Western diet promotes endometriotic lesion growth in mice and induces depletion of Akkermansia muciniphila in intestinal microbiota.

BACKGROUND: Endometriosis, affecting 10% of women in their reproductive years, remains poorly understood. Both individual and environmental unexplained factors are implicated in this heterogenous condition. This study aims to examine the influence of a Western diet on endometriosis lesion development in mice and to uncover the mechanisms involved. METHODS: Mice were fed either a control diet or a Western diet (high in fatty acids and low in fiber) for 4 weeks. Endometriosis was then surgically induced, and lesion development was monitored by ultrasound. After 7 weeks, the mice were sacrificed for analysis of lesion characteristics through RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Additionally, the intestinal microbiota was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. RESULTS: Mice on the Western diet developed lesions that were significantly twice as large compared to those on the control diet. These lesions exhibited greater fibrosis and proliferation, alongside enhanced macrophage activity and leptin pathway expression. Changes in the intestinal microbiota were significantly noted after endometriosis induction, regardless of diet. Notably, mice on the Western diet with the most substantial lesions showed a loss of Akkermansia Muciniphila in their intestinal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS: A Western diet significantly exacerbates lesion size in a mouse model of endometriosis, accompanied by metabolic and immune alterations. The onset of endometriosis also leads to substantial shifts in intestinal microbiota, suggesting a potential link between diet, intestinal health, and endometriosis development.

An integrated multi-tissue approach for endometriosis candidate biomarkers: a systematic review.

Biomarker identification could help in deciphering endometriosis pathophysiology in addition to their use in the development of non invasive diagnostic and prognostic approaches, that are essential to greatly improve patient care. Despite extensive efforts, no single potential biomarker or combination has been clinically validated for endometriosis.Many studies have investigated endometriosis-associated biological markers in specific tissues, but an integrative approach across tissues is lacking. The aim of this review is to propose a comprehensive overview of identified biomarkers based on tissue or biological compartment, while taking into account endometriosis phenotypes (superficial, ovarian or deep, or rASRM stages), menstrual cycle phases, treatments and symptoms.We searched PubMed and Embase databases for articles matching the following criteria: 'endometriosis' present in the title and the associated term 'biomarkers' found as Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms or in all fields. We restricted to publications in English and on human populations. Relevant articles published between 01 January 2005 (when endometriosis phenotypes start to be described in papers) and 01 September 2022 were critically analysed and discussed.Four hundred forty seven articles on endometriosis biomarkers that included a control group without endometriosis and provided specific information on endometriosis phenotypes are included in this review. Presence of information or adjustment controlling for menstrual cycle phase, symptoms and treatments is highlighted, and the results are further summarized by biological compartment. The 9 biological compartments studied for endometriosis biomarker research are in order of frequency: peripheral blood, eutopic endometrium, peritoneal fluid, ovaries, urine, menstrual blood, saliva, feces and cervical mucus. Adjustments of results on disease phenotypes, cycle phases, treatments and symptoms are present in 70%, 29%, 3% and 6% of selected articles, respectively. A total of 1107 biomarkers were identified in these biological compartments. Of these, 74 were found in several biological compartments by at least two independent research teams and only 4 (TNF-a, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and miR-451) are detected in at least 3 tissues with cohorts of 30 women or more.Integrative analysis is a crucial step to highlight potential pitfalls behind the lack of success in the search for clinically relevant endometriosis biomarkers, and to illuminate the physiopathology of this disease.

PPARγ partial agonist LPSF/GQ-16 prevents dermal and pulmonary fibrosis in HOCl-induced systemic sclerosis (SSc) and modulates cytokine production in PBMC of SSc patients.

Thiazolidinediones (TZD) are synthetic molecules that have a range of biological effects, including antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory, and they may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for systemic sclerosis (SSc). The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory and antifibrotic properties of LPSF/GQ-16, a TZD derivative, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SSc patients and in a murine model of SSc HOCl-induced. The PBMC of 20 SSc patients were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and treated with LPSF/GQ-16 for 48 h, later cytokines in the culture supernatants were quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or cytometric bead array (CBA). Experimental SSc was induced by intradermal injections of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for 6 weeks. HOCl-induced SSc mice received daily treatment with LPSF/GQ-16 (30 mg/kg) through intraperitoneal injections during the same period. Immunological parameters were evaluated by flow cytometry and ELISA, and dermal and pulmonary fibrosis were evaluated by RT-qPCR, hydroxyproline dosage and histopathological analysis. In PBMC cultures, it was possible to observe that LPSF/GQ-16 modulated the secretion of cytokines IL-2 (p < 0.001), IL-4 (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-17A (p = 0.006), TNF (p < 0.001) and IFN-γ (p < 0.001). In addition, treatment with LPSF/GQ-16 in HOCl-induced SSc mice promoted a significant reduction in dermal thickening (p < 0.001), in the accumulation of collagen in the skin (p < 0.001), down-regulated the expression of fibrosis markers in the skin (Col1a1, α-Sma and Tgfß1, p < 0.001 for all) and lungs (Il4 and Il13, p < 0.001 for both), as well as reduced activation of CD4 + T cells (p < 0.001), B cells (p < 0.001) and M2 macrophages (p < 0.001). In conclusion, LPSF/GQ-16 showed immunomodulatory and antifibrotic properties, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of this molecule for SSc.

