Lung ultrasound for prediction of surfactant requirement in Indian preterm neonates: a diagnostic accuracy study.

Surfactant replacement for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is currently guided by oxygen (FiO2) requirement in preterm neonates. Lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as an important predictive tool; however, there is a paucity of evidence from developing countries. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the LUS score in comparison to standard criteria based on FiO2 requirement for prediction of surfactant requirement. In this prospective study, preterm neonates of < 34 weeks' gestation with RDS were included within 2 h of life. Surfactant was administered if the FiO2 requirement exceeded 30%. Baseline characteristics, respiratory parameters, and LUS clips were recorded soon after birth and compared between the surfactant and non-surfactant groups. LUS scoring was later performed by masked assessors which was not used in the management of neonates. Among 82 neonates (mean gestation 30.6 weeks and weight 1375 g) included in the study, 33 (40.2%) received surfactant. The surfactant group had a higher Silverman score, required higher FiO2 and mean airway pressure, and needed invasive ventilation more frequently. The mean (± SD) LUS score was significantly higher in the surfactant (9.4 ± 3.2) compared to the non-surfactant group (5.1 ± 2.1). The diagnostic accuracy of LUS scoring was determined by ROC curve analysis (AUC (95% CI): 0.83 (0.74-0.92), p < 0.01). A cutoff score of ≥ 8 for LUS was considered optimal for the prediction of surfactant requirement (sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) of 70% (51-84) and 80% (66-90), respectively).    Conclusion: Lung ultrasound is a valid diagnostic tool for the prediction of surfactant requirements in resource-limited settings. What is Known: • Lung ultrasound has a good diagnostic accuracy in predicting the need for surfactant administration in preterm neonates in developed countries, but its role in developing countries is unclear. What is New: • Lung ultrasound proved to be a valid diagnostic tool in predicting surfactant replacement therapy in resource-limited settings. • The diagnostic performance of lung ultrasound was better in neonates on non-invasive ventilation, compared to invasive ventilation.

Efficacy of short-course antibiotics for culture-positive neonatal sepsis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sepsis is a common cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Though antibiotics are the mainstay of treatment in culture-positive neonatal sepsis, the dilemma persists for the optimum duration of antimicrobial therapy. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of short-course antibiotics for uncomplicated culture-positive neonatal sepsis. This systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD42023444899) identified, appraised, and synthesised the available evidence from randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials related to the efficacy of short-course (7-10 days) versus standard-course (14 days) antibiotics for uncomplicated culture-positive neonatal sepsis on the rate of treatment failure, mortality, duration of hospitalisation, morbidities including antibiotics-related adverse events, long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and cost analysis. Data were pooled using RevMan 5.4 software. Certainty of evidence (COE) for predefined outcomes was analysed by GRADE. Available evidence showed no significant difference in the rate of treatment failure between 7- to 10-day versus 14-day antibiotics courses [risk ratio (95% confidence interval, CI), 2.45 (0.93-6.47), I2 = 0%, six studies, n = 573, very low COE]. No incidence of death was reported in either treatment arm in the two included studies. Duration of hospitalisation was significantly shorter with the short-course antibiotics arm compared to standard-course [mean difference (95% CI), -3.88 (-4.22 to -3.54) days, I2 = 0%, five studies, n = 507, low COE]. Morbidities reported in the three studies were similar. Other outcomes were not reported. To conclude the evidence is very uncertain about the effect of short-course antibiotic regimen, compared to a standard-course, on the treatment failure rate in uncomplicated culture-positive neonatal sepsis. Adequately powered trials with outcomes including death and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment are needed.

Transitional Hemodynamics in Neonates Born Through Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid: A Prospective Observational Study.

Neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) are at increased risk of altered cardiopulmonary transition at birth. There is a paucity of literature evaluating the transitional hemodynamics in these neonates. We aimed to evaluate transitional hemodynamics via echocardiography in neonates born through MSAF, compared to healthy neonates. The primary objective was to assess pulmonary vascular resistance using left pulmonary artery-velocity time integral (LPA-VTI). The secondary objectives were to assess other pulmonary vascular parameters and myocardial function. We enrolled 35 MSAF-born and 35 healthy neonates. Echocardiography was performed at 24 and 48 h of life by a pediatric cardiologist. Echocardiographic parameters were compared between MSAF-born and healthy neonates, and between MSAF-born neonates who developed meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and who did not (non-MAS). Among 35 MSAF-born neonates, 14 (40%) were non-vigorous, 18 (51%) required admission to neonatal intensive care unit, 8 (23%) developed MAS, 3 (9%) pulmonary hypertension and 1 (3%) air leak. On echocardiography, LPA-VTI (cm; mean ± SD) was significantly decreased at 24 and 48 h in MSAF-born neonates (14.38 ± 2.48; 15.55 ± 2.48), compared to healthy neonates (16.60 ± 2.14; 17.66 ± 2.71), respectively. Further, LPA-VTI was significantly reduced at 24 and 48 h among MAS (11.81 ± 3.0; 12.43 ± 2.5), compared to non-MAS neonates (15.15 ± 1.72; 16.48 ± 1.55), respectively. Other pulmonary vascular and myocardial function parameters were comparable between the two groups. Pulmonary adaptation was significantly delayed in neonates with MSAF, which was more pronounced in MAS neonates. Further studies should explore the utility of these parameters for early prediction of cardiorespiratory morbidities in this population.

Efficacy and safety of short- vs. standard-course antibiotics for culture-negative neonatal sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing a short course of antibiotics (2-4 days), to a standard course (5-7 days), for the treatment of culture-negative neonatal sepsis. METHODS: Relevant databases were searched for RCTs comparing short- vs. standard-course of antibiotics for culture-negative sepsis. The primary outcomes were mortality and treatment failure, defined as the reappearance of clinical signs suggestive of sepsis within 7 days of stoppage of antibiotics. Secondary outcomes included neurological impairment, duration of hospital stay, need for oxygen, respiratory support and double-volume exchange transfusion (DVET). RESULTS: Seven RCTs were included in the review with 729 neonates >30 weeks gestational age at birth. No mortality occurred in either of the groups (2 studies; 276 neonates). Treatment failure rates were similar in the short- and standard-course antibiotic groups [7 studies; 729 neonates; risk ratio (RR) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.55 to 1.86; very low certainty]. The short course of antibiotics resulted in a shorter hospital stay [3 studies; 293 neonates; mean difference (MD), -2.46 days; 95% CI, -3.16 to -1.75]. There was no difference in the need for oxygen supplementation (2 studies; 258 neonates; RR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.40 to 4.91), any respiratory support (2 studies; 258 neonates; RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.17) or DVET (2 studies; 258 neonates; RR, 1.29; 95% CI, 0.56 to 2.95). CONCLUSION: Very-low certainty evidence suggests that a short antibiotic course, compared to a standard course, does not affect treatment failure rates in culture-negative neonatal sepsis. There is a need for well-designed RCTs powered enough to assess critical outcomes such as mortality and neurological sequelae to generate stronger evidence and inform guidelines. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023437199.

Prolonged antibiotic usage has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity in neonates. The standard practice in culture-negative neonatal sepsis has been to administer antibiotics for 5­7 days, based on expert consensus. In this systematic review, a short course of antibiotics (2­4 days), in comparison to a standard course (5­7 days), did not affect the treatment failure rates in culture-negative neonatal sepsis. However, the certainty of evidence was too low to make robust conclusions. There is a need for well-designed large trials to generate stronger evidence and inform guidelines.

Patterns of antibiotic use, pathogens, and prediction of mortality in hospitalized neonates and young infants with sepsis: A global neonatal sepsis observational cohort study (NeoOBS).

