Cylindrical wave-based off-axis digital holography with long field of view.

We present a new, to the best of our knowledge, type of off-axis digital holographic imaging method with a long field of view (FOV). In the method, the pre-magnification recording geometry is realized by a cylindrical lens (CL) or cylindrical beam instead of a conventional objective or spherical beam in traditional off-axis digital holography (DH). At the same time, the reference beam is replaced by a divergent cylindrical beam. Theoretical analysis and experiments have justified that, in off-axis DHs, the adoption of the cylindrical beams can realize a one-dimensional pre-magnification of the object beam only in the off-axis direction to satisfy the bandwidth constraint, and at the same time the FOV of the reconstructed image in the orthogonal direction can remain unaffected. In comparison with existing off-axis DHs, this cylindrical wave-based DH (CWDH) method has a distinct advantage in expanding the FOV of the reconstructed image. The FOV feature of the CWDH makes it especially suitable for applications that require a long FOV such as imaging samples in microfluidic channels.

The response of stocks of C, N, and P to plant invasion in the coastal wetlands of China.

The increasing success of invasive plant species in wetland areas can threaten their capacity to store carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, and P). Here, we have investigated the relationships between the different stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), and total C, N, and P pools in the plant-soil system from eight different wetland areas across the South-East coast of China, where the invasive tallgrass Spartina alterniflora has replaced the native tall grasses Phragmites australis and the mangrove communities, originally dominated by the native species Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina. The invasive success of Spartina alterniflora replacing Phragmites australis did not greatly influence soil traits, biomass accumulation or plant-soil C and N storing capacity. However, the resulting higher ability to store P in both soil and standing plant biomass (approximately more than 70 and 15 kg P by ha, respectively) in the invasive than in the native tall grass communities suggesting the possibility of a decrease in the ecosystem N:P ratio with future consequences to below- and aboveground trophic chains. The results also showed that a future advance in the native mangrove replacement by Spartina alterniflora could constitute a serious environmental problem. This includes enrichment of sand in the soil, with the consequent loss of nutrient retention capacity, as well as a sharp decrease in the stocks of C (2.6 and 2.2 t C ha-1 in soil and stand biomass, respectively), N, and P in the plant-soil system. This should be associated with a worsening of the water quality by aggravating potential eutrophication processes. Moreover, the loss of carbon and nutrient decreases the potential overall fertility of the system, strongly hampering the reestablishment of woody mangrove communities in the future.

Experimental and numerical study on the shear performance of stainless steel-GFRP connectors for use in precast concrete sandwich panels.

Precast Concrete Sandwich Panel (PCSP) is composed of concrete load-bearing panels, thermal insulation panels, and decorative panels, which are assembled through connectors, integrating load-bearing, thermal insulation, and decorative functions. The connector bears the main shear force between the wall panels, and the shear resistance and insulation performance of the connector largely determine the mechanical stability and insulation effect of the wall panels, which is a key component in PCSPs. The current common practice is to cross assemble stainless steel insulation (SSI) connectors and Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) connectors into PCSPs, which can reduce building energy consumption and save resources while meeting strength and insulation requirements. A large-scale pull-out test on a PCSP with intersecting SSI-GFRP connectors was conducted in this paper. The damage process and damage pattern of PCSP were observed and the shear performance of SSI-GFRP connectors was analyzed. Secondly, a numerical analysis model of the test PCSP was built using ABAQUS finite element software and its validity was verified through the test data. In addition, parameters such as connector diameter, connector number ratio and concrete strength were analyzed for their effect on the shear performance of SSI-GFRP connectors and it was found that connector diameter and connector number ratio had a significant effect. Finally, it is found that there are some differences between the classical theory for calculating the shear performance of SSI-GFRP connectors and the actual results. A theoretical correction factor (ζ) is given to improve the accuracy of the calculation of the classical theory, and its influencing factors and changing rules are investigated.

