestine was positively correlated with the mucosal level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and activated CREB. Overexpression of EGF demonstrated that the effect of EGF on intestinal glucose uptake was primarily due to the increased level of SGLT1. We identified an essential cAMP binding element (CRE) confers EGF inducibility in the human SGLT1 gene promoter. ChIP assay further demonstrated the increased binding of CREB and CBP to the SGLT1 gene promoter in EGF-treated cells. In addition, the EGFR- and PI3K-dependent CREB phosphorylations are involved in the EGF-mediated SGLT1 expression. This is the first report to demonstrate that CREB is involved in EGF-mediated transcription regulation of SGLT1 gene in the normal and inflamed intestine, which can provide potential therapeutic applications for intestinal inflammatory disorders.

A gut microbial metabolite of ginsenosides, compound K, induces intestinal glucose absorption and Na(+) /glucose cotransporter 1 gene expression through activation of cAMP response element binding protein.

SCOPE: The Na(+) /glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) plays a crucial role in glucose uptake in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which has been shown essential in ameliorating intestinal inflammation. Ginseng has historically been used to treat inflammatory disorders. Understanding the regulatory mechanism of ginseng-mediated induction of SGLT1 gene expression in human intestinal cells is therefore important. METHODS AND RESULTS: We demonstrate that ginsenoside compound K (CK) enhances SGLT1-mediated glucose uptake in mice and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. Transient transfection analysis using SGLT1 promoter-luciferase reporters demonstrated that the presence of an essential cAMP response element (CRE) is required for CK-mediated induction of SGLT1 gene expression. The ChIP assays indicated that increased CRE-binding protein (CREB) and CREB-binding protein (CBP) binding to the SGLT1 promoter in CK-treated cells is associated with an activated chromatin state. Our result showed that the increased CREB phosphorylation is directly correlated with SGLT1 expression in IECs. Further studies indicated that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway is involved in the CK-mediated effect. CONCLUSION: These findings provide a novel mechanism for the CK-mediated upregulation of SGLT1 expression through EGFR-CREB signaling activation, which could contribute to reducing gut inflammation.