Implications of the accuracy of diagnostic algorithms for systemic lupus on our understanding of racial disparities in pregnancy outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: Disparities in pregnancy outcomes among women with SLE remain understudied, with few available racially diverse datasets. We sought to identify disparities between Black and White women in pregnancy outcomes within academic institutions in the United States. METHODS: Using the Common Data Model electronic medical record (EMR)-based datasets within the Carolinas Collaborative, we identified women with pregnancy delivery data (2014-2019) and ≥1 SLE International Classification of Diseases 9 or 10 code (ICD9/10) code. From this dataset, we identified four cohorts of SLE pregnancies, three based on EMR-based algorithms and one confirmed with chart review. We compared the pregnancy outcomes identified in each of these cohorts for Black and White women. RESULTS: Of 172 pregnancies in women with ≥1 SLE ICD9/10 code, 49% had confirmed SLE. Adverse pregnancy outcomes occurred in 40% of pregnancies in women with ≥1 ICD9/10 SLE code and 52% of pregnancies with confirmed SLE. SLE was frequently over-diagnosed in women who were White, resulting in 40-75% lower rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes in EMR-derived vs confirmed SLE cohorts. Over-diagnosis was less common for Black women with pregnancy outcomes 12-20% lower in EMR-derived vs confirmed SLE cohorts. Black women had higher rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White women in the EMR-derived, but not the confirmed cohorts. CONCLUSION: EMR-derived cohorts of pregnancies in women who are Black, but not White, provided accurate estimations of pregnancy outcomes. The data from the confirmed SLE pregnancies suggest that all women with SLE, regardless of race, referred to academic centres remain at very high risk for adverse pregnancy outcome.

Exploring Reproductive Experiences With Women Enrolled in the International Vasculitis Pregnancy Registry.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the reproductive journeys of women with vasculitis, including their conversations with healthcare providers, disease activity, medication changes, and delivery experiences. METHODS: Interviews were conducted with women registered in the Vasculitis Pregnancy Registry (VPREG), an online patient-reported registry of pregnant women with vasculitis. A team of physicians, patients, and qualitative researchers developed a qualitative interview guide. Participant responses were evaluated using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Eighteen patients with vasculitis who had experienced pregnancy were interviewed (10 antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, 4 Takayasu arteritis, 2 Behçet disease, 1 IgA vasculitis, 1 relapsing polychondritis). Thematic analysis revealed common experiences in the decision-making process during pregnancy planning, including accessing information from multiple sources, communicating with medical professionals, and changing treatment for vasculitis. Women sought information about vasculitis and pregnancy from various sources, including social media; however, opinions from their physicians and family members were most influential. Patients were more likely than providers to initiate conversations regarding family planning. Balancing differing opinions from subspecialists was challenging as many patients recalled acting as a liaison between multiple physicians during pregnancy. The need for self-advocacy was a common experience among patients. Most women had pregnancies that resulted in live births with delivery at term. CONCLUSION: When making decisions about pregnancy, women of reproductive age with vasculitis used multiple resources. Patients consistently valued their medical provider's opinion over alternative sources of information. To ensure comprehensive medical care, half of women relied on self-advocacy to coordinate communication among subspecialists. Most women had pregnancies that resulted in live births with delivery at term.

Evaluating Factors Associated With Telehealth Appropriateness in Outpatient Rheumatoid Arthritis Encounters Using the Encounter Appropriateness Score for You (EASY).

OBJECTIVE: Telehealth has been proposed as a safe and effective alternative to in-person care for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate factors associated with telehealth appropriateness in outpatient RA encounters. METHODS: A prospective cohort study (January 1, 2021, to August 31, 2021) was conducted using electronic health record data from outpatient RA encounters in a single academic rheumatology practice. Rheumatology providers rated the telehealth appropriateness of their own encounters using the Encounter Appropriateness Score for You (EASY) immediately following each encounter. Robust Poisson regression with generalized estimating equations modeling was used to evaluate the association of telehealth appropriateness with patient demographics, RA clinical characteristics, comorbid noninflammatory causes of joint pain, previous and current encounter characteristics, and provider characteristics. RESULTS: During the study period, 1823 outpatient encounters with 1177 unique patients with RA received an EASY score from 25 rheumatology providers. In the final multivariate model, factors associated with increased telehealth appropriateness included higher average provider preference for telehealth in prior encounters (relative risk [RR] 1.26, 95% CI 1.21-1.31), telehealth as the current encounter modality (RR 2.27, 95% CI 1.95-2.64), and increased patient age (RR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09). Factors associated with decreased telehealth appropriateness included moderate (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.96) and high (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.46-0.70) RA disease activity and if the previous encounters were conducted by telehealth (RR 0.83, 95% CI 0.73-0.95). CONCLUSION: In this study, telehealth appropriateness was most associated with provider preference, the current and previous encounter modality, and RA disease activity. Other factors like patient demographics, RA medications, and comorbid noninflammatory causes of joint pain were not associated with telehealth appropriateness.

Reproductive Outcomes for Women With Vasculitis.

