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Bone has multiple functions in animals, such as supporting the body for mobility. The zebrafish skeleton is composed of craniofacial and axial skeletons. It shares a physiological curvature and consists of a similar number of vertebrae as humans. Bone degeneration and malformations have been widely studied in zebrafish as human disease models. High-resolution imaging and different bone properties such as density and volume can be obtained using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). This study aimed to understand the possible changes in the structure and bone mineral density (BMD) of the vertebrae and craniofacial skeleton with age (4, 12 and 24 months post fertilisation [mpf]) in zebrafish. Our data showed that the BMD in the vertebrae and specific craniofacial skeleton (mandibular arch, ceratohyal and ethmoid plate) of 12 and 24 mpf fish were higher than that of the 4 mpf fish. In addition, we found the age-dependent increase in BMD was not ubiquitously observed in facial bones, and such differences were not correlated with bone type. In summary, such additional information on the craniofacial skeleton could help in understanding bone development throughout the lifespan of zebrafish.
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Densidade Óssea , Peixe-Zebra , Animais , Humanos , Microtomografia por Raio-X/métodos , Ossos Faciais/diagnóstico por imagem , Coluna VertebralRESUMO
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder linked to the sex chromosomes, resulting in impaired blood clotting due to insufficient intrinsic coagulation factors. There are approximately one million individuals worldwide with hemophilia, with hemophilia A being the most prevalent form. The current treatment for hemophilia A involves the administration of clotting factor VIII (FVIII) through regular and costly injections, which only provide temporary relief and pose inconveniences to patients. In utero transplantation (IUT) is an innovative method for addressing genetic disorders, taking advantage of the underdeveloped immune system of the fetus. This allows mesenchymal stromal cells to play a role in fetal development and potentially correct genetic abnormalities. The objective of this study was to assess the potential recovery of coagulation disorders in FVIII knockout hemophilia A mice through the administration of human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stromal cells (hAFMSCs) via IUT at the D14.5 fetal stage. The findings revealed that the transplanted human cells exhibited fusion with the recipient liver, with a ratio of approximately one human cell per 10,000 mouse cells and produced human FVIII protein in the livers of IUT-treated mice. Hemophilia A pups born to IUT recipients demonstrated substantial improvement in their coagulation issues from birth throughout the growth period of up to 12 weeks of age. Moreover, FVIII activity reached its peak at 6 weeks of age, while the levels of FVIII inhibitors remained relatively low during the 12-week testing period in mice with hemophilia. In conclusion, the results indicated that prenatal intrahepatic therapy using hAFMSCs has the potential to improve clotting issues in FVIII knockout mice, suggesting it as a potential clinical treatment for individuals with hemophilia A.
Assuntos
Hemofilia A , Hemostáticos , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Lactente , Hemofilia A/genética , Hemofilia A/terapia , Líquido Amniótico/metabolismo , Fator VIII/genética , Fator VIII/metabolismo , Hemostáticos/metabolismo , Camundongos Knockout , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/metabolismoRESUMO
We investigated the effects of antibiotics, drugs, and metals on lung and intestinal microbiomes after sub-chronic exposure of low-level air pollution in ageing rats. Male 1.5-year-old Fischer 344 ageing rats were exposed to low-level traffic-related air pollution via whole-body exposure system for 3 months with/without high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration (gaseous vs. particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) pollution). Lung functions, antibiotics, drugs, and metals in lungs were examined and linked to lung and fecal microbiome analyses by high-throughput sequencing analysis of 16 s ribosomal (r)DNA. Rats were exposed to 8.7 µg/m3 PM2.5, 10.1 ppb NO2, 1.6 ppb SO2, and 23.9 ppb O3 in average during the study period. Air pollution exposure decreased forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in 20 ms (FEV20), and FEF at 25â¼75% of FVC (FEF25-75). Air pollution exposure increased antibiotics and drugs (benzotriazole, methamphetamine, methyl-1 H-benzotriazole, ketamine, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, pentoxifylline, erythromycin, clarithromycin, ceftriaxone, penicillin G, and penicillin V) and altered metals (V, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ba) levels in lungs. Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia at phylum level were increased in lung microbiome by air pollution, whereas increased alpha diversity, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and decreased Firmicutes at phylum level were occurred in intestinal microbiome. Lung function decline was correlated with increasing antibiotics, drugs, and metals in lungs as well as lung and intestinal microbiome dysbiosis. The antibiotics, drugs, and Cr, Co, Ca, and Cu levels in lung were correlated with lung and intestinal microbiome dysbiosis. The lung microbiome was correlated with intestinal microbiome at several phylum and family levels after air pollution exposure. Our results revealed that antibiotics, drugs, and metals in the lung caused lung and intestinal microbiome dysbiosis in ageing rats exposed to air pollution, which may lead to lung function decline.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Masculino , Ratos , Animais , Disbiose/induzido quimicamente , Antibacterianos/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Poluição do Ar/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Pulmão , Metais/análise , Envelhecimento , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análiseRESUMO
In this report, 19 boron-containing depsipeptides were synthesized via microwave-assisted Passerini three-component reaction (P-3CR) in an aqueous environment. The linker-free DAHMI fluorescent tagging approach was used on selected boron-containing compounds to study the relationship between their structures and their level of cellular uptake of HEK293 cells. The biological data retrieved from the DAHMI experiments indicated that while the structures of tested compounds may be highly similar, their bio-distribution profile could be vastly distinctive. The reported optimized one-pot synthetic strategy along the linker-free in vitro testing protocol could provide an efficient platform to accelerate the development of boron-containing drugs.
Assuntos
Depsipeptídeos , Micro-Ondas , Boro , Depsipeptídeos/química , Células HEK293 , HumanosRESUMO
Air pollution has been recognized to be a risk factor for lung cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of air pollution on heavy metal alterations in the pleural effusion of lung cancer patients. Pleural effusion was collected from patients with lung cancer and congestive heart failure (CHF). One-year average levels of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of < 10 µm (PM10), PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 were linked to the exposure of these subjects. Traffic-related metals, included Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were determined in the pleural effusion. Logistic regression models were used to examine their associations. There were 63 lung cancer patients and 31 CHF patients enrolled in the current study. We found that PM10, PM2.5, and NO2 were negatively correlated with Al in the pleural effusion, whereas PM2.5 was positively correlated with Zn in the pleural effusion. Increases in 1 µg/m3 of PM2.5 and 1 ng/mL of Zn were associated with lung cancer (adjusted OR=2.394, 95% CI= 1.446-3.964 for PM2.5; adjusted OR=1.003, 95% CI=1.000-1.005 for Zn). Increases in PM2.5 and Zn in the pleural effusion increased the risk of malignant pleural effusion in lung cancer patients (adjusted OR=1.517; 95% CI=1.082-2.127 for PM2.5; adjusted OR=1.002, 95% CI=1.000-1.005 for Zn). Furthermore, we observed that adenocarcinomas increased in association with a 1-µg/m3 increase in PM2.5 (crude OR=1.683; 95% CI=1.006-2.817) in lung cancer patients. In conclusion, PM2.5 exposure and the possible resultant Zn in the pleural effusion associated with the development of malignant pleural effusion in lung cancer.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Neoplasias Pulmonares/epidemiologia , Metais Pesados/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Derrame Pleural Maligno/epidemiologia , Idoso , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tamanho da Partícula , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Derrame Pleural Maligno/química , Derrame Pleural Maligno/patologia , Fatores de Risco , TaiwanRESUMO
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) improves AuNP distribution via blood circulation. The use of PEG-coated AuNPs was shown to result in acute injuries to the liver, kidney, and spleen, but long-term toxicity has not been well studied. In this study, we investigated reporter induction for up to 90 days in NF-κB transgenic reporter mice following intravenous injection of PEG-coated AuNPs. The results of different doses (1 and 4 µg AuNPs per gram of body weight), particle sizes (13 nm and 30 nm), and PEG surfaces (methoxyl- or carboxymethyl-PEG 5 kDa) were compared. The data showed up to 7-fold NF-κB reporter induction in mouse liver from 3 h to 7 d post PEG-AuNP injection compared to saline-injected control mice, and gradual reduction to a level similar to control by 90 days. Agglomerates of PEG-AuNPs were detected in liver Kupffer cells, but neither gross pathological abnormality in liver sections nor increased activity of liver enzymes were found at 90 days. Injection of PEG-AuNPs led to an increase in collagen in liver sections and elevated total serum cholesterol, although still within the normal range, suggesting that inflammation resulted in mild fibrosis and affected hepatic function. Administrating PEG-AuNPs inevitably results in nanoparticles entrapped in the liver; thus, further investigation is required to fully assess the long-term impacts by PEG-AuNPs on liver health.
