RESUMO
ABBV-467 is a highly potent and selective MCL-1 inhibitor that was advanced to a phase I clinical trial for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Due to its large size and structural complexity, ABBV-467 is a challenging synthetic target. Herein, we describe the synthesis of ABBV-467 on a decagram scale, which enabled preclinical characterization. The strategy is convergent and stereoselective, featuring a hindered biaryl cross coupling, enantioselective hydrogenation, and conformationally preorganized macrocyclization by C-O bond formation as key steps.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Proteína de Sequência 1 de Leucemia de Células Mieloides , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Hidrogenação , Proteína de Sequência 1 de Leucemia de Células Mieloides/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Foslevodopa (FLD, levodopa 4'-monophosphate, 3) and foscarbidopa (FCD, carbidopa 4'-monophosphate, 4) were identified as water-soluble prodrugs of levodopa (LD, 1) and carbidopa (CD, 2), respectively, which are useful for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Herein, we describe asymmetric syntheses of FLD (3) and FCD (4) drug substances and their manufacture at pilot scale. The synthesis of FLD (3) employs a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination reaction followed by enantioselective hydrogenation of the double bond as key steps to introduce the α-amino acid moiety with the desired stereochemistry. The synthesis of FCD (4) features a Mizoroki-Heck reaction followed by enantioselective hydrazination to install the quaternary chiral center bearing a hydrazine moiety.
Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson , Preparações Farmacêuticas , Carbidopa , Humanos , Hidrogenação , Levodopa/uso terapêutico , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The process development of a new synthetic route leading to an efficient and robust synthetic process for venetoclax (1: the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in Venclexta) is described. The redesigned synthesis features a Buchwald-Hartwig amination to construct the core ester 23c in a convergent fashion by connecting two key building blocks (4c and 26), which is then followed by a uniquely effective saponification reaction of 23c using anhydrous hydroxide generated in situ to obtain 2. Finally, the coupling of the penultimate core acid 2 with sulfonamide 3 furnishes drug substance 1 with consistently high quality. The challenges and solutions for the key Pd-catalyzed C-N cross-coupling will also be discussed in detail. The improved synthesis overcomes many of the initial scale-up challenges and was accomplished in 46% overall yield from 3,3-dimethyldicyclohexanone (6), more than doubling the overall yield of the first generation route. The new process was successfully implemented for producing large quantities of 1 with >99% area purity.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/síntese química , Compostos Bicíclicos Heterocíclicos com Pontes/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/químicaRESUMO
Dasabuvir (1) is an HCV polymerase inhibitor which has been developed as a part of a three-component direct-acting antiviral combination therapy. During the course of the development of the synthetic route, two novel coupling reactions were developed. First, the copper-catalyzed coupling of uracil with aryl iodides, employing picolinamide 16 as the ligand, was discovered. Later, the palladium-catalyzed sulfonamidation of aryl nonaflate 33 was developed, promoted by electron-rich palladium complexes, including the novel phosphine ligand, VincePhos (50). This made possible a convergent, highly efficient synthesis of dasabuvir that significantly reduced the mutagenic impurity burden of the process.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Paládio/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Uracila/análogos & derivados , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , 2-Naftilamina , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Catálise , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estrutura Molecular , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Uracila/síntese química , Uracila/química , Uracila/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
An iridium-catalyzed method was developed for the synthesis of imidazo-fused pyrrolopyrazines. The presence or absence of a nitrogenated ligand controlled the outcome of the reaction, leading to simple ß-keto amine products in the absence of added ligand and the cyclized 7- and 8-substituted-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrrolo[2,3-e]pyrazine products in the presence of ligand. This catalyst control was conserved across a variety of ylide and amine coupling partners. The substrate was shown to act as a ligand for the iridium catalyst in the absence of other ligands via NMR spectroscopy. Kinetic studies indicated that formation of the Ir-carbene was reversible and the slow step of the reaction. These mechanistic investigations suggest that the ß-keto amine products form via an intramolecular carbene N-H insertion, and the imidazopyrrolopyrazines form via an intermolecular carbene N-H insertion.
Assuntos
Azóis/síntese química , Dapsona/análogos & derivados , Compostos Heterocíclicos/síntese química , Irídio/química , Catálise , Ciclização , Dapsona/síntese química , Cinética , Ligantes , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
A novel method for Pd-catalyzed triflination of aryl and heteroaryl triflates using NaSO2CF3 as the nucleophile is described. The combination of Pd2(dba)3 and RockPhos formed the most effective catalyst. A broad range of functional groups and heteroaromatic compounds were tolerated under the neutral reaction conditions. The order of reactivity ArOTf ≥ ArCl ≥ ArBr is consistent with transmetalation being a slow step of the reaction.