Differences in ocular adverse events associated with phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: a real-world pharmacovigilance study.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aims to characterize the ocular safety profiles of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors and explore the differences among different PDE5 inhibitors. METHODS: We analyzed reports on ocular adverse events associated with sildenafil, vardenafil and tadalafil submitted to the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database from the first quarter of 2004 to the first quarter of 2023. Disproportionality analysis was conducted to evaluate reporting risk profiles. RESULTS: Among 61,211 reports qualifying for analysis, 5,127 involved sildenafil, 832 vardenafil, and 3,733 tadalafil. All PDE5 inhibitors showed increased reporting odds ratios (ROR) for ocular adverse events, with vardenafil highest (ROR 4.47) followed by sildenafil and tadalafil. Key ocular adverse events included cyanopsia, optic ischemic neuropathy, visual field defects, unilateral blindness and blindness. Sildenafil showed the highest disproportionality for cyanopsia (ROR 1148.11) while vardenafil and tadalafil showed the highest disproportionality for optic ischemic neuropathy. Time-to-onset analysis also revealed significant differences, with sildenafil having a later median time-to-onset compared to vardenafil and tadalafil. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive pharmacovigilance study reveals distinct patterns of ocular adverse events associated with PDE5 inhibitors. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the safety profiles of PDE5 inhibitors and may guide healthcare professionals in clinical decision-making.

Ang-(1-7) attenuates podocyte injury induced by high glucose in vitro.

Objective: The incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is gradually increasing worldwide. Podocyte injury, such as podocyte apoptosis and loss of the slit diaphragm (SD)-specific markers are early pathogenic features of DN. Materials and methods: The cultured mouse podocytes were separated into a high glucose-treated (HG, 30mM) group to mimic DN in vitro, a low glucose-treated (LG, 5mM) group as a control and HG+ angiotensin-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7)) and HG+Ang-(1-7) + D-Ala7-Ang-(1-7) (A779, Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor antagonist) experimental groups. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method and flow cytometry was used to detect podocyte activity and podocyte apoptosis respectively. The expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), Mas receptor (MasR) and podocyte-specific markers were examined by q-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results: The results showed that the decrease in podocyte activity; the increase in podocyte apoptosis; the decreased mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, podocin, WT-1 and MasR; and the upregulated expression of AT1R induced by HG could be reversed by Ang-(1-7). However, these effects were blocked by A779. The possible mechanisms of the Ang-(1-7)-mediated effect depended on MasR. In addition, the protective effect of Ang-(1-7) on podocyte activity was dose-dependent and most obvious at 10 µM. A779 had the greatest antagonistic action against Ang-(1-7) at a concentration of 10 µM. Conclusion: This study reveals that binding of Ang-(1-7) to its specific receptor MasR may counteract the effects of Ang II mediated by AT1R to significantly attenuate podocyte injury induced by high glucose. Ang-(1-7)/MasR targeting in podocytes may be a therapeutic approach to attenuate renal injury in DN.

Investigation on compression and mildew of mixed and separated maize.

This study explores the influence of different segregation configurations on the creep behaviors and mildew of maize. An inexpensive and easy-to-use system was designed, and three configurations of maize kernels distribution, i.e., uniform mixing (Mdm), alternating distribution (Mda), and segregated state distribution (Mds), with wet basis moisture content of 22.9%, were compressed under vertical pressure of 200 kPa through a one-dimensional oedometer. The compression and creep behaviors were investigated using the strain/settlement-time results, and aerobic plate counting (APC) was performed to study the effect of distribution configuration on the mildew effect. A finite-element model was established to simulate the temperature variation caused by physical environmental factors, and the heat production by fungi was quantified using the difference in temperature between simulation and test. The results indicate that the three-element Schiffman model can represent the creep behavior of the maize with different distribution configurations. The average temperature of Mdm, Mda, and Mds were 7.53%, 12.98%, and 14.76% higher than the average room temperature, respectively. The aerobic plate count of Mdm, Mda, and Mds were 1.0 × 105, 2.2 × 105, and 8.8 × 105 cfu g-1 stored for 150 h, respectively. In general, the temperature and APC in segregated maize bulk are higher than uniform grain. The effectiveness of the numerical model was verified, and the heat production by maize bulk fungi was quantified using the test and numerical temperature difference. The average heat was the least in Mdm with 2.8 × 106 J m-3, and Mda and Mds were 1.7 and 2 times more than Mdm. And the heat was related to the segregation configurations and agreed very well with the APC and temperature results.