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Ouro/química , Inflamação/patologia , Fígado/patologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , NF-kappa B/genética , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Animais , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/metabolismo , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/metabolismo , Luciferases , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , NF-kappa B/metabolismoRESUMO
Increasing applications of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) lead to significant occupational exposure and potential health concerns. Toxicity of MWCNT should be carefully elucidated since the conventional (CON) method with fully immersed condition fails to mimic the air-liquid interface (ALI) in airways. Additionally, quantification of MWCNT in cells was a real challenge. Currently available ALI exposure devices are costly, posing problems to conducting in vitro evaluations for emerging nanomaterials. A novel system, consisting of a shaker fluidized-bed atomizer (SFA) and electrostatic shallow liquid interface (ESLI) exposure chamber, has been developed for investigating nanotoxicity of well-dispersed pristine-MWCNT (pMWCNT) and carboxylized-MWCNT (cMWCNT). After 24-h exposure, LDH, MCP-1, IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α releases were determined, and cell uptakes were quantified according to the molybdenum content in cells. Biological responses triggered by SLI exposure are obviously more sensitive compared with those caused by CON exposure at equivalent doses. Exposure dose-dependent release of LDH and IL-6 was highlighted in A549 cells, indicating higher cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses of cMWCNT attributed to its shorter length, smaller size, and higher cell uptake. Cell-associated dose-dependent release of LDH and IL-6 was highlighted in RAW264.7 cells, revealing the higher adverse health risk of pMWCNT due to frustrated phagocytosis and its much higher molybdenum content. These results suggest that inherent characteristics of cells and distinct physicochemical properties of pMWCNT and cMWCNT lead to either exposure dose-dependent or cell-associated dose-dependent responses. Notably, the SLI is superior to the CON exposure method and well suited for nanotoxicity assessment of different MWCNTs.
Assuntos
Nanotubos de Carbono/toxicidade , Células A549 , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Camundongos , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Células RAW 264.7 , Eletricidade EstáticaRESUMO
PURPOSE: The inflammation reaction in the brain may stimulate damage repair or possibly lead to secondary brain injury. It is often associated with activated microglia, which would overexpress 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO). In this study, we successfully developed a new TSPO radioligand, [18F]-2-(4-fluoro-2-(p-tolyloxy)phenyl)-1,2-dihydroisoquinolin-3(4H)-one ([18F]FTPQ), and evaluate its potential to noninvasively detect brain changes in a rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD). PROCEDURES: The precursor (8) for [18F]FTPQ preparation was synthesized via six steps. Radiofluorination was carried out in the presence of a copper catalyst, and the crude product was purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to give the desired [18F]FTPQ. The rat model of PD was established by the injection of 6-OHDA into the right hemisphere of male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. MicroPET/CT imaging and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed to characterize the biological properties of [18F]FTPQ. RESULTS: The overall chemical yield for the precursor (8) was around 14% after multi-step synthesis. The radiofluorination efficiency of [18F]FTPQ was 60 ± 5%. After HPLC purification, the radiochemical purity was higher than 98%. The overall radiochemical yield was approximately 19%. The microPET/CT images demonstrated apparent striatum accumulation in the brains of PD rats at the first 30 min after intravenous injection of [18F]FTPQ. Besides, longitudinal imaging found the uptake of [18F]FTPQ in the brain may reflect the severity of PD. The radioactivity accumulated in the ipsilateral hemisphere of PD rats at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after 6-OHDA administration was 1.84 ± 0.26, 3.43 ± 0.45, and 5.58 ± 0.72%ID/mL, respectively. IHC revealed that an accumulation of microglia/macrophages and astrocytes in the 6-OHDA-injected hemisphere. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we have successfully synthesized [18F]FTPQ with acceptable radiochemical yield and demonstrated the feasibility of [18F]FTPQ as a TSPO radioligand for the noninvasive monitoring the disease progression of PD.
