Troubles mictionnels et accès aux toilettes chez les enfants scolarisés : enquête dans l'Académie de Toulouse.

Not urinating regularly, voluntarily restraining oneself at school promotes the occurrence of voiding disorders. AIM: To determine the prevalence of such disorders in elementary schools (students from 1st to 5th grade) and analyze the role of access to school toilets on voiding habits. METHOD: Observational, descriptive epidemiological study during the 2017-2018 school year by electronic questionnaire with parents of pupils attending elementary school. RESULTS: 2119 questionnaires were analyzed. The graders sex ratio was 1.07 (1087 boys). 410 families (19%) were classified as "popular" class. First, second and third graders represented 60% of the enrollment (N = 1273). Overall use of school toilets was 87% and 69% of students had appropriate use for urine. The main obstacles to their use were lack of hygiene and comfort (51%), lack of security or privacy (33%), limited accessibility (28%). The overall prevalence of urinary elimination disorders was 9%. Girls had more inappropriate use of the toilet for urine (36% vs 27%, OR 1.5, P = 0.0004). The factors associated with urinary elimination disorders were: not using the toilet (13% vs 9 %, OR 1.5, P = 0.04), being a girl (14% vs 5%, OR 3.5, P < 0.0001), belonging to the working class (14% vs 8% OR 1.8, P = 0.0008). CONCLUSION: This situation, which is a long-denounced major public health problem, mainly affects girls and also reveals social inequalities in the use of school toilets.

[Voiding dysfunction and access to toilets among elementary school children: A Toulouse school district study]. / Troubles mictionnels et accès aux toilettes chez les enfants scolarisés : enquête dans l'Académie de Toulouse.

Not urinating regularly, voluntarily restraining oneself at school promotes the occurrence of voiding disorders. AIM: To determine the prevalence of such disorders in elementary schools (students from 1st to 5th grade) and analyze the role of access to school toilets on voiding habits. METHOD: Observational, descriptive epidemiological study during the 2017-2018 school year by electronic questionnaire with parents of pupils attending elementary school. RESULTS: 2119 questionnaires were analyzed. The graders sex ratio was 1.07 (1087 boys). 410 families (19%) were classified as "popular" class. First, second and third graders represented 60% of the enrollment (N = 1273). Overall use of school toilets was 87% and 69% of students had appropriate use for urine. The main obstacles to their use were lack of hygiene and comfort (51%), lack of security or privacy (33%), limited accessibility (28%). The overall prevalence of urinary elimination disorders was 9%. Girls had more inappropriate use of the toilet for urine (36% vs 27%, OR 1.5, P = 0.0004). The factors associated with urinary elimination disorders were: not using the toilet (13% vs 9 %, OR 1.5, P = 0.04), being a girl (14% vs 5%, OR 3.5, P < 0.0001), belonging to the working class (14% vs 8% OR 1.8, P = 0.0008). CONCLUSION: This situation, which is a long-denounced major public health problem, mainly affects girls and also reveals social inequalities in the use of school toilets.

Outbreak of Q fever, Florac, Southern France, Spring 2007.

INTRODUCTION: In May 2007, five patients with Q fever-like symptoms were reported in an agricultural educational center in the rural southern French town of Florac. An investigation was undertaken to identify the outbreak source and risk factors for infection, and to implement control measures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We undertook active case finding. Patients were defined as individuals with an unexplained fever of ≥38.5°C who lived in, worked in, or visited Florac between April 1 and June 30, 2007. Patients were confirmed by a positive Q fever serology test. A cross-sectional survey with a seroprevalence component was carried out in the educational center and surrounding area. A standardized questionnaire on known risk factors for the infection was used and serological testing was carried out on finger prick blood specimens from participants. The veterinary services investigated local herds within a 5-mile radius using polymerase chain reaction and serological tests. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-two people were included in the cross-sectional survey. Eighteen serologically confirmed acute cases were identified, of whom 12 were from the educational center. The statistical analysis showed an independent association between acute infection and living or working near an area where manure had been spread (p = 0.0.042) and male gender (p = 0.022). Frequenting the educational center's canteen was also associated with infection (p = 0.008) among staff and students. The veterinary investigations identified 11 of the 26 tested flocks of goats and sheep as seropositive for Coxiella burnetii, including 2 ovine flocks located northwest of Florac that had high shedding levels of the bacterium. DISCUSSION: The observed excess of cases of Q fever in Florac, an area endemic for this infection, in spring 2007 could be explained by an aerial transmission from infectious ovine flocks situated close to the town. All local herd owners were re-educated about the risks and prevention practices for Q fever.