Highly Flexible and Foldable Paper-Based Thermoelectric Generator Prepared with Post-Treatment-Free PEDOT:PSS Hybrid Ink.

Paper-based thermoelectric (PTE) generators have recently emerged as a green technology that can help alleviate environment pollution and the energy crisis. In this work, a PTE generator was prepared by coating a post-treatment-free thermoelectric ink consisting of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) doped with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium:tricyanomethanide (EMIM:TCM) onto the card paper. By tuning the molar concentration of the EMIM:TCM to 0.17 M and with hot-pressing, the PTE generator showed a decent power factor (PF) value of 6.82 µW m-1 K-2, which was higher than the values of PTE in the literature. This phenomenon could be attributed to the synergistic effect of high-performance thermoelectric ink (i.e., PF = 175 µW m-1 K-2 when deposited on glass slide) and the hot-pressing. The hot-pressing enhanced the packing density of cellulose fibers and the associated PEDOT:PSS hybrid, which enabled the formation of long-range conductive paths. In addition, the PTE had good mechanical stability, indicated by no significant change of the power factor values after cyclic folding 10,000 times. Moreover, the structure of as-prepared PTE could be easily tuned into different shapes that are promising for the preparation of flexible wearable thermoelectric generators.

Elastomeric Electrolyte for High Capacity and Long-Cycle-Life Solid-State Lithium Metal Battery.

High room-temperature ionic conductivity and good compatibility with lithium metal and cathode materials are prerequisites for solid-state electrolytes used in lithium metal batteries. Here, the solid-state polymer electrolytes (SSPE) are prepared by combining the traditional two-roll milling technology with interface wetting. The as-prepared electrolytes consisting of elastomer matrix and high-mole-loading of LiTFSI salt show a high room temperature ionic conductivity of 4.6×10-4 S cm-1 , a good electrochemical oxidation stability up to 5.08 V, and improved interface stability. These phenomena are rationalized with the formation of continuous ion conductive paths based on sophisticated structure characterization including synchrotron radiation Fourier-transform infrared microscopy, wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering. Moreover, at room temperature, the Li||SSPE||LFP coin cell shows a high capacity (161.5 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C), long-cycle-life (retaining 50% capacity and 99.8% Coulombic efficiency after 2000 cycles), and good C-rate compatibility up to 5 C. This study, therefore, provides a promising solid-state electrolyte that meets both the electrochemical and mechanical requirements of practical lithium metal batteries.

One-pot synthesis, characterization, and enhanced photocatalytic activity of a BiOBr-graphene composite.

Herein, a chemically bonded BiOBr-graphene composite (BiOBr-RG) was prepared through a facile in situ solvothermal method in the presence of graphene oxide. Graphene oxide could be easily reduced to graphene under solvothermal conditions, and simultaneously BiOBr nanoplates with pure tetragonal phase were grown uniformly on the graphene surface. The structure and photoelectrochemical properties of the resulting materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and impedance and photocurrent action measurements. The combination of BiOBr and graphene introduces some properties of graphene into the photocatalysis reaction, such as excellent conductivity, adsorptivity, and controllability. A remarkable threefold enhancement in the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) was observed with as-prepared BiOBr-RG as compared with pure BiOBr under visible light (λ>420 nm). The enhanced photocatalytic activity could be attributed to the great adsorptivity of dyes, the extended photoresponse range, the negative shift in the Fermi level of BiOBr-RG, and the high migration efficiency of photoinduced electrons, which may effectively suppress the charge recombination.

A Scientometric Review of Grain Storage Technology in the Past 15 Years (2007-2022) Based on Knowledge Graph and Visualization.