Assuntos
Radioisótopos de Flúor/química , Isoquinolinas/síntese química , Microglia/metabolismo , Doença de Parkinson/diagnóstico por imagem , Receptores de GABA/metabolismo , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Masculino , Estrutura Molecular , Oxidopamina/efeitos adversos , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons combinada à Tomografia Computadorizada , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
In this paper, we present a novel charge-free fluorescence-switchable near-infrared (IR) dye based on merocyanine for target specific imaging. In contrast to the typical bathochromic shift approach by extending π-conjugation, the bathochromic shift of our merocyanine dye to the near-IR region is due to an unusual S- cis diene conformer. This is the first example where a fluorescent dye adopts the stable S- cis conformation. In addition to the novel bathochromic shift mechanism, the dye exhibits fluorescence-switchable properties in response to polarity and viscosity. By incorporating a protein-specific ligand to the dye, the probes (for SNAP-tag and hCAII proteins) exhibited dramatic fluorescence increase (up to 300-fold) upon binding with its target protein. The large fluorescence enhancement, near-IR absorption/emission, and charge-free scaffold enabled no-wash and site-specific imaging of target proteins in living cells and in vivo with minimum background fluorescence. We believe that our unconventional approach for a near-IR dye with the S- cis diene conformation can lead to new strategies for the design of near-IR dyes.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Effects of air pollution on neurotoxicity and behavioral alterations have been reported. The objective of this study was to investigate the pathophysiology caused by particulate matter (PM) in the brain. We examined the effects of traffic-related particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of < 1 µm (PM1), high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)-filtered air, and clean air on the brain structure, behavioral changes, brainwaves, and bioreactivity of the brain (cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus), olfactory bulb, and serum after 3 and 6 months of whole-body exposure in 6-month-old Sprague Dawley rats. RESULTS: The rats were exposed to 16.3 ± 8.2 (4.7~ 68.8) µg/m3 of PM1 during the study period. An MRI analysis showed that whole-brain and hippocampal volumes increased with 3 and 6 months of PM1 exposure. A short-term memory deficiency occurred with 3 months of exposure to PM1 as determined by a novel object recognition (NOR) task, but there were no significant changes in motor functions. There were no changes in frequency bands or multiscale entropy of brainwaves. Exposure to 3 months of PM1 increased 8-isoporstance in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus as well as hippocampal inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6), but not in the olfactory bulb. Systemic CCL11 (at 3 and 6 months) and IL-4 (at 6 months) increased after PM1 exposure. Light chain 3 (LC3) expression increased in the hippocampus after 6 months of exposure. Spongiosis and neuronal shrinkage were observed in the cortex, cerebellum, and hippocampus (neuronal shrinkage) after exposure to air pollution. Additionally, microabscesses were observed in the cortex after 6 months of PM1 exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Our study first observed cerebral edema and brain impairment in adult rats after chronic exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição por Inalação/efeitos adversos , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Poluição Relacionada com o Tráfego/efeitos adversos , Animais , Comportamento Animal/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Edema Encefálico/induzido quimicamente , Eletroencefalografia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Teste de Desempenho do Rota-RodRESUMO
We investigated the effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs) on the pulmonary inflammopathology. NiONPs were intratracheally installed into mice, and lung injury and inflammation were evaluated between 1 and 28 days. NiONPs caused significant increases in LDH, total protein, and IL-6 and a decrease in IL-10 in the BALF and increases in 8-OHdG and caspase-3 in lung tissues at 24 h. Airway inflammation was present in a dose-dependent manner from the upper to lower airways at 24 h of exposure as analyzed by SPECT. Lung parenchyma inflammation and small airway inflammation were observed by CT after NiONP exposure. 8-OHdG in lung tissues had increased with formation of fibrosis at 28 days. Focal adhesion was the most important pathways identified at 24 h as determined by protemics, whereas glutathione metabolism was the most important identified at 28 days. Our results demonstrated the pulmonary inflammopathology caused by NiONPs based on image-to-biochemical approaches.