BACKGROUND: There is limited data on antibiotic treatment in hospitalized neonates in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to describe patterns of antibiotic use, pathogens, and clinical outcomes, and to develop a severity score predicting mortality in neonatal sepsis to inform future clinical trial design. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Hospitalized infants <60 days with clinical sepsis were enrolled during 2018 to 2020 by 19 sites in 11 countries (mainly Asia and Africa). Prospective daily observational data was collected on clinical signs, supportive care, antibiotic treatment, microbiology, and 28-day mortality. Two prediction models were developed for (1) 28-day mortality from baseline variables (baseline NeoSep Severity Score); and (2) daily risk of death on IV antibiotics from daily updated assessments (NeoSep Recovery Score). Multivariable Cox regression models included a randomly selected 85% of infants, with 15% for validation. A total of 3,204 infants were enrolled, with median birth weight of 2,500 g (IQR 1,400 to 3,000) and postnatal age of 5 days (IQR 1 to 15). 206 different empiric antibiotic combinations were started in 3,141 infants, which were structured into 5 groups based on the World Health Organization (WHO) AWaRe classification. Approximately 25.9% (n = 814) of infants started WHO first line regimens (Group 1-Access) and 13.8% (n = 432) started WHO second-line cephalosporins (cefotaxime/ceftriaxone) (Group 2-"Low" Watch). The largest group (34.0%, n = 1,068) started a regimen providing partial extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)/pseudomonal coverage (piperacillin-tazobactam, ceftazidime, or fluoroquinolone-based) (Group 3-"Medium" Watch), 18.0% (n = 566) started a carbapenem (Group 4-"High" Watch), and 1.8% (n = 57) a Reserve antibiotic (Group 5, largely colistin-based), and 728/2,880 (25.3%) of initial regimens in Groups 1 to 4 were escalated, mainly to carbapenems, usually for clinical deterioration (n = 480; 65.9%). A total of 564/3,195 infants (17.7%) were blood culture pathogen positive, of whom 62.9% (n = 355) had a gram-negative organism, predominantly Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 132) or Acinetobacter spp. (n = 72). Both were commonly resistant to WHO-recommended regimens and to carbapenems in 43 (32.6%) and 50 (71.4%) of cases, respectively. MRSA accounted for 33 (61.1%) of 54 Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Overall, 350/3,204 infants died (11.3%; 95% CI 10.2% to 12.5%), 17.7% if blood cultures were positive for pathogens (95% CI 14.7% to 21.1%, n = 99/564). A baseline NeoSep Severity Score had a C-index of 0.76 (0.69 to 0.82) in the validation sample, with mortality of 1.6% (3/189; 95% CI: 0.5% to 4.6%), 11.0% (27/245; 7.7% to 15.6%), and 27.3% (12/44; 16.3% to 41.8%) in low (score 0 to 4), medium (5 to 8), and high (9 to 16) risk groups, respectively, with similar performance across subgroups. A related NeoSep Recovery Score had an area under the receiver operating curve for predicting death the next day between 0.8 and 0.9 over the first week. There was significant variation in outcomes between sites and external validation would strengthen score applicability. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic regimens used in neonatal sepsis commonly diverge from WHO guidelines, and trials of novel empiric regimens are urgently needed in the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The baseline NeoSep Severity Score identifies high mortality risk criteria for trial entry, while the NeoSep Recovery Score can help guide decisions on regimen change. NeoOBS data informed the NeoSep1 antibiotic trial (ISRCTN48721236), which aims to identify novel first- and second-line empiric antibiotic regimens for neonatal sepsis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, (NCT03721302).

T-Piece resuscitator versus self-inflating bag for delivery room resuscitation in preterm neonates: a randomized controlled trial.