Food storage helps to ensure the food consumption needs of non-agricultural populations and to respond to major natural disasters or other emergencies, and the application of food storage technology can reduce post-harvest food losses. However, there are still obvious shortcomings in coping with large grain losses. Therefore, quantitative analysis of the research hotspots and evolutionary trends of grain storage technology is important to help the development of grain storage technology. This article uses the Web of Science database from 2007 to 2022 as a data sample with the help of CiteSpace software to analyze the basic situation, research hotspots, and evolutionary trends to draw a series of relevant knowledge maps. Visual analysis revealed that the number of publications had grown rapidly since 2015. First, the Journal of Stored Products Research, Journal of Economic Entomology, and Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, with citation frequencies of 929, 536, and 453, should be focused on in order to keep up with the latest research developments in this field. The United States, China, and Brazil occupy dominant positions in relation to grain storage technology studies in general. Purdue University, Kansas State University, and Agricultural Research Institute ranked the top three in terms of the number and centrality of publications. In terms of research hotspots, the centrality of temperature, insects, carbon dioxide, and quality were 0.16, 0.09, 0.08, and 0.08. It shows that the field of grain storage technology in recent years has focused on grain storage temperature, pest control, and grain storage quality research. From the perspective of the evolution trend, the life cycle of emergent words lasts for several years, after which the strength of emergent words slowly decreases and is replaced by new emergent words. Mortality was the first keyword to appear and remained from 2007 to 2011, indicating that research on fumigants and their toxicity, as well as pest mortality under air fumigation and chemical fumigation conditions, became more popular during this period. In recent years, new terms have emerged that had never been used before, such as "grain quality" (2019-2022) and "stability" (2020-2022). We can find that people pursue food quality more with the improvement of people's living standards. In this context, future research should seek more efficient, safe, economical, and environmentally friendly methods of grain storage and continuously improve the level of scientific grain storage.

Corrosion-Fatigue Life Prediction of the U-Shaped Beam in Urban Rail Transit under a Chloride Attack Environment.

The coupled effect of the chloride attack environment and train load seriously affects the safety and durability of urban rail transit viaducts and dramatically reduces their service life. In this research, a corrosion-fatigue life prediction model of the prestressed concrete (PC) beam under the coupled effect of the chloride attack environment and train load was developed. This proposed model was illustrated by a 30 m-span PC U-shaped beam in an urban rail transit viaduct. The competitive relationship between concrete fatigue cracking time, non-prestressed reinforcement corrosion initiation time, and concrete corrosion-induced cracking time was discussed. The effects of train frequency, the chloride attack environment grade, and the environmental temperature and relative humidity were investigated on corrosion-fatigue life. Results indicate that train frequency, the chloride attack environment grade, and the environmental temperature can reduce the corrosion-fatigue life of a U-shaped beam by up to 30.0%, 50.7%, and 21.5%, respectively. A coupled chloride attack environment and train frequency can reduce the corrosion-fatigue life by up to 61.2%. Distinct from the environmental temperature, the change of relative humidity has little effect on the corrosion-fatigue life of the U-shaped beam.

Efficacy of Adjuvant Transarterial Chemoembolization Combined Antiviral Therapy for HBV-Related HCC with MVI after Hepatic Resection: A Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Efficacy of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined antiviral therapy (AVT) on long-term outcome in hepatitis B virus-related HCC with microvascular invasion (MVI) after hepatic resection is unclear. METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was conducted. All patients were divided into four groups according to postoperative adjuvant therapy (control group, AVT group, TACE group, and combined group). The overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 1090 patients were enrolled in this study, including control group (n=319), TACE group (n=152), AVT group (n=335) and combined group (n=284). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that postoperative adjuvant AVT and TACE were the independent protective factors for OS and RFS. The median OS among the control group, TACE group, AVT group, and the combined group were 16.44, 18.36 months, 38.88 months, and 48.24 months respectively(p<0.01). The median RFS among 4 group were 4.68, 5.40 months, 8.64 months and 10.32 months respectively(p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative adjuvant TACE and AVT were the independent protective factors associated with mortality and tumor recurrence in HBV-related HCC with MVI after resection. This combined treatment strategy may provide useful clinical significance in the prevention of tumor recurrence in these patients.