Second-trimester amniotic fluid proteins changes in subsequent spontaneous preterm birth.

INTRODUCTION: The global sequence of the pathogenesis of preterm labor remains unclear. This study aimed to compare amniotic fluid concentrations of extracellular matrix-related proteins (procollagen, osteopontin and IL-33), and of cytokines (IL-19, IL-6, IL-20, TNFα, TGFß, and IL-1ß) in asymptomatic women with and without subsequent spontaneous preterm delivery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used amniotic fluid samples of singleton pregnancy, collected by amniocentesis between 16 and 20 weeks' gestation, without stigmata of infection (i.e., all amniotic fluid samples were tested with broad-range 16 S rDNA PCR to distinguish samples with evidence of past bacterial infection from sterile ones), during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to perform a nested case-control laboratory study. Cases were women with a spontaneous delivery before 37 weeks of gestation (preterm group). Controls were women who gave birth at or after 39 weeks (full term group). Amniotic fluid concentrations of the extracellular matrix-related proteins and cytokines measured by immunoassays were compared for two study groups. CLINICALTRIALS: gov: NCT00718705. RESULTS: Between July 2008 and July 2011, in 12 maternal-fetal medicine centers in France, 166 women with available PCR-negative amniotic fluid samples were retained for the analysis. Concentrations of procollagen, osteopontin, IL-19, IL-6, IL-20, IL-33, TNFα, TGFß, and IL-1ß were compared between the 37 who gave birth preterm and the 129 women with full-term delivery. Amniotic fluid levels of procollagen, osteopontin, IL-19, IL-33, and TNFα were significantly higher in the preterm than the full-term group. IL-6, IL-20, TGFß, and IL-1ß levels did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In amniotic fluid 16 S rDNA PCR negative samples obtained during second-trimester amniocentesis, extracellular matrix-related protein concentrations (procollagen, osteopontin and IL-33), together with IL-19 and TNFα, were observed higher at this time in cases of later spontaneous preterm birth.

Role of thyroid dysimmunity and thyroid hormones in endometriosis.

Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity. Thyroid autoimmunity has been associated with endometriosis. This work investigated the potential pathophysiological link between endometriosis and thyroid disorders. Transcripts and proteins involved in thyroid metabolism are dysregulated in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of endometriotic patients, leading to resistance of ectopic endometrium to triiodothyronine (T3) action and local accumulation of thyroxine (T4). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) acts as a proliferative and prooxidative hormone on all endometria of endometriosis patients and controls, whereas T3 and T4 act to specifically increase ectopic endometrial cell proliferation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Mouse studies confirmed the data gained in vitro since endometriotic implants were found to be bigger when thyroid hormones increased. A retrospective analysis of endometriosis patients with or without a thyroid disorder revealed an increased chronic pelvic pain and disease score in endometriotic patients with a thyroid disorder.

A New Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic Improves Oxaliplatin-Induced Neuropathy and Global Tolerance in Mice.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by every aerobic cell during mitochondrial oxidative metabolism as well as in cellular response to xenobiotics, cytokines, and bacterial invasion. Superoxide Dismutases (SOD) are antioxidant proteins that convert superoxide anions (O2•-) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and dioxygen. Using the differential in the level of oxidative stress between normal and cancer cells, SOD mimetics can show an antitumoral effect and prevent oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. New Pt(IV) conjugate prodrugs (OxPt-x-Mn1C1A (x = 1, 1-OH, 2)), combining oxaliplatin and a Mn SOD mimic (MnSODm Mn1C1A) with a covalent link, were designed. Their stability in buffer and in the presence of sodium ascorbate was studied. In vitro, their antitumoral activity was assessed by the viability and ROS production of tumor cell lines (CT16, HCT 116, KC) and fibroblasts (primary culture and NIH 3T3). In vivo, a murine model of colorectal cancer was created with subcutaneous injection of CT26 cells in Balb/c mice. Tumor size and volume were measured weekly in four groups: vehicle, oxaliplatin, and oxaliplatin associated with MnSODm Mn1C1A and the bis-conjugate OxPt-2-Mn1C1A. Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) was assessed using a Von Frey test reflecting chronic hypoalgesia. Tolerance to treatment was assessed with a clinical score including four items: weight loss, weariness, alopecia, and diarrhea. In vitro, Mn1C1A associated with oxaliplatin and Pt(IV) conjugates treatment induced significantly higher production of H2O2 in all cell lines and showed a significant improvement of the antitumoral efficacy compared to oxaliplatin alone. In vivo, the association of Mn1C1A to oxaliplatin did not decrease its antitumoral activity, while OxPt-2-Mn1C1A had lower antitumoral activity than oxaliplatin alone. Mn1C1A associated with oxaliplatin significantly decreased OIPN and also improved global clinical tolerance of oxaliplatin. A neuroprotective effect was observed, associated with a significantly improved tolerance to oxaliplatin without impairing its antitumoral activity.