Assuntos
Lesão Pulmonar/patologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Níquel/toxicidade , Pneumonia/patologia , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/química , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Desoxiguanosina/metabolismo , Feminino , Lesão Pulmonar/induzido quimicamente , Lesão Pulmonar/metabolismo , Nanopartículas Metálicas/administração & dosagem , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Níquel/administração & dosagem , Níquel/química , Pneumonia/induzido quimicamente , Pneumonia/metabolismo , Proteoma/metabolismoRESUMO
Inhaled zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have high deposition rates in the alveolar region of the lungs; however, the adverse health effects of ZnONPs on the respiratory system are unclear. Herein, pathobiological responses of the respiratory system of mice that received intratracheal administration of ZnONPs were investigated by a combination of molecular and imaging (SPECT and CT) approaches. Also, normal BEAS-2B and adenocarcinoma A549 cells were used to confirm the results in mice. First, female BALB/c mice were administrated a series of doses of 20-nm ZnONPs and were compared to the phosphate-buffered saline control for 24-h and 28-day follow-up observations. Field emission-scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis were first used to characterize ZnONPs. After 24h, instilled ZnONPs had caused significant increases in lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), caspase-3, and the p63 tumor marker in lung tissues (p<0.05). Airway inflammation was present in a dose-dependent manner from the upper to the lower airway as analyzed by SPECT. After 28days, p63 had significantly increased due to ZnONP exposure in lung tissues (p<0.05). Pulmonary inflammatory infiltration mainly occurred in the left and right subsegments of the secondary bronchial bifurcation as observed by CT. A significant increase in p63 and decrease in TTF1 levels were observed in BEAS-2B cells by ZnONP (p<0.05), but not in A549 cells. Our results demonstrated that regional lung inflammation occurred with ZnONP exposure. We also showed that p63 was consistently overexpressed due to ZnONP exposure in vivo and in vitro. This work provides unique findings on the p63 response and the pathobiology in response to ZnONPs, which could be important to the study of pulmonary toxicity and repair.
Assuntos
Pneumopatias/induzido quimicamente , Pneumopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Nanopartículas Metálicas/toxicidade , Óxido de Zinco/toxicidade , 8-Hidroxi-2'-Desoxiguanosina , Células A549 , Animais , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar/citologia , Caspase 3/biossíntese , Caspase 3/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/biossíntese , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Desoxiguanosina/análogos & derivados , Desoxiguanosina/metabolismo , Feminino , L-Lactato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Pulmão/patologia , Pneumopatias/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fosfoproteínas/biossíntese , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão de Fóton Único , Transativadores/biossíntese , Transativadores/genética , Fatores de TranscriçãoRESUMO
Paeonol is a key phenolic compound in the root bark of Moutan Cortex Radicis that has been used in traditional Chinese Medicine to ameliorate inflammation. A series of aminothiazole-paeonol derivatives (APDs) were synthesized in this work and subjected to preliminary evaluation in cells followed by verification in animals. Quantification of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in culture media of LPS-activated A549 cells, a lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line, were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory capability of APDs. ALI-bearing rats were employed to verify therapeutic efficacy of APDs according to observations of total cells, protein amounts, MCP-1 and IL-6 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Histopathological examinations of lung tissues were consequently applied for validation of APDs. Among these compounds, 2-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl)-5-methoxyphenol (4) had the most potent activity, showing comparable inhibition of MCP-1/IL-6 and superior elimination of neutrophil infiltration and protein exudation in lungs compared to others as well as dexamethasone. This study demonstrated a comprehensive strategy to evaluate APDs through integration of cell-based screening and animal-based verification. In order to fulfill unmet needs of treating acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), APDs introduced in this work could be promising lead compounds to develop high potent anti-inflammation agents.
