The interactions between temperature and activity levels in driving metabolic rate: theory, with empirical validation from contrasting ectotherms.

The rate of change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) as a result of a temperature increase of 10 °C is termed the temperature coefficient (Q10), which is often used to predict how an organism's total MR will change with temperature. However, this method neglects a potentially key component of MR; changes in activity level (and thus activity MR; AMR) with temperature may significantly alter the relationship between MR and temperature. The present study seeks to describe how thermal effects on total MR estimated from RMR-temperature measurements can be misleading when the contribution of activity to total MR is neglected. A simple conceptual framework illustrates that since the relationship between activity levels and temperature can be different to the relationship between RMR and temperature, a consistent relationship between RMR and total MR cannot be assumed. Thus the thermal effect on total MR can be considerably different to the thermal effect on RMR. Simultaneously measured MR and activity from three ectotherm species with differing behavioural and physiological ecologies were used to empirically examine how changes in temperature drive changes in RMR, activity level, AMR and the Q10 of MR. These species exhibited varied activity- and MR-temperature relationships, underlining the difficulty in predicting thermal influences on activity levels and total MR. These data support a model showing that thermal effects on total MR will deviate from predictions based solely on RMR; this deviation will depend upon the difference in Q10 between AMR and RMR, and the relative contribution of AMR to total MR. To develop mechanistic, predictive models for species' metabolic responses to temperature changes, empirical information about the relationships between activity levels, MR and temperature, such as reported here, is required. This will supersede predictions based on RMR alone.

Striking forest revival at the end of the Roman Period in north-western Europe.

The Holocene period (last 11,700 years BP) has been marked by significant climate variability over decadal to millennial timescales. The underlying mechanisms are still being debated, despite ocean-atmosphere-land connections put forward in many paleo-studies. Among the main drivers, involving a cluster of spectral signatures and shaping the climate of north-western Europe, are solar activity, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) varying atmospheric regimes and North Atlantic oceanic gyre dynamics. Over the last 2500 years BP, paleo-environmental signals have been strongly affected by anthropogenic activities through deforestation and land use for crops, grazing, habitations, or access to resources. Palynological proxies (especially pollen grains and marine or freshwater microalgae) help to highlight such anthropogenic imprints over natural variability. Palynological analyses conducted in a macro-estuarine sedimentary environment of north-western France over the last 2500 years BP reveal a huge and atypical 300 year-long arboreal increase between 1700 and 1400 years BP (around 250 and 550 years AD) that we refer to as the '1.7-1.4 ka Arboreal Pollen rise event' or '1.7-1.4 ka AP event'. Interestingly, the climatic 1700-1200 years BP interval coincides with evidence for the withdrawal of coastal societies in Brittany (NW France), in an unfavourable socio-economic context. We suggest that subpolar North Atlantic gyre strengthening and related increasing recurrence of storminess extremes may have affected long-term coastal anthropogenic trajectories resulting in a local collapse of coastal agrarian societies, partly forced by climatic degradation at the end of the Roman Period.

Bivalve δ15N isoscapes provide a baseline for urban nitrogen footprint at the edge of a World Heritage coral reef.

Eutrophication is a major threat to world's coral reefs. Here, we mapped the distribution of the anthropogenic nitrogen footprint around Nouméa, a coastal city surrounded by 15,743 km2 of UNESCO listed reefs. We measured the δ15N signature of 348 long-lived benthic bivalves from 12 species at 27 sites and interpolated these to generate a δ15N isoscape. We evaluated the influence of water residence times on nitrogen enrichment and predicted an eutrophication risk at the UNESCO core area. Nitrogen isoscapes revealed a strong spatial gradient (4.3 to 11.7‰) from the outer lagoon to three highly exposed bays of Nouméa. Several protected reefs would benefit from an improved management of wastewater outputs, while one bay in the UNESCO core area may suffer a high eutrophication risk in the future. Our study reinforces the usefulness of using benthic animals to characterize the anthropogenic N-footprint and provide a necessary baseline for both ecologists and policy makers.

Mercury contamination level and speciation inventory in Lakes Titicaca & Uru-Uru (Bolivia): Current status and future trends.

Aquatic ecosystems of the Bolivian Altiplano (∼3800 m a.s.l.) are characterized by extreme hydro-climatic constrains (e.g., high UV-radiations and low oxygen) and are under the pressure of increasing anthropogenic activities, unregulated mining, agricultural and urban development. We report here a complete inventory of mercury (Hg) levels and speciation in the water column, atmosphere, sediment and key sentinel organisms (i.e., plankton, fish and birds) of two endorheic Lakes of the same watershed differing with respect to their size, eutrophication and contamination levels. Total Hg (THg) and monomethylmercury (MMHg) concentrations in filtered water and sediment of Lake Titicaca are in the lowest range of reported levels in other large lakes worldwide. Downstream, Hg levels are 3-10 times higher in the shallow eutrophic Lake Uru-Uru than in Lake Titicaca due to high Hg inputs from the surrounding mining region. High percentages of MMHg were found in the filtered and unfiltered water rising up from <1 to ∼50% THg from the oligo/hetero-trophic Lake Titicaca to the eutrophic Lake Uru-Uru. Such high %MMHg is explained by a high in situ MMHg production in relation to the sulfate rich substrate, the low oxygen levels of the water column, and the stabilization of MMHg due to abundant ligands present in these alkaline waters. Differences in MMHg concentrations in water and sediments compartments between Lake Titicaca and Uru-Uru were found to mirror the offset in MMHg levels that also exist in their respective food webs. This suggests that in situ MMHg baseline production is likely the main factor controlling MMHg levels in fish species consumed by the local population. Finally, the increase of anthropogenic pressure in Lake Titicaca may probably enhance eutrophication processes which favor MMHg production and thus accumulation in water and biota.