RESUMO
A Cu-catalyzed synthesis of amides from alcohols and secondary amines using the oxygen in air as the terminal oxidant has been developed. The methodology is operationally simple requiring no high pressure equipment or handling of pure oxygen. The commercially available, nonprecious metal catalyst, Cu(phen)Cl2, in conjunction with di-tert-butyl hydrazine dicarboxylate and an inorganic base provides a variety of benzamides in moderate to excellent yields. The pKa of amine conjugate acid and electronics of alcohol were shown to impact the selection of base for optimal reactivity. A mechanism consistent with the observed reactivity trends, KIE, and Hammett study is proposed.
RESUMO
The development of a general and practical zinc-catalyzed enantioselective alkyne addition methodology is reported. The commercially available ProPhenol ligand (1) has facilitated the addition of a wide range of zinc alkynylides to aryl, aliphatic, and α,ß-unsaturated aldehydes in high yield and enantioselectivity. New insights into the mechanism of this reaction have resulted in a significant reduction in reagent stoichiometry, enabling the use of precious alkynes and avoiding the use of excess dimethylzinc. The enantioenriched propargylic alcohols from this reaction serve as versatile synthetic intermediates and have enabled efficient syntheses of several complex natural products.
Assuntos
Álcoois/química , Álcoois/síntese química , Alcinos/química , Propanóis/química , Propanóis/síntese química , Compostos de Zinco/química , Zinco/química , Alcinos/síntese química , Catálise , Ligantes , Estrutura Molecular , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
A highly enantioselective method for the catalytic addition of terminal 1,3-diynes to aldehydes was developed using our dinuclear zinc ProPhenol (1) system. Furthermore, triphenylphosphine oxide was found to interact synergistically with the catalyst to substantially enhance the chiral recognition. The generality of this catalytic transformation was demonstrated with aryl, alpha,beta-unsaturated and saturated aldehydes, of which the latter were previously limited in alkynyl zinc additions. The chiral diynol products are also versatile building blocks that can be readily elaborated; this was illustrated through highly selective trans-hydrosilylations, which enabled the synthesis of a beta-hydroxyketone and enyne. Additionally, the development of this method allowed for the rapid total syntheses of several biologically important diynol-containing natural products.
Assuntos
Aldeídos/química , Fatores Biológicos/síntese química , Di-Inos/química , Di-Inos/síntese química , Compostos Organometálicos/química , Fenóis/química , Fatores Biológicos/química , Catálise , Estrutura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Zinco/químicaRESUMO
Copper, an earth-abundant metal, has reemerged as a viable alternative to the versatile Pd-catalyzed C-N coupling. Coupling sterically hindered reaction partners, however, remains challenging. Herein, we disclose the discovery and development of a pyrrole-ol ligand to facilitate the coupling of ortho-substituted aryl iodides with sterically hindered amines. The ligand was discovered through a library screening approach and highlights the value of mining heteroatom-rich pharmaceutical libraries for useful ligand motifs. Further evaluation revealed that this ligand is uniquely effective in these challenging transformations. The reaction enables the coupling of sterically hindered primary and secondary amines, anilines, and amides with broad functional group tolerance.
RESUMO
This work details the development of ruthenium(II) catalysts for the enantioselective alkylation of chiral racemic secondary phosphines. The reactions proceed through the intermediacy of nucleophilic phosphido species, which have low barriers to pyramidal inversion; this allows for a dynamic kinetic asymmetric alkylation. The initially discovered [((R)-iPr-PHOX)(2)Ru(H)][BPh(4)] (6) catalyst was found to be effective in the reaction with benzylic chlorides; moreover, the alkylation displayed an unusual temperature dependence. However, the limited scope of alkylation of 6 motivated further studies which led to the development of two complementary chiral mixed ligand Ru(II) catalysts of type [L(1)L(2)Ru(H)](+). These catalysts were derived from a combination of one chiral and one achiral ligand, where a synergistic interaction of the two ligands creates an effective asymmetric environment around the ruthenium center. The (R)-MeO-BiPHEP/dmpe (dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) catalyst (10) was found to be effective for the asymmetric alkylation of benzylic chlorides, while the (R)-DIFLUORPHOS/dmpe catalyst (11) was optimal for the nucleophilic substitution of less activated alkyl bromides; the scope of the respective catalysts was also explored.
Assuntos
Fosfinas/síntese química , Rutênio/química , Catálise , Fosfinas/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMO
Ruthenium phosphido complexes have been shown to be excellent nucleophiles, reacting via two-electron processes with a variety of electrophiles. A catalytic alkylation reaction was developed using an achiral ruthenium complex, which was then elaborated into a catalytic enantioselective synthesis of P-stereogenic phosphines. These useful and synthetically challenging phosphines can now be accessed in a single step from simple secondary phosphines and alkyl halides. Optimization and scope of the enantioselective alkylation are discussed.