The establishment of adequate ventilation is the cornerstone of neonatal resuscitation in the delivery room (DR). This parallel-group, accessor-blinded randomized controlled trial compared the changes in peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO2) with the use of a T-piece resuscitator (TPR) versus self-inflating bag (SIB) as a mode of providing positive pressure ventilation (PPV) during DR resuscitation in preterm neonates. Seventy-two preterm neonates were randomly allocated to receive PPV with TPR (n = 36) or SIB (n = 36). The primary outcome was SpO2 (%) at 5 min. The secondary outcomes included the time to achieve a SpO2 ≥ 80% and > 85%, HR > 100/min, fractional-inspired oxygen (FiO2) requirement, minute-specific SpO2, HR and FiO2 trends for the first 5 min of life, need for DR-intubation, crSO2, need and duration of respiratory support, and other in-hospital morbidities. Mean SpO2 at 5 min was 74.5 ± 17.8% and 69.4 ± 22.4%, in TPR and SIB groups, respectively [Mean difference, 95% Confidence Interval 5.08 (-4.41, 14.58); p = 0.289]. No difference was observed in the time to achieve a SpO2 ≥ 80% and > 85%, HR > 100/min, the requirement of FiO2, DR-intubation, and the need and duration of respiratory support. There was no significant difference in the minute-specific SpO2, HR, and FiO2 requirements for the first 5 min. CrSO2 (%) at one hour was lower by 5% in the TPR group compared to SIB; p = 0.03. Other complications were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: TPR and SIB resulted in comparable SpO2 at 5 min along with similar minute-specific SpO2, HR, and FiO2 trends. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registry of India, Registration no: CTRI/2021/10/037384, Registered prospectively on: 20/10/2021, https://ctri.icmr.org.in/ . WHAT IS KNOWN: • Compared to self-inflating bags (SIB), T-piece resuscitators (TPR) provide more consistent inflation pressure and tidal volume as shown in animal and bench studies. • There is no strong recommendation for one device over the other in view of low certainty evidence. WHAT IS NEW: • TPR and SIB resulted in comparable peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) at 5 min along with similar minute-specific SpO2, heart rate, and fractional-inspired oxygen requirement trends. • Short-term complications and mortality rates were comparable with both devices.

Effects of delayed cord clamping at different time intervals in late preterm and term neonates: a randomized controlled trial.

Delayed cord clamping (DCC) at delivery has well-recognized benefits; however, current scientific guidelines lack uniformity in its definition. This parallel-group, three-arm assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial compared the effects of three different timings of DCC at 30, 60, and 120 s on venous hematocrit and serum ferritin levels in late preterm and term neonates not requiring resuscitation. Eligible newborns (n = 204) were randomized to DCC 30 (n = 65), DCC 60 (n = 70), and DCC 120 (n = 69) groups immediately after delivery. The primary outcome variable was venous hematocrit at 24 ± 2 h. Secondary outcome variables were respiratory support, axillary temperature, vital parameters, incidences of polycythemia, neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (NNH), need and duration of phototherapy, and postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Additionally, serum ferritin levels, the incidence of iron deficiency, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rate, and anthropometric parameters were assessed during post-discharge follow-up at 12 ± 2 weeks. Over one-third of the included mothers were anemic. DCC 120 was associated with a significant increase in the mean hematocrit by 2%, incidence of polycythemia, and duration of phototherapy, compared to DCC30 and DCC60; though the incidence of NNH and need for phototherapy was similar. No other serious neonatal or maternal adverse events including PPH were observed. No significant difference was documented in serum ferritin, incidences of iron deficiency, and growth parameters at 3 months even in the presence of a high EBF rate.   Conclusion: The standard recommendation of DCC at 30-60 s may be considered a safe and effective intervention in the busy settings of low-middle-income countries with a high prevalence of maternal anemia.   Trial registration: Clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2021/10/037070). What is Known: • The benefits of delayed cord clamping (DCC) makes it an increasingly well-accepted practice in the delivery room. • However, uncertainty continues regarding the optimal timing of clamping; this may be of concern both in the neonate and the mother. What is New: • DCC at 120 s led to higher hematocrit, polycythemia and longer duration of phototherapy, without any difference in serum ferritin, and incidence of iron deficiency. • DCC at 30-60 s may be considered a safe and effective intervention in LMICs.

Effects of umbilical cord milking versus delayed cord clamping on systemic blood flow in intrauterine growth-restricted neonates: A randomized controlled trial.