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Acetofenonas/química , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Tiazóis/química , Acetofenonas/uso terapêutico , Lesão Pulmonar Aguda/metabolismo , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/química , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Líquido da Lavagem Broncoalveolar , Quimiocina CCL2/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Masculino , Infiltração de Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Tiazóis/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
In this study, novel aminothiazole-paeonol derivatives were synthesized and characterized using ¹H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy, and high performance liquid chromatography. All the new synthesized compounds were evaluated according to their anticancer effect on seven cancer cell lines. The experimental results indicated that these compounds possess high anticancer potential regarding human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS cells) and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29 cells). Among these compounds, N-[4-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (13c) had the most potent inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 4.0 µM to AGS, 4.4 µM to HT-29 cells and 5.8 µM to HeLa cells. The 4-fluoro-N-[4-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)thiazol-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide (13d) was the second potent compound, showing IC50 values of 7.2, 11.2 and 13.8 µM to AGS , HT-29 and HeLa cells, respectively. These compounds are superior to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for relatively higher potency against AGS and HT-29 human cancer cell lines along with lower cytotoxicity to fibroblasts. Novel aminothiazole-paeonol derivatives in this work might be a series of promising lead compounds to develop anticancer agents for treating gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma.
Assuntos
Acetofenonas/síntese química , Acetofenonas/farmacologia , Tiadiazóis/síntese química , Tiadiazóis/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HT29 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
This study aims to establish a (198)Au-radiotracer technique for in vivo tracing, rapid quantification, and ex vivo visualization of PEGylated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in animals, organs and tissue dissections. The advantages of GNPs lie in its superior optical property, biocompatibility and versatile conjugation chemistry, which are promising to develop diagnostic probes and drug delivery systems. (198)Au is used as a radiotracer because it simultaneously emits beta and gamma radiations with proper energy and half-life; therefore, (198)Au can be used for bioanalytical purposes. The (198)Au-tagged radioactive gold nanoparticles ((198)Au-GNPs) were prepared simply by irradiating the GNPs in a nuclear reactor through the (197)Au(n,γ)(198)Au reaction and subsequently the (198)Au-GNPs were subjected to surface modification with polyethylene glycol to form PEGylated (198)Au-GNPs. The (198)Au-GNPs retained physicochemical properties that were the same as those of GNP before neutron irradiation. Pharmacokinetic and biodisposition studies were performed by intravenously injecting three types of (198)Au-GNPs with or without PEGylation into mice; the γ radiation in blood specimens and dissected organs was then measured. The (198)Au-radiotracer technique enables rapid quantification freed from tedious sample preparation and shows more than 95% recovery of injected GNPs. Clinical gamma scintigraphy was proved feasible to explore spatial- and temporal-resolved biodisposition of (198)Au-GNPs in living animals. Moreover, autoradiography, which recorded beta particles from (198)Au, enabled visualizing the heterogeneous biodisposition of (198)Au-GNPs in different microenvironments and tissues. In this study, the (198)Au-radiotracer technique facilitated creating a trimodality analytical platform for tracing, quantifying and imaging GNPs in animals.
