RESUMO
Cohesin plays a crucial role in the organization of topologically-associated domains (TADs), which influence gene expression and DNA replication timing. Whether epigenetic regulators may affect TADs via cohesin to mediate DNA replication remains elusive. Here, we discover that the histone demethylase PHF2 associates with RAD21, a core subunit of cohesin, to regulate DNA replication in mouse neural stem cells (NSC). PHF2 loss impairs DNA replication due to the activation of dormant replication origins in NSC. Notably, the PHF2/RAD21 co-bound genomic regions are characterized by CTCF enrichment and epigenomic features that resemble efficient, active replication origins, and can act as boundaries to separate adjacent domains. Accordingly, PHF2 loss weakens TADs and chromatin loops at the co-bound loci due to reduced RAD21 occupancy. The observed topological and DNA replication defects in PHF2 KO NSC support a cohesin-dependent mechanism. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the PHF2/RAD21 complex exerts little effect on gene regulation, and that PHF2's histone-demethylase activity is dispensable for normal DNA replication and proliferation of NSC. We propose that PHF2 may serve as a topological accessory to cohesin for cohesin localization to TADs and chromatin loops, where cohesin represses dormant replication origins directly or indirectly, to sustain DNA replication in NSC.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona , Coesinas , Replicação do DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Células-Tronco Neurais , Animais , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Células-Tronco Neurais/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neurais/citologia , Camundongos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Cromatina/metabolismo , Origem de Replicação , Histona Desmetilases/metabolismo , Histona Desmetilases/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Genoma/genética , Fator de Ligação a CCCTC/metabolismo , Fator de Ligação a CCCTC/genética , Camundongos KnockoutRESUMO
Cellular heterogeneity plays a pivotal role in tissue homeostasis and the disease development of multicellular organisms. To deconstruct the heterogeneity, a multitude of single-cell toolkits measuring various cellular contents, including genome, transcriptome, epigenome, and proteome, have been developed. More recently, multi-omics single-cell techniques enable the capture of molecular footprints with a higher resolution by simultaneously profiling various cellular contents within an individual cell. Integrative analysis of multi-omics datasets unravels the relationships between cellular modalities, builds sophisticated regulatory networks, and provides a holistic view of the cell state. In this review, we summarize the major developments in the single-cell field and review the current state-of-the-art single-cell multi-omic techniques and the bioinformatic tools for integrative analysis.