High-frequency archives of manganese inputs to coastal waters (Bay of Seine, France) resolved by the LA-ICP-MS analysis of calcitic growth layers along scallop shells (Pecten maximus).

During their growth, bivalves are recognized to archive minor and trace elements within their shells which may reflect environmental conditions at the sediment-water interface (SWI). Shells from juvenile Great Scallops (Pecten maximus (L.)), which develop a daily calcite growth layer, were collected in the Bay of Seine (France) and examined by matrix-matched LaserAblation ICP-MS analysis for Mn concentrations along their growth period, from April to October (year 2004). The backdated Mn concentration profiles were compared with environmental variables (e.g., temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, oxygen, etc.) measured continuously at monitoring stations in riverine, estuarine, and coastal waters. The objective was first to perform microanalyses of Mn composition along the shell reflecting episodic enrichment or depletion in such environment, and second, to depict Mn cycling and inputs at the SWI according to the measured profiles. Basically, Mn concentration profiles mostly depend on established estuarine and coastal biogeochemical processes that lead to an increase of dissolved Mn concentration available for shell uptake. Potential particulate Mn fluxes from the Seine River, that control both particulate and dissolved Mn input to the bay, are strongly correlated with shell Mn concentrations from April to July (?r = 0.95, n = 8, p < 0.05). In late summer, riverine inputs can not only provide an explanation for the shell Mn enrichments which suggest additional sources of Mn. During this period, two other processes also contribute to the release of dissolved Mn in coastal waters and the increase of shell Mn content: (1) successive redox oscillations within the high turbidity zone of the macrotidal Seine estuary and (2) postbloom reductive conditions developed at the SWI of the Seine Bay under periodic seasonal eutrophication. This study demonstrates that incremental Mn concentrations profiles in scallop shells are a relevant natural archive to evaluate the processes governing Mn inputs into coastal environments at a daily scale.

Matrix-matched quantitative analysis of trace-elements in calcium carbonate shells by laser-ablation ICP-MS: application to the determination of daily scale profiles in scallop shell (Pecten maximus).

A micro-scale method has been developed for analysis of trace-element concentration profiles in the calcium carbonate shell of the Great Scallop (Pecten maximus). UV laser ablation at 266-nm coupled with ICP-MS detection was used to analyse daily calcite striae of shell samples to obtain high temporal resolution of trace element incorporation. Analysis of scallop shells was carefully examined to determine the quality of calcium carbonate ablation and calibration. An accurate external calibration method based on matrix matching was developed. Twelve sodium-free enriched calcium carbonate standards containing up to twenty-four elements were prepared, by co-precipitation with aqueous ammonia and NH(4)HCO(3), and subsequently back-calibrated in the laboratory. These CaCO(3) standards were found to be homogenous and their use enabled sensitive quantitative analysis (detection limits of a few ng g(-1)) over a wide range of concentrations (0.1 to 500 microg g(-1)). Use of these CaCO(3) standards was also evaluated by analysis of three calcium-rich certified reference materials. Because calibration was consistent with the certified results, this analytical method is a sensitive tool for analysis of environmental calcium carbonate matrices. Repeated analysis of scallop shell samples collected simultaneously at the same location showed that the trace elements are homogeneously distributed along a stria. The reliability of such in-situ records of biogenic calcium carbonate (scallop shells) is apparent from the inter-individual and inter-annual reproducibility of the trace element profiles.

[Role of biotic interactions on the growth of pre-recruitment and development of Pecten maximus (L.) in the Bay of Breast]. / Rôle des interactions biotiques sur le devenir du pré-recrutement et la croissance de Pecten maximus (L.) en rade de Brest.

Biotic interactions within benthic megafauna were studied from quantitative dredge samples to investigate their role in the persistence of low scallop, Pecten maximus, stocks in the Bay of Brest. The distributions of 148 species of the megafauna and of four age classes of Pecten maximus were sampled. Suspension feeders dominate all megabenthic assemblages within the bay. This domination can be related to Crepidula fornicata spreading in the bay; however, no direct competition for food between scallops and the slipper limpet (introduced species) has been observed. On the other hand, Crepidula spreading leads to major changes in sediment type (silting) in the bay owing to biodeposit production, and silting would be a major factor inducing the decrease in Pecten maximus distribution. Predation would not be limiting. Within 10 years, one may predict a strong decrease in the area colonized by scallops in the bay.

Variations in food intake of Pecten maximus (L.) from the Bay of Brest (France): influence of environmental factors and phytoplankton species composition.

Previous studies carried out in the bay of Brest on daily shell growth of Pecten maximus have demonstrated that temperature is a major control on daily shell growth in contrast to food supply. However, repeated events of slow growth have been observed during diatom and dinoflagellate blooms. The aim of this study was to determine how fluctuations in environmental parameters influence P. maximus food intake and daily shell growth rate. In 1995, P. maximus food intake and growth were highest when Cerataulina pelagica (diatom) blooms occurred and lowest during Gymnodinium cf. nagasakiense (dinoflagellate) blooms. During blooms of other diatom species, P. maximus food intake and growth were high when the algal concentration did not exceed a critical threshold, dependent upon the dominant species and sedimentation rate of diatoms. These results demonstrate that the morphological and physiological features of phytoplankton bloom species strongly affect benthic microphytophagy, a component of benthic-pelagic coupling.