Endometriosis phenotypes are associated with specific serum metabolic profiles determined by proton-nuclear magnetic resonance.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the correlation between serum metabolic profile and endometriosis phenotype? DESIGN: A pilot study nestled in a prospective cohort study at a university hospital, including 46 patients with painful endometriosis who underwent surgery and 21 controls who did not have macroscopic endometriotic lesions. Endometriosis was strictly classified into two groups of 23 patients each: endometrioma (OMA) and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). Serum samples were collected before surgery for metabolomic profiling based on proton-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with statistical approaches. Comparative identification of the metabolites in the serum from endometriosis patients and from controls was carried out, including an analysis according to endometriosis phenotype. RESULTS: The serum metabolic profiles of the endometriosis patients revealed significantly lower concentrations of several amino acids compared with the controls, whereas the concentrations of free fatty acids and ketone bodies were significantly higher. The OMA and the DIE phenotypes each had a specific metabolic profile, with higher concentrations of two ketone bodies in the OMA group, and higher concentrations of free fatty acids and lipids in the DIE group. CONCLUSION: Proton-nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics of serum samples were found to have ample potential for identifying metabolic changes associated with endometriosis phenotypes. This information may improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

The follicular fluid metabolome differs according to the endometriosis phenotype.

RESEARCH QUESTION: Is there a follicular fluid-specific metabolic profile in deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) depending on the presence of an associated ovarian endometrioma (OMA) that could lead to the identification of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease? DESIGN: In this prospective cohort study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) experiments were carried out on 50 follicular fluid samples from patients presenting with DIE, associated or not associated with an OMA, and 29 follicular fluid samples from patients with infertility caused by a tubal obstruction. RESULTS: Concentrations of glucose, citrate, creatine and amino acids such as tyrosine and alanine were lower in women with DIE than control participants, whereas concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, lipids and ketone bodies were higher. Metabolic analysis revealed enhanced concentrations of glycerol and ketone bodies in patients with OMA, indicative of an activation of lipolysis followed by beta-oxidation. Concentrations of lactate and pyruvate were increased in patients without OMA, whereas the concentration of glucose was decreased, highlighting activation of the anaerobic glycolysis pathway. Differences in concentrations of amino acids such as threonine and glutamine were also statistically relevant in discriminating between the presence or absence of OMA. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate a mitochondrial dysregulation in endometriosis phenotypes, with a modified balance between anaerobic glycolysis and beta-oxidation in OMA phenotypes that could affect the fertility of women with endometriosis. As the composition of the follicular fluid has been shown to be correlated with oocyte development and outcome of implantation after fertilization, these findings may help explain the high level of infertility in these patients.

Identification of TP53 mutated group using a molecular and immunohistochemical classification of endometrial carcinoma to improve prognostic evaluation for adjuvant treatments.

INTRODUCTION: Molecular classification of endometrial carcinoma has been proposed to predict survival. However, its role in patient management remains to be determined. We aimed to identify whether a molecular and immunohistochemical classification of endometrial carcinoma could improve decision-making for adjuvant therapy. METHODS: All consecutive patients treated for endometrial carcinoma between 2010 and 2017 at Cochin University Hospital were included. Clinical risk of relapse was based on European Society for Medical Oncology-European Society of Gynaecological Oncology-European SocieTy for Radiotherapy & Oncology (ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO) consensus. The clinical event of interest was event-free survival. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples were processed for histopathological analysis and DNA extraction. The nuclear expression of mismatch repair and TP53 proteins was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Next-generation sequencing of a panel of 15 genes including TP53 and POLE was performed using Ampliseq panels on Ion Torrent PGM (ThermoFisher). Tumors were allocated into four molecular groups using a sequential method based on next-generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry data: (1) POLE/ultramutated-like; (2) MSI/hypermutated-like (mismatch repair-deficient); (3) TP53-mutated (without POLE mutations or mismatch repair deficiency); (4) not otherwise specified (the remaining tumors). RESULTS: 159 patients were included; 125 tumors were available for molecular characterization and distributed as follows: (1) POLE/ultramutated-like: n=4 (3%); (2) MSI/hypermutated-like: n=35 (30%); (3) TP53-mutated: n=30 (25%); and (4) not otherwise specified: n=49 (42%). Assessing the TP53 status by immunohistochemistry only rather than next-generation sequencing would have misclassified 6 tumors (5%). TP53-mutated tumors were associated with poor prognosis, independently of International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage and histological grade (Cox-based adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 5.54, 95% CI 2.30 to 13.4), and independently of clinical risk of relapse (aHR 3.92, 95% CI 1.59 to 9.64). Among patients with FIGO stage I-II tumors, 6 (38%) TP53-mutated tumors had low/intermediate clinical risk of relapse and did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Endometrial carcinoma molecular classification identified potentially under-treated patients with poor molecular prognosis despite being at low/intermediate clinical risk of relapse. Consideration of molecular classification in adjuvant therapeutic decisions should be evaluated in prospective trials.