Recommendations for umbilical cord management in intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) neonates are lacking. The present randomized controlled trial compared hemodynamic effects of umbilical cord milking (UCM) with delayed cord clamping (DCC) in IUGR neonates > 28 weeks of gestation, not requiring resuscitation. One hundred seventy IUGR neonates were randomly allocated to intact UCM (4 times squeezing of 20 cm intact cord; n = 85) or DCC (cord clamping after 60 s; n = 85) immediately after delivery. The primary outcome variable was superior vena cava (SVC) blood flow at 24 ± 2 h. Secondary outcomes assessed were anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) blood flow indices, right ventricular output (RVO), regional cerebral oxygen saturation (CrSO2) and venous hematocrit at 24 ± 2 h, peak total serum bilirubin (TSB), incidences of in-hospital complications, need and duration of respiratory support, and hospital stay. SVC flow was significantly higher in UCM compared to DCC (111.95 ± 33.54 and 99.49 ± 31.96 mL/kg/min, in UCM and DCC groups, respectively; p < 0.05). RVO and ACA/SMA blood flow indices were comparable whereas CrSO2 was significantly higher in UCM group. Incidences of polycythemia and jaundice requiring phototherapy were similar despite significantly higher venous hematocrit and peak TSB in UCM group. The need for non-invasive respiratory support was significantly higher in UCM group though the need and duration of mechanical ventilation and other outcomes were comparable. CONCLUSIONS:  UCM significantly increases SVC flow, venous hematocrit, and CrSO2 compared to DCC in IUGR neonates without any difference in other hemodynamic parameters and incidences of polycythemia and jaundice requiring phototherapy; however, the need for non-invasive respiratory support was higher with UCM. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trial registry of India (CTRI/2021/03/031864). WHAT IS KNOWN: • Umbilical cord milking (UCM) increases superior vena cava blood flow (SVC flow) and hematocrit without increasing the risk of symptomatic polycythemia and jaundice requiring phototherapy in preterm neonates compared to delayed cord clamping (DCC). • An association between UCM and intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm neonates < 28 weeks of gestation is still being investigated. WHAT IS NEW: • Placental transfusion by UCM compared to DCC increases SVC flow, regional cerebral oxygenation, and hematocrit without increasing the incidence of symptomatic polycythemia and jaundice requiring phototherapy in intrauterine growth-restricted neonates. • UCM also increases the need for non-invasive respiratory support compared to DCC.

Less invasive surfactant administration with specially designed semirigid catheter: Experience from a tertiary level neonatal unit of a lower middle-income country.

Clinical outcomes of 74 preterm neonates, who received surfactant replacement therapy (SRT), were collected retrospectively, to compare the following modes of administration: (1) less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) via a specially designed semirigid catheter (Surfcath), (2) INtubate-SURfactant-Extubate (INSURE) and (3) through endotracheal tube (ETT), in neonates requiring mechanical ventilation. The primary composite outcome of mortality or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) at 36 weeks' post-menstrual age was 41% in LISA, 38% in INSURE and 77% in ETT groups (p < 0.01), the difference being mainly due to the high incidence of mortality in the latter. LISA, via a specially designed semirigid catheter, was safe and feasible in preterm neonates.

Effect of Splint Application on the Functional Duration of Peripheral Intravenous Cannulation in Neonates: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The application of splints is one of the most used methods to prolong the life span of peripheral intravenous cannulation (PIVC). OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of splint application on the functional duration of PIVC in neonates. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis identified, appraised, and synthesized available evidence from randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials (RCT) related to the effects of splint application compared to no splinting on the functional duration of PIVC and its associated complications in term and preterm neonates. Data were pooled using RevMan 5.4. The quality of evidence for predefined outcomes was analyzed by GRADE. RESULTS: Available evidence (5 RCTs, 826 neonates) showed a significantly lesser functional duration of PIVC in the splint group compared to no-splint [Mean Difference (MD) 95% Confidence Interval (CI) -3.07 (-5.63, -0.51); Low Certainty of Evidence (CoE)]. On gestation-based subgroup analysis, PIVC duration remained significantly lesser in the splint group in preterm neonates [MD (95% CI), -5.09 (-9.53, -0.65), 2 studies, n = 220; Low CoE], whereas it was comparable in the term neonates [MD (95% CI), 3.92 (-4.27, 12.10), 2 studies, n = 89; Very low CoE]. The overall complications were comparable between the groups [Risk Ratio (95% CI), 1.02 (1.00, 1.05), 5 studies, n = 826; Very low CoE]. CONCLUSION: Based on the very low to low CoE found in this systematic review, it is not possible to recommend or refute splint application in neonates. Further well-designed RCTs are needed.

Fatal neonatal varicella infection despite intravenous immunoglobulin at birth.