Analysis of the Storage Stability Property of Carbon Nanotube/Recycled Polyethylene-Modified Asphalt Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can improve the storage properties of modified asphalt by enhancing the interfacial adhesion of recycled polyethylene (RPE) and base asphalt. In this study, the interaction of CNT/RPE asphalt was investigated using molecular dynamics simulation. The base asphalt was examined using a 12-component molecular model and verified by assessing the following properties: its four-component content, elemental contents, radial distribution function (RDF) and glass transition temperature. Then, the adhesion properties at the interface of the CNT/RPE-modified asphalt molecules were studied by measuring binding energy. The molecular structural stability of CNTs at the interface between RPE and asphalt molecules was analyzed through the relative concentration distribution. The motion of molecules in the modified asphalt was studied in terms of the mean square displacement (MSD) and diffusion coefficient. The results showed that CNTs improved the binding energy between RPE and base asphalt. CNTs not only weakened the repulsion of RPE with asphaltenes and resins, but also promoted the interaction of RPE with light components, which facilitated the compatibility of RPE with the base asphalt. The change in the interaction affected the molecular motion, and the molecular diffusion coefficient in the CNT/RPE-modified asphalt system was significantly smaller than that of RPE-modified asphalt. Moreover, the distribution of the asphaltene component was promoted by CNTs, resulting in the enhancement of the storage stability of RPE-modified asphalt. The property indexes indicated that the storage stability was significantly improved by CNTs, and better viscoelastic properties were also observed. Our research provides a foundation for the application of RPE in pavement engineering.

Decreased Ang-(1-7) and Downregulated Intrarenal RAS May Contribute to the Direct Podocyte Injury With Proteinuria in Preeclampsia.

The mechanisms of proteinuria development in preeclampsia (PE) are still enigmatic. Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components may play a role. Maternal serum and urinary concentrations of angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], angiotensin II (Ang II), and angiotensinogen in women with PE (n = 14), gestational hypertension (n = 14), and normal pregnancy were quantified. The alteration in these concentrations was used to evaluate their relationships with podocyturia and proteinuria in PE. In addition, the podocytes cultured in vitro were interfered in serum of preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women, with or without Ang-(1-7). The morphologic change in podocyte was observed using a microscope. The changes in podocyte-specific proteins (nephrin, CD2-associated protein [CD2AP]), the cytoskeletal protein F-actin, the tight junction protein (ZO-1), and Mas receptor (MasR) were examined by immunofluorescence. Western blot was used to examine the expression and variation of MasR. We found that the concentrations of RAS components were associated with prepartal urinary podocyte number, random urine albumin/creatinine ratio, blood pressure, and renal function. The expression of nephrin, F-actin, ZO-1, and MasR on podocytes interfered in serum of PE was significantly decreased compared to normal control and normal pregnant serum group in vitro, yet their expression was significantly increased after coculture by 10-6 mol/L Ang-(1-7) and the preeclamptic serum. The expression of CD2AP had no significant difference. We concluded that decreased Ang-(1-7) and downregulated intrarenal RAS contributed to the direct podocyte injury with proteinuria in PE.

Ang-(1-7) attenuates podocyte injury induced by high glucose in vitro

ABSTRACT Objective: The incidence of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is gradually increasing worldwide. Podocyte injury, such as podocyte apoptosis and loss of the slit diaphragm (SD)-specific markers are early pathogenic features of DN. Materials and methods: The cultured mouse podocytes were separated into a high glucose-treated (HG, 30mM) group to mimic DN in vitro, a low glucose-treated (LG, 5mM) group as a control and HG+ angiotensin-(1-7)(Ang-(1-7)) and HG+Ang-(1-7) + D-Ala7-Ang-(1-7) (A779, Ang-(1-7)/Mas receptor antagonist) experimental groups. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) method and flow cytometry was used to detect podocyte activity and podocyte apoptosis respectively. The expression of angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R), Mas receptor (MasR) and podocyte-specific markers were examined by q-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results: The results showed that the decrease in podocyte activity; the increase in podocyte apoptosis; the decreased mRNA and protein expression of nephrin, podocin, WT-1 and MasR; and the upregulated expression of AT1R induced by HG could be reversed by Ang-(1-7). However, these effects were blocked by A779. The possible mechanisms of the Ang-(1-7)-mediated effect depended on MasR. In addition, the protective effect of Ang-(1-7) on podocyte activity was dose-dependent and most obvious at 10 µM. A779 had the greatest antagonistic action against Ang-(1-7) at a concentration of 10 μM. Conclusion: This study reveals that binding of Ang-(1-7) to its specific receptor MasR may counteract the effects of Ang II mediated by AT1R to significantly attenuate podocyte injury induced by high glucose. Ang-(1-7)/MasR targeting in podocytes may be a therapeutic approach to attenuate renal injury in DN.