Reduced α-2,6 sialylation regulates cell migration in endometriosis.

STUDY QUESTION: Is endometriosis associated with aberrant sialylation patterns and what is the potential impact of such anomalies on cell migratory properties? SUMMARY ANSWER: The reduced α-2,6 sialylation patterns in the peritoneal fluid of endometriosis-affected women and in stromal and epithelial cells from endometriotic lesions could be associated with enhanced cell migration. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Endometriosis is considered to be a benign disease although, like cancer, it has the characteristic of being an invasive disease with cells that have an enhanced capacity to migrate. Aberrant sialylation has been reported in various malignancies and it has been linked to tumour invasion and metastasis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We conducted a prospective laboratory study in a tertiary-care university hospital. We investigated non-pregnant patients who were <42 years of age (n = 273) when they underwent surgery for a benign gynaecological condition. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: The study population consisted of 102 women with histologically proven endometriosis and 71 endometriosis-free controls, who underwent a complete surgical exploration of the abdominopelvic cavity. Peritoneal fluids were collected during the surgical procedures, and endometrial and endometriotic biopsies were performed on all of the patients to generate stromal and epithelial primary cell cultures. The expression of α-2,6-sialyltransferase (ST6GALNAC1) was studied in eutopic and ectopic endometria of endometriosis patients and in eutopic endometria of controls by reverse transcription followed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The α-2,6 sialylation levels were measured by ELISA in the peritoneal fluids of patients and controls and by western-blot in primary endometrial and endometriotic cell cultures using Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), an α-2,6 sialic acid-binding lectin. A transwell migration assay after incubation of the cells with neuraminidase was also performed to evaluate the impact of desialylation on eutopic endometrial stromal cell migration. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: ST6GALNAC1 gene expression was significantly lower in endometriotic lesions compared to that in eutopic endometrium of endometriosis-affected patients and healthy endometrium (16-fold for both; P < 0.01). We observed a significant reduction in SNA levels in the peritoneal fluids of endometriosis-affected women compared to control women (median optic density (OD), 0.257; range, 0.215-0.279 versus median OD, 0.278; range 0.238-0.285; P < 0.01), as well as in stromal (mean OD, 705 907; standard error of the mean (SEM), 141 549 versus mean OD, 1.16 × 106; SEM, 107,271; P < 0.05) and epithelial (mean OD, 485 706; SEM, 179 681 versus mean OD, 1.25 × 106; SEM, 232 120; P < 0.05) ectopic endometriotic cells compared to control eutopic cells, indicating reduced α-2,6 sialylation. Finally, in the transwell migration assay, the eutopic endometrial cells of endometriosis patients migrated significantly more into the lower chamber after incubation with neuraminidase, indicating enhanced migration by these cells after desialylation. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Our control group involved patients operated for benign gynaecological conditions (e.g. tubal infertility, uterine fibroids or ovarian cysts) which may also be associated with altered sialylation patterns. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The hyposialylation pattern of endometriotic cells appeared to be associated with enhanced migratory abilities, which might contribute to the establishment of early endometriotic implants. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, as this could lead to new potential therapeutic targets for this complex disorder. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S): No external funding was received and there are no conflicts of interest.