There is a high risk of severe varicella infection in the neonate when the mother develops a rash around the time of delivery. Current guidelines recommend separation of mother-baby dyad and passive immunization to prevent severe infection in such cases. We report a case of severe varicella in a neonate whose mother developed primary varicella infection two days prior to delivery. The neonate had a fatal outcome despite physical separation from mother and passive immunization in the immediate postnatal period.

Proud Syndrome: A Rare Cause of Corpus Callosum Agenesis.

Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most common congenital brain anomalies with variable associations and outcomes. The incidence of ACC varies from 1.8 per 10,000 live births in normal children to as high as 600 per 10,000 in children with neurodevelopmental problems. Here, we report the case of a female neonate delivered in our institute at term gestation to a gravida 4 mother with partial ACC. The neonate was antenatally diagnosed with ACC. The mother had a previous fetus with a supratentorial cyst that was medically terminated. The neonate had a normal clinical examination, but the ultrasound of the cranium suggested ACC. Given the significant family history, a clinical exome sequencing test revealed a pathogenic frameshift mutation in the ARX gene that causes Proud syndrome. We discuss the relevant points in the diagnosis, workup, and prognosis of ACC through this case. This case highlights the importance of antenatal assessment for timely amniocentesis and a genetic diagnosis to guide the parental decision for continuation of the pregnancy, level 2 scans to detect associated anomalies, and postnatal assessment to determine the cause and prognosis of a neonate with ACC.

Neonatal Pain Response to Various Heel Prick Devices: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Heel prick is a commonly performed painful intervention in neonates. Though different devices are available, there is a need to compare the procedural pain response elicited by them. OBJECTIVE: To compare the neonatal pain response to three different heel prick devices; automatic lancet, manual lancet, and 26-gauge (G) hypodermic needle. DESIGN: Parallel-group three-arm randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: Clinically stable neonates of gestational age >28 weeks and birth weight >800 g undergoing heel prick for estimation of random blood sugar. METHODS: One hundred and eighty neonates were randomized to automatic lancet (n=59), manual lancet (n=59), or needle (n=62) groups between March, 2021 and August, 2022. The primary outcome was the premature infant pain profile-revised (PIPP-R) score. Secondary outcomes were post-intervention cerebral regional oxygen saturation (CrSO2), changes in CrSO2 (DCrSO2), the time for CrSO2 normalization using near-infrared spectroscopy, duration of audible cry, and the number of squeezes and pricks needed. Intention-to-treat analysis was done. RESULTS: Median (IQR) of PIPP-R scores were comparable in the automatic lancet [6 (4, 7.5)], manual lancet [5.5 (3.5, 8)], and needle [6 (3-9.6)] groups; P=0.59. No difference was observed in post-intervention CrSO2, DCrSO2, and the number of pricks. However, the time required for CrSO2 normalization and the number of squeezes were significantly higher with the needle. CONCLUSION: All three devices induced similar pain responses to heel prick in neonates; though, the number of squeezes needed was higher with the needle.

Correlation of clinical pain scores with cerebral oxygenation in preterm neonates during acute painful procedures: a prospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the correlation of Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) and Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised (PIPP-R), with changes in cerebral oxygenation (ΔcrSO2; measured by near-infrared spectroscopy) in preterm infants during acute painful procedures (heel lance and venepuncture). STUDY DESIGN: Prospective observational study. METHODS: Sixty-four stable preterm (28-36 weeks) neonates were videotaped. NIPS and PIPP-R scores were assessed on video-recordings by two independent assessors. The primary outcome was correlation of ΔcrSO2 with NIPS and PIPP-R scores. RESULTS: Moderate to strong correlations were observed between ΔcrSO2 and NIPS, and ΔcrSO2 and PIPP-R (r = 0.71 and 0.78 during heel lance and r = 0.66 and 0.75 during venepuncture, respectively). NIPS score was found easy to understand and perform by the bedside nurses, and took lesser time as compared to PIPP-R during both the procedures. CONCLUSION: Both pain scores, NIPS and PIPP-R, had good correlation with ΔcrSO2 during acute painful procedures.