[Preparation and identification of monoclonal antibody against sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina].

OBJECTIVE: To establish hybridoma cell lines against sporozoites of Eimeria acervulina. METHODS: BALB/c mice were immunized with purified sporozoites of E. acervulina. Hybridoma cell lines were set up by using hybridoma technique, and monoclonal antibodies were prepared. The monoclonal antibody was identified by determining their cross reactivity, relative affinity, immunoglobulin class or subclass with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Four hybridoma cell lines stably secreting McAbs against sporozoites were obtained: Easp-3G3 and Easp-5G10 belonging to IgG1, Easp-3H6 belonging to IgG2b, Easp-5H4 belonging to IgG2a. All four McAbs bound with E. acervulina sporozoite protein, but the Easp-5H4 McAb showed cross reactivity with E. tenellum sporozoite protein. Different antigenic epitopes were recognized by Easp-3G3 or Easp-5G10 and Easp-3H6 or Easp-5H4. CONCLUSION: Three of the four produced monoclonal antibodies show high specificity and affinity to the Eimeria acervulina sporozoites.

Effects of angiogenic factors, antagonists, and podocyte injury on development of proteinuria in preeclampsia.

Proteinuria is universal to all patients with preeclampsia. We examined the urinary podocytes in women with preeclampsia (n = 14), gestational hypertension (n = 14), and normal pregnancy. Maternal serum and urinary concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PlGF), and the antiangiogenic factor soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt-1) were detected. These concentrations were used to evaluate the urinary excretion of podocytes and the alteration of angiogenic factors and to assess their relationships to proteinuria in preeclampsia. Our studies suggest that the urinary podocyte number and angiogenic factors are correlated with random urine albumin/creatinine ratio and blood pressure. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves of serum and urinary PlGF and the PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio as well as the presence of podocyturia confirmed their usefulness in distinguishing preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women. In addition, combinations of serum or urinary PlGF or podocyturia tests in parallel or in series provided the best clue for identifying patients with preeclampsia. We considered that the dysregulation of angiogenic factors and its subsequent podocyte injury may contribute to the mechanism of proteinuria development in preeclampsia.

Urinary proteomics analysis for renal injury in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with iTRAQ labeling and LC-MS/MS.

PURPOSE: As a noninvasive examination, urinary proteomics is a very useful tool to identify renal disease. The purpose of the present study was to find differential proteins among women with preeclampsia, gestational hypertension and normal pregnancy, and to screen potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of preeclampsia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Urinary proteins were identified by iTRAQ labeling coupled with 2-D LC-MS/MS. The bioinformatics analysis was performed with the Metacore software and the International Protein Index (IPI) and the Gene Ontology (GO) Database. The differentially expressed proteins were verified by ELISA. RESULTS: 362 nonredundant proteins were identified, 113 of which were expressed differentially between preeclampsia and normal pregnant group and 31 differential proteins among three groups. These differential proteins were associated with biological processes of blood coagulation, cell adhesion and differentiation, immune response and cytoskeleton development, etc. They interacted with each other in the network. The urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) was downregulated, which was consistent with the ELISA validation results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The present study found a multitude of differential proteins that might provide a clue for investigating the mechanism of proteinuria development in preeclampsia. Low urinary angiotensinogen levels were useful for identifying preeclampsia.