Imbalance of the Vanin-1 Pathway in Systemic Sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs and vascular alterations. SSc pathophysiology involves systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Because the vanin-1 gene (vnn1) encodes an enzyme with pantetheinase activity that converts vasculoprotective pantethine into profibrotic pantothenic acid and pro-oxidant cystamine, we tested this pathway in the pathophysiology of SSc. Activation of the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway was investigated in wild-type BALB/c mice with hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced SSc by ELISA and Western blotting. We then evaluated the effects of the inactivation of vnn1 on the development of fibrosis, endothelial alterations, and immunological activation in mice with HOCl- and bleomycin-induced SSc. We then explored the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway in a cohort of patients with SSc and in controls. In wild-type mice with HOCl-induced SSc, the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway was dysregulated, with elevation of vanin-1 activity in skin and high levels of serum pantothenic acid. Inactivation of the vnn1 gene in vnn1-/- mice with HOCl-induced SSc prevented the development of characteristic features of the disease, including fibrosis, immunologic abnormalities, and endothelial dysfunction. Remarkably, patients with diffuse SSc also had increased expression of vanin-1 in skin and blood and elevated levels of serum pantothenic acid that correlated with the severity of the disease. Our data demonstrate that vanin-1/pantetheinase controls fibrosis, vasculopathy, autoimmunity, and oxidative stress in SSc. The levels of vanin-1 expression and pantothenic acid determine SSc severity and can be used as markers of disease severity. More importantly, inhibition of vanin-1 can open new therapeutic approaches in SSc.

Dysregulation of the ADAM17/Notch signalling pathways in endometriosis: from oxidative stress to fibrosis.

STUDY QUESTION: Is oxidative stress associated with the A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM) metallopeptidase domain 17 (ADAM17)/Notch signalling pathway and fibrosis in the development of endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER: Oxidative stress is correlated with hyperactivation of the ADAM17/Notch signalling pathway and a consequent increase in fibrosis in patients with endometriosis. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: It is nowadays accepted that oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset and progression of endometriosis. Oxidative stress is able to induce the synthesis of some members of the 'ADAM' family, such as ADAM17. ADAM17/Notch signalling is dysregulated in other profibrotic and inflammatory diseases. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This was a prospective laboratory study conducted in a tertiary-care university hospital between January 2011 and April 2013. We investigated non-pregnant, younger than 42-year-old patients (n = 202) during surgery for a benign gynaecological condition. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: After complete surgical exploration of the abdominopelvic cavity, 121 women with histologically proven endometriosis and 81 endometriosis-free control women were enrolled. Peritoneal fluid (PF) samples were obtained from all the study participants during surgery in order to detect advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) and metalloproteinase activity of ADAM17. Stromal cells from endometrial specimens (n = 8) were obtained from endometrium of control patients (Cs), and from eutopic (Es) and ectopic (Ps) endometrium of patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) (n = 8). ADAM17, Notch and the fibrosis markers α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and type-I collagen were assessed using immunoblotting in all the endometrial samples obtained. Additionally, fibrosis was assessed after using Notch cleavage inhibitors (DAPT and FLI-06). Notch and fibrosis were also evaluated after stimulation of stromal endometrial cells with ADAM17 purified protein, increasing concentrations of H2O2 and primary cell culture supernatants. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Patients with DIE presented higher PF AOPP and ADAM17 protein levels than controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). In addition, these two markers were positively correlated (r = 0.614; P < 0.001). At the cellular level, ADAM17 activity was increased in Es and Ps compared to Cs (P < 0.001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, Ps presented hyperactivation of Notch signalling (P < 0.05) and augmentation of fibrosis markers (P = 0.009 for α-SMA and P = 0.015 for type-I collagen) compared to controls. The use of DAPT and FLI-06 reduced both fibrosis markers in Ps but not in Cs. Stimulation with ADAM17, H2O2 and Ps supernatant culture significantly increased Notch and fibrosis in both Ps and Cs. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: The control group consisted of women who underwent surgery for benign gynaecological conditions, which could lead to biases because some of these conditions may cause alterations in oxidative stress and the ADAM17/Notch pathways. The small sample size of endometrial biopsies used for each group of patients (n = 8) is a limitation of the study, and results should be interpreted with caution. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: We propose a novel pathway in endometriosis pathogenesis that correlates oxidative stress, hyperactivation of ADAM17/Notch signalling and a consequent increase in fibrosis. This study suggests that Notch signalling plays a key role in the fibrotic processes that take place in ectopic lesions of patients with DIE, as already observed in other pro-fibrotic diseases. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by grants from University Paris Descartes, INSERM and Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero. The authors have no competing interests to declare.

Protein oxidative stress markers in peritoneal fluids of women with deep infiltrating endometriosis are increased.