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Diagnóstico por Imagem/métodos , Ouro/química , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Polietilenoglicóis/química , Traçadores Radioativos , Animais , Meia-Vida , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Tamanho da Partícula , Cintilografia , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) patients with elevated level of androgen receptor (AR) correlate with higher metastatic incidence. Protein expression of AR and its target gene prostate-specific antigen (PSA) are elevated in metastatic prostate tumors as compared to organ-confined tumors. Androgen treatment or elevation of AR promotes metastasis of PCa in cell culture and murine model. However, under androgen depleted condition, AR suppressed cell mobility and invasiveness of PCa cells. Androgen deprivation therapy in PCa patients is associated with higher risk of cancer metastasis. We therefore investigated the dual roles of AR and miRNAs on PCa metastasis. METHODS: The PC-3AR (PC-3 cells re-expressing AR) and LNCaP cells were used as PCa cell model. Transwell migration and invasion assay, wound-healing assay, zebrafish xenotransplantation assay, and zebrafish vascular exit assay were used to investigate the role of AR and androgen on PCa metastasis. Micro-Western Array, co-immunoprecipitation and Immunofluorescence were applied to dissect the molecular mechanism lying underneath. The miRNA array, miRNA inhibitors or plasmid, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to study the role of miRNAs on PCa metastasis. RESULTS: In the absence of androgen, AR repressed the migration and invasion of PCa cells. When androgen was present, AR stimulated the migration and invasion of PCa cells both in vitro and in zebrafish xenotransplantation model. Androgen increased phospho-AR Ser81 and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP), decreased phospho-YAP Ser217, and altered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins in PCa cells. Co-IP assay demonstrated that androgen augmented the interaction between YAP and AR in nucleus. Knockdown of YAP or treatment with YAP inhibitor abolished the androgen-induced migration and invasion of PCa cells, while overexpression of YAP showed opposite effects. The miRNA array revealed that androgen decreased hsa-miR-5001-5p but increased hsa-miR-203a and hsa-miR-210-3p in PC-3AR cells but not PC-3 cells. Treatment with inhibitors targeting hsa-miR-203a/hsa-miR-210-3p, or overexpression of hsa-miR-5001-5p decreased YAP expression as well as suppressed the androgen-induced migration and invasion of PCa cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay demonstrated that AR binds with promoter region of has-miR-210-3p in the presence of androgen. CONCLUSIONS: Our observations indicated that miRNAs 203a/210-3p/5001-5p regulate the androgen/AR/YAP-induced PCa metastasis.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , MicroRNAs , Neoplasias da Próstata , Receptores Androgênicos , Fatores de Transcrição , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP , Peixe-Zebra , Humanos , Masculino , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismo , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , MicroRNAs/genética , MicroRNAs/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas de Sinalização YAP/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Androgênios/metabolismo , Androgênios/farmacologiaRESUMO
Wearing masks to prevent infectious diseases, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, is common. However, concerns arise about inhalation exposure to microplastics (MPs) when disposable masks are improperly reused. In this study, we assessed whether disposable masks release inhalable MPs when reused in simulated wearing conditions. All experiments were conducted using a controlled test chamber setup with a constant inspiratory flow. Commercially available medical masks with a three-layer material, composition comprising polypropylene (PP in the outer and middle layers) and polyethylene (PE in the inner layer), were used as the test material. Brand-new masks with and without hand rubbing, as well as reused medical masks, were tested. Physical properties (number, size, and shape) and chemical composition (polymers) were identified using various analytical techniques such as fluorescence staining, fluorescence microscopy, and micro-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (µFTIR). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to scrutinize the surface structure of reused masks across different layers, elucidating the mechanism behind the MP generation. The findings revealed that brand-new masks subjected to hand rubbing exhibited a higher cumulative count of MPs, averaging approximately 1.5 times more than those without hand rubbing. Fragments remained the predominant shape across all selected size classes among the released MPs from reused masks, primarily through a physical abrasion mechanism, accounting for >90 % of the total MPs. The numbers of PE particles were higher than PP particles, indicating that the inner layer of the mask contributed more inhalable MPs than the middle and outer layers combined. The released MPs from reused masks reached their peak after 8 h of wearing. This implies that regularly replacing masks serves as a preventive measure and mitigates associated health risks of inhalation exposure to MPs.