Functional Duration of Peripheral Intravenous Cannula in Neonates with or without Splint: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the effect of splint on the functional duration of peripheral intravenous cannula (PIVC) in neonates. METHODS: The trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2021/09/036337). One-hundred-fifty cannulations in 71 neonates were randomized to splint (n = 75) and no-splint (n = 75) groups, respectively. The median (interquartile range, IQR) functional duration of PIVC was calculated from the time of PIVC insertion till removal due to the development of signs of PIVC failure or treatment completion. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compute the time to complication of PIVC. Complications related to PIVC were noted and multivariate Cox-proportion hazard analysis was done to find the predictors associated with PIVC failure. RESULTS: Median (IQR) functional duration of PIVC in the splint and the no-splint group was 28 (23-48) and 30 (25-48) h, respectively (p = 0.477). PIVC duration was higher in the splint group in term neonates and the no-splint group in preterm neonates; however, the differences were not statistically significant. No difference was observed in continuous vs. intermittent infusion subgroups. Time to complication development was also comparable between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Splint application did not affect functional PIVC duration and its related complications in neonates.

Point-of-Care Serum Amyloid A as a Diagnostic Marker for Neonatal Sepsis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care Serum Amyloid A (POC-SAA) and its comparison with procalcitonin for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. METHODS: The present diagnostic accuracy study consecutively recruited neonates with suspected sepsis. Blood samples for sepsis screen, culture, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) (hs-CRP, as a part of sepsis screen), procalcitonin and POC-SAA were collected before starting antibiotics. The optimum cut-off level of biomarkers (POC-SAA and procalcitonin) was determined by receiver-operating-characteristics curve (ROC) analysis. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of POC-SAA and procalcitonin were derived for 'clinical sepsis (neonates with suspected sepsis and either positive sepsis screen and/or blood culture)' and 'culture positive sepsis' (neonates with suspected sepsis and positive blood culture). RESULTS: Seventy-four neonates with mean±SD gestational age of 32.8±3.7 wk were evaluated for suspected sepsis, of which the proportion of 'clinical sepsis' and 'culture positive sepsis' was 37.8% had 16.2%, respectively. At a cut-off of 25.4 mg/L, POC-SAA had sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 53.6%, 80.4%, 62.5% and 74.0%, respectively for diagnosis of clinical sepsis. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of POC-SAA for detection of culture positive sepsis were 83.3%, 61.3%, 29.4% and 95.0%, respectively at a cut-off of 10.3 mg/L. There was no significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers for detection of culture positive sepsis (area under the curve, AUC of POC-SAA vs. procalcitonin vs. hs-CRP: 0.72 vs. 0.85 vs. 0.85; p = 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: POC-SAA is comparable to procalcitonin and hs-CRP for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.

Impact of Delivery Room Gastric Lavage on Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates Among Neonates Born Through Meconium-Stained Amniotic Fluid: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Delivery-room gastric lavage reduces feeding intolerance and respiratory distress in neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF). OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of gastric lavage on exclusive breastfeeding and skin-to-skin contact in neonates delivered through MSAF. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS: 110 late preterm and term neonates delivered through MSAF not requiring resuscitation beyond initial steps. METHODS: Participants randomized into gastric lavage (GL) (n=55) and no-GL (n=55) groups. The primary outcome was the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 72±12 hours of life. Secondary outcomes were time to initiate breastfeeding and establish exclusive breastfeeding, rate of exclusive breastfeeding at discharge, time to initiate skin-to-skin contact and its duration, rates of respiratory distress, feeding intolerance, and the procedure-related complications of gastric lavage monitored by pulse oximetry and videography. RESULTS: Both the groups were similar in baseline characteristics. 49 (89.1%) neonates in GL group could achieve exclusive breast-feeding at 72 hours compared to 48 (87.3%) in no-GL group [RR (95% CI) 1.02 (0.89-1.17); P=0.768]. Initiation of skin-to-skin contact was significantly delayed and the total duration was significantly less in GL group compared to no-GL group. No difference in respi-ratory distress and feeding intolerance was observed. Procedure-related complications included retching, vomiting, and mild desaturation. CONCLUSION: Gastric lavage did not help to establish exclusive breastfeeding, delayed the initiation of skin-to-skin contact in delivery room and reduced its total duration. Moreover, the procedure of gastric lavage was associated with neonatal discomfort.