STUDY QUESTION: Are protein oxidative stress markers [thiols, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), protein carbonyls and nitrates/nitrites] in perioperative peritoneal fluid higher in women with histologically proven endometriosis when compared with endometriosis-free controls? SUMMARY ANSWER: Protein oxidative stress markers are significantly increased in peritoneal fluids from women with deep infiltrating endometriosis with intestinal involvement when compared with endometriosis-free controls. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Endometriosis is a common gynaecologic condition characterized by an important inflammatory process. Various source of evidence support the role of oxidative stress in the development of endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: We conducted a prospective laboratory study in a tertiary-care university hospital between January 2011 and December 2012, and included 235 non-pregnant women, younger than 42 year old, undergoing surgery for a benign gynaecological condition. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: After complete surgical exploration of the abdomino-pelvic cavity, 150 women with histologically proven endometriosis and 85 endometriosis-free controls women were enrolled. Women with endometriosis were staged according to a surgical classification in three different phenotypes of endometriosis: superficial peritoneal endometriosis (SUP), ovarian endometrioma (OMA) and deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). Perioperative peritoneal fluids samples were obtained from all study participants. Thiols, AOPP, protein carbonyls and nitrates/nitrites were assayed in all peritoneal samples. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Concentrations of peritoneal AOPP were significantly higher in endometriosis patients than in the control group (median, 128.9 µmol/l; range, 0.3-1180.1 versus median, 77.8 µmol/l; range, 0.8-616.1; P < 0.001). In a similar manner concentrations of peritoneal nitrates/nitrites were higher in endometriosis patients than in the control group (median, 24.8 µmol/l; range, 1.6-681.6 versus median, 18.5 µmol/l; range, 1.6-184.5; P < 0.05). According to the surgical classification, peritoneal fluids protein AOPP and nitrates/nitrites were significantly increased only in DIE samples when compared with controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05; respectively), whereas the others forms of endometriosis (SUP and OMA) showed non-statistically significant increases. We found positive correlations between peritoneal fluids AOPP concentrations, nitrites/nitrates levels and the total number of intestinal DIE lesions (r = 0.464; P < 0.001 and r = 0.366; P = 0.007; respectively). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Inclusion of only surgical patients may constitute a possible selection bias. In fact, our control group involved women who underwent surgery for benign gynaecological conditions. This specificity of our control group may lead to biases stemming from the fact that some of these conditions, such as fibroids, ovarian cysts or tubal infertility, might be associated with altered peritoneal proteins oxidative stress markers. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: We demonstrate the existence of a significantly increased protein oxidative stress status in peritoneal fluid from women with endometriosis especially in cases of DIE with intestinal involvement. This study opens the way to future more mechanistics studies to determine the exact role of protein oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Even if an association does not establish proof of cause and effect, these intrinsic biochemical characteristics of endometriosis may lead to the evaluation of therapeutic approaches targeting oxidative imbalance. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: No funding was used for this study. The authors have no conflict of interest.

Effects of Ulipristal Acetate on Reactive Oxygen Species and Proinflammatory Cytokine Release by Epithelial and Stromal Cells from Human Endometrium and Endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a condition characterized by increased oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, which can be treated with progestins and other progesterone receptor ligands. However, some patients are refractory to this treatment and the reason is uncertain. Here we investigated the effects of the selective progesterone receptor modulator ulipristal acetate (UPA) on proliferation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory cytokine production by endometriotic cells and endometrial cells from women with histologically proven endometriosis (n = 22) and endometriosis-free controls (n = 6). Epithelial and stromal cells were isolated and treated in triplicate for 24 h with 1 µM, 10 µM, or 100 µM UPA. Cells were tested for proliferation and ROS production, while cell supernatants were assayed for interleukin (IL)-6, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations. Proliferation, ROS production, and IL-6 and CCL2 secretion were increased in non-stimulated epithelial and stromal cells from endometriotic lesions compared to endometrial cells from endometriosis patients and controls. UPA induced a dose-dependent increase of cell proliferation only in endometriosis, while enhancing ROS production by all cell types evaluated. UPA reduced CCL2 production in controls but failed to do that in endometriosis, whereas TNF-α was undetectable. We conclude that treatment of endometriotic cells with UPA stimulated in vitro proliferation and ROS production and failed to revert the proinflammatory cytokine excess that characterized these cells, unravelling possible mechanisms of drug resistance in the treatment of endometriosis.

IBPA a mutual prodrug of ibuprofen and acetaminophen alleviates inflammation, immune dysregulation and fibrosis in preclinical models of systemic sclerosis.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a devastating autoimmune illness with a wide range of clinical symptoms, including vascular abnormalities, inflammation, and persistent and progressive fibrosis. The disease's complicated pathophysiology makes it difficult to develop effective therapies, necessitating research into novel therapeutic options. Molecular hybridization is a strategy that can be used to develop new drugs that act on two or multiple targets and represents an interesting option to be explored for the treatment of complex diseases. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a hybrid mutual prodrug of ibuprofen and acetaminophen (IBPA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from SSc patients, and in an in vivo model of SSc induced in BALB/c mice by intradermal injections of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for 6 weeks. The mice were treated at the same time with daily intraperitoneal injections of IBPA (40 mg/kg). Pulmonary and skin fibrosis as well as immune responses were evaluated. IBPA significantly decreased the release of cytokines in PBMC culture supernatants from SSc patients after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin-M (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, TNF and IFN-γ).In HOCl-induced SSc, IBPA treatment prevented dermal and pulmonary fibrosis, in addition to reducing CD4 + T and B cells activation and reversing the M2 polarization of macrophages in spleen cells, and inhibiting IFN-γ secretion in splenocyte cultures. These results show the anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects of IBPA in SSc and highlight the therapeutic potential of this mutual prodrug, providing support for future studies.