Assuntos
Exposição por Inalação , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Humanos , Exposição por Inalação/prevenção & controle , Máscaras , Microplásticos , Pandemias , Plásticos , PolietilenoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is upregulated in prostate cancer (PCa). However, suppression of EGFR did not improve the patient outcome, possibly due to the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling in PCa. Compounds able to suppress both PI3K/Akt and EGFR signaling may be effective for treating advanced PCa. PURPOSE: We examined if caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) simultaneously suppresses the EGFR and Akt signaling, migration and tumor growth in PCa cells. METHODS: Wound healing assay, transwell migration assay and xenograft mice model were used to determine the effects of CAPE on migration and proliferation of PCa cells. Western blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to determine the effects of CAPE on EGFR and Akt signaling. RESULTS: CAPE treatment decreased the gene expression of HRAS, RAF1, AKT2, GSK3A, and EGF and the protein expression of phospho-EGFR (Y845, Y1069, Y1148, Y1173), phospho-FAK, Akt, and ERK1/2 in PCa cells. CAPE treatment inhibited the EGF-induced migration of PCa cells. Combined treatment of CAPE with EGFR inhibitor gefitinib showed additive inhibition on migration and proliferation of PCa cells. Injection of CAPE (15 mg/kg/3 days) for 14 days suppressed the tumor growth of prostate xenografts in nude mice as well as suppressed the levels of Ki67, phospho-EGFR Y845, MMP-9, phospho-Akt S473, phospho-Akt T308, Ras, and Raf-1 in prostate xenografts. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested that CAPE can simultaneously suppress the EGFR and Akt signaling in PCa cells and is a potential therapeutic agent for advanced PCa.
Assuntos
Álcool Feniletílico , Neoplasias da Próstata , Masculino , Humanos , Animais , Camundongos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismo , Próstata/patologia , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Camundongos Nus , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacologia , Ácidos Cafeicos/uso terapêutico , Receptores ErbB , Álcool Feniletílico/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de CélulasRESUMO
Air pollution has been linked to respiratory diseases, and urban air pollution can be attributed to a number of emission sources. The emitted particles and gases are the primary components of air pollution that enter the lungs during respiration. Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) can deposit deep into the respiratory tract via inhalation and has been proposed as a causative agent for adverse respiratory health. In addition, the lung contains a diverse microbial community (microbiome) that maintains normal homeostasis and is significantly altered in a variety of pulmonary disorders. Air pollution, specifically PM2.5, has previously been shown to significantly alter the composition of the lower airway microbiome, which has been linked to decreased lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Surprisingly, the intestinal microbiome has also been implicated in the modulation of pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Therefore, dysbiosis of the lung and intestinal microbiomes pose significant negative effects on human health. This dataset describes the microbial community profiles of the lungs and intestines of ageing rats exposed to ambient unconcentrated traffic-related air pollution for three months. The whole-body exposure system was equipped with and without high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filtration (gaseous vs. PM2.5 pollution). The data can provide valuable information on lung and intestinal microbiome changes, including that which was only found after traffic-related air pollution exposure.
RESUMO
Vaccines are a powerful medical intervention for preventing epidemic diseases. Efficient inactivated or protein vaccines typically rely on an effective adjuvant to elicit an immune response and boost vaccine activity. In this study, we investigated the adjuvant activities of combinations of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonists in a SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain protein vaccine. Adjuvants formulated with a TLR9 agonist, CpG-2722, with various cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) that are STING agonists increased germinal center B cell response and elicited humoral immune responses in immunized mice. An adjuvant containing CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 effectively boosted the immune response to both intramuscularly and intranasally administrated vaccines. Vaccines adjuvanted with CpG-2722 or 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 alone were capable of inducing an immune response, but a cooperative adjuvant effect was observed when both were combined. CpG-2722 induced antigen-dependent T helper (Th)1 and Th17 responses, while 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 induced a Th2 response. The combination of CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 generated a distinct antigen-dependent Th response profile characterized by higher Th1 and Th17, but lower Th2 responses. In dendritic cells, CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 showed a cooperative effect on inducing expression of molecules critical for T cell activation. CpG-2722 and 2'3'-c-di-AM(PS)2 have distinct cytokine inducing profiles in different cell populations. The combination of these two agonists enhanced the expression of cytokines for Th1 and Th17 responses and suppressed the expression of cytokines for Th2 response in these cells. Thus, the antigen-dependent Th responses observed in the animals immunized with different vaccines were shaped by the antigen-independent cytokine-inducing profiles of their adjuvant. The expanded targeting cell populations, the increased germinal center B cell response, and reshaped T helper responses are the molecular bases for the cooperative adjuvant effect of the combination of TLR9 and STING agonists.