Profibrotic interleukin-33 is correlated with uterine leiomyoma tumour burden.

STUDY QUESTION: Are interleukin-33 (IL-33) serum levels higher in women with uterine leiomyoma compared with controls without leiomyoma? SUMMARY ANSWER: Serum IL-33 is elevated in women with uterine leiomyoma and correlated with features of uterine leiomyoma tumour burden, namely fibroid number, size and weight. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Uterine leiomyomas are the most common benign tumours in premenopausal women associated with major tissue fibrosis. IL-33 is a cytokine involved in fibrotic disorders. The potential role of IL-33 in leiomyoma has not been reported before. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This is a prospective laboratory study conducted in a tertiary-care university hospital between January 2005 and December 2010. We investigated non-pregnant, 42-year-old patients (n = 151) during surgery for a benign gynaecological condition. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: After complete surgical exploration of the abdominopelvic cavity, 59 women with histologically proved uterine leiomyoma and 92 leiomyoma-free control women were enrolled. Women with endometriosis or past history of ovarian malignancy and borderline tumours were not included. The control group included women with benign ovarian cysts, paratubal cysts or tubal defects without any evidence of uterine leiomyoma. For each patient, a structured questionnaire was completed during a face-to-face interview conducted by the surgeon during the month preceding surgery. Serum samples were obtained in the month preceding the surgical procedures according to the menstrual phase or hormonal therapy. IL-33 was measured in sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and correlation of IL-33 concentration with the extent and severity of the disease was investigated. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: IL-33 was detected in 32 (54.2%) women with leiomyoma and 18 (19.6%) controls (P < 0.001). Serum IL-33 was higher in women with leiomyoma (median, 140.1 pg/ml; range, 7.5-2247.7) than in controls (median, 27.8 pg/ml; range, 7.5-71.6; P = 0.002). We found positive correlations between serum IL-33 concentration and leiomyoma features, such as fibroid weight (r = 0.630; P = 0.001) and size (r = 0.511; P = 0.018) and the number of fibroids (r = 0.503; P = 0.003). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: There was a possible selection bias due to inclusion of only surgical patients. Therefore our control group consisted of women who underwent surgery for benign gynaecological conditions. This may lead to biases stemming from the fact that certain of these conditions, such as tubal infertility or ovarian cysts, might be associated with altered serum IL-33 levels. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: We demonstrate for the first time that elevated serum IL-33 levels are associated with the existence of uterine leiomyoma. However, even if an association does not constitute proof of cause and effect, investigating the mechanisms that underlie fibrogenesis associated with leiomyomas is a step towards understanding this enigmatic disease. This study opens the doors to future, more mechanistics studies to establish the exact role of IL-33 in uterine leiomyomas pathogenesis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): No funding, no conflict of interest.

The mTOR/AKT inhibitor temsirolimus prevents deep infiltrating endometriosis in mice.

Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is a particular clinical and histological entity of endometriosis responsible for chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Here we characterize the proliferative phenotype of DIE cells, to explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms that could explain their aggressive potential. In addition, the inhibition of mTOR/AKT pathway was tested, as a potential treatment of DIE. Included were 22 patients with DIE and 12 control patients without endometriosis. Epithelial and stromal cells were extracted from biopsies of eutopic endometrium and deep infiltrating endometriotic nodules from patients with DIE. Cell proliferation was determined by thymidine incorporation. Oxidative stress was assayed by spectrofluorometry. The ERK and mTOR/AKT pathways were analyzed in vitro by Western blot and for AKT in vivo in a mouse model of DIE. The proliferation rate of eutopic endometrial cells and of deep infiltrating endometriotic cells from DIE patients was higher than that of endometrial cells from controls. The hyperproliferative phenotype of endometriotic cells was associated with an increase in endogenous oxidative stress, and with activation of the ERK and mTOR/AKT pathways. mTOR/AKT inhibition by temsirolimus decreased endometriotic cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model of DIE. Blocking the mTOR/AKT pathway offers new prospects for the treatment of DIE.

Serum and peritoneal interleukin-33 levels are elevated in deeply infiltrating endometriosis.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a cytokine involved in fibrotic disorders. We have analyzed IL-33 levels in the sera and peritoneal fluids of women with various forms of endometriosis and investigated the correlation with disease activity. METHODS: We conducted a prospective laboratory study in a tertiary-care university hospital between January 2005 and December 2010. Five hundred and ten women with histologically proven endometriosis and 132 endometriosis-free controls were enrolled in this study. Complete surgical exploration of the abdominopelvic cavity was performed in each patient. Blood samples and peritoneal fluids were obtained before and during surgical procedures, respectively. IL-33 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera and peritoneal fluids, and the concentrations correlated with the extent and the severity of endometriotic lesions. RESULTS: IL-33 was detectable in 23.1% of serum samples from all 642 women studied and 75.0% of peritoneal fluid samples studied (44 women with endometriosis and 36 controls). Serum IL-33 was higher in deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) (median, 104.9 pg/ml; range, 8.0-104.9) than in endometriosis-free women (median, 61.3 pg/ml; range, 7.5-526.0; P = 0.022) or in women affected by superficial endometriosis (median, 36.8 pg/ml; range, 7.5-179.0; P < 0.001). Peritoneal IL-33 was higher in DIE than in endometriosis-free women (median, 642.0 pg/ml; range, 25.9-3350.6 versus median, 194.2 pg/ml; range, 12.7-1818.2, respectively; P = 0.003). We found positive correlations between serum IL-33 concentration and intensity of dysmenorrhea (r = 0.174; P = 0.028) and gastrointestinal symptoms (r = 0.199; P = 0.027), total number of DIE lesions (r = 0.224; P = 0.016) and the worst DIE lesion (r = 0.299; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In spite of the number of samples with undetectable levels, serum IL-33 is abnormally elevated in women with endometriosis and principally in DIE. Elevated serum IL-33 is correlated with the intensity of preoperative painful symptoms, and with the extent and severity of the DIE. IL-33 may be considered as a novel cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of DIE.

BCG-trained innate immunity leads to fetal growth restriction by altering immune cell profile in the mouse developing placenta.

Trained immunity is a new concept illustrating that innate immune cells are able to undergo a long-term metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming after infection or vaccination, thus displaying either a pro- or an anti-inflammatory phenotype during a sequential unrelated challenge. Innate immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages constitute a large part of the decidual leukocyte population at the maternal-fetal interface, playing an important role in placental development and as such in fetal growth and development. In this study, we hypothesized that training the innate immune cells before pregnancy could have an impact on pregnancy. To test this hypothesis, we used CBA/J x DBA/2 mouse model to investigate pregnancy outcomes and leukocyte population at the maternal-fetal interface. Although we were not able to show a beneficial effect of LPS-tolerogenic training on fetal resorption, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) training, known to prime innate immune cells to be proinflammatory, led to fetal growth restriction, without aggravating the fetal resorption rate. We also found that BCG training led to less NK cells and macrophages at the maternal-fetal interface at the early stage of placentation (E9.5), associated with a down-regulation of Ccr3 and Lif mRNA expression. This induced altered leucocyte population profile can be an explanation for the subsequent fetal growth restriction. These data suggest that preconceptional infections-induced trained immunity could influence pregnancy outcomes.

Unbiased In Silico Analysis of Gene Expression Pinpoints Circulating miRNAs Targeting KIAA1324, a New Gene Drastically Downregulated in Ovarian Endometriosis.

Objective: To identify circulating miRNAs associated with ovarian endometriosis (OMA), and to analyze candidate genes targeted by these miRNAs. Methods: Putative regulating miRNAs were identified through an original bioinformatics approach. We first queried the miRWalk 2.0 database to collect putative miRNA targets. Then, we matched it to a transcriptomic dataset of OMA. Moving from gene expression in the tissue to possible alterations in the patient plasma, a selection of these miRNAs was quantified by qRT-PCR in plasma samples from 93 patients with isolated OMA and 95 patients surgically checked as free from endometriosis. Then, we characterized the genes regulated by more than one miRNA and validated them by immunohistochemistry and transfection experiments on endometrial cell primary cultures obtained from endometrial biopsies of 10 women with and without endometriosis with miRNA mimics. Stromal and epithelial cells were isolated and cultured separately and gene expression levels were measured by RT-qPCR. Results: Eight miRNAs were identified by bioinformatics analysis. Two of them were overexpressed in plasma from OMA patients: let-7b-5p and miR-92a-3p (p < 0.005). Three miRNAs, let-7b and miR-92a-3p, and miR-93-5p potentially targeted KIAA1324, an estrogen-responsive gene and one of the most downregulated genes in OMA. Transfection experiments with mimics of these two miRNAs showed a strong decrease in KIAA1324 expression, up to 40%. Immunohistochemistry revealed a moderate-to-intense staining for KIAA1324 in the eutopic endometrium and a faint-to-moderate staining in the ectopic endometrium for half of the samples, which is concordant with the transcriptomic data. Discussion and Conclusion: Our results suggested that KIAA1324 might be involved in endometriosis through the downregulating action of two circulating miRNAs. As these miRNAs were found to be overexpressed, their quantification in plasma could provide a tool for an early diagnosis of endometriosis.