OBJECTIVE: There are limited data on the reproductive health of women with vasculitis. This study used a prospective, international vasculitis pregnancy registry to survey women during and after pregnancy. METHODS: The Vasculitis Pregnancy Registry (VPREG) is imbedded within the Vasculitis Patient-Powered Research Network, an international online research infrastructure. Any pregnant woman with a diagnosis of vasculitis can self-enroll. After enrollment, women are invited to complete online surveys at study entry, once per trimester, and postpartum. Descriptive statistics are reported here. RESULTS: Between 2015 and 2022, 147 women with 149 pregnancies enrolled in VPREG from 16 countries. Data on 78 pregnancies with known outcomes were included in this analysis. During pregnancy, women on average experienced low levels of pain related to vasculitis (scale 0-10, median 2 [IQR 1-5]) and preserved feelings of wellness (scale 0-10, median 3 [IQR 1-5]). Thirty-six percent of women reported their vasculitis was active during pregnancy. Of the 14 women requiring hospitalization during pregnancy outside of delivery, 4 cited active vasculitis as the indication. Most women (54/73, 74%) were prescribed medications for vasculitis during pregnancy. Seventy-six (97%) pregnancies resulted in live births, with 64% delivering vaginally and 21% experiencing a preterm delivery. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that most women with vasculitis can experience pregnancies that result in live births delivered at term. During pregnancy, a minority of women reported flares of vasculitis or the need for hospitalization due to vasculitis. These data are useful to rheumatologists and patients to inform and facilitate discussions about reproductive health and vasculitis.

Implementation of a Clinician-led Medication Adherence Intervention Among Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: Medication nonadherence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) leads to poor clinical outcomes. We developed a clinician-led adherence intervention that involves reviewing real-time pharmacy refill data and using effective communication to address nonadherence. Prior pilot testing showed promising effects on medication adherence. Here, we describe further evaluation of how clinicians implemented the intervention and identify areas for improvement. METHODS: We audio recorded encounters of clinicians with patients who were nonadherent (90-day proportion of days covered [PDC] < 80% for SLE medications). We coded recordings for intervention components performed, communication quality, and time spent discussing adherence. We also conducted semistructured interviews with patients and clinicians on their experiences and suggestions for improving the intervention. We assessed change in 90-day PDC post intervention. RESULTS: We included 25 encounters with patients (median age 39, 100% female, 72% Black) delivered by 6 clinicians. Clinicians performed most intervention components consistently and exhibited excellent communication, as coded by objective coders. Adherence discussions took an average of 3.8 minutes, and 44% of patients had ≥ 20% increase in PDC post intervention. In structured interviews, many patients felt heard and valued and described being more honest about nonadherence and more motivated to take SLE medications. Patients emphasized patient-clinician communication and financial and logistical assistance as areas for improvement. Some clinicians wanted additional resources and training to improve adherence conversations. CONCLUSION: We provide further evidence to support the feasibility, acceptability, and fidelity of the adherence intervention. Future work will optimize clinician training and evaluate the intervention's effectiveness in a large, randomized trial.

Patient and Physician Perspectives of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Flare: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVE: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) flares are associated with increased damage and decreased health-related quality of life. We hypothesized that there is discordance between physicians' and patients' views of SLE flare. In this study, we aimed to explore patient and physician descriptions of SLE flares. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using in-depth interviews with a purposeful sample of patients with SLE (who met 1997 American College of Rheumatology or Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria) and practicing rheumatologists. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using applied thematic analysis. RESULTS: Forty-two patient participants with SLE, representing a range of SLE activity, completed interviews. The majority described flare symptoms as joint pain, fatigue, and skin issues lasting several days. Few included objective signs or laboratory measures, when available, as features of flare. We interviewed 13 rheumatologists from 10 academic and 3 community settings. The majority defined flare as increased or worsening SLE disease activity, with slightly more than half requiring objective findings. Around half of the rheumatologists included fatigue, pain, or other patient-reported symptoms. CONCLUSION: Patients and physicians described flare differently. Participants with SLE perceived flares as several days of fatigue, pain, and skin issues. Providers defined flares as periods of increased clinical SLE activity. Our findings suggest the current definition of flare may be insufficient to integrate both perceptions. Further study is needed to understand the pathophysiology of patient flares and the best way to incorporate patients' perspectives into clinical assessments.

Evaluating Provider Perceptions of Telehealth Utility in Outpatient Rheumatology Telehealth Encounters.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the factors associated with rheumatology providers' perceptions of telehealth utility in real-world telehealth encounters. METHODS: From September 14, 2020 to January 31, 2021, 6 providers at an academic medical center rated their telehealth visits according to perceived utility in making treatment decisions using the following Telehealth Utility Score (TUS) (1 = very low utility to 5 = very high utility). Modified Poisson regression models were used to assess the association between TUS scores and encounter diagnoses, disease activity measures, and immunomodulatory therapy changes during the encounter. RESULTS: A total of 481 telehealth encounters were examined, of which 191 (39.7%) were rated as "low telehealth utility" (TUS 1-3) and 290 (60.3%) were rated as "high telehealth utility" (TUS 4-5). Encounters with a diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis were significantly less likely to be rated as high telehealth utility (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 0.8061; p = 0.004), especially in those with a concurrent noninflammatory musculoskeletal diagnosis (aRR, 0.54; p = 0.006). Other factors significantly associated with low telehealth utility included higher disease activity according to current and prior RAPID3 scores (aRR, 0.87 and aRR, 0.89, respectively; p < 0.001) and provider global scores (aRR, 0.83; p < 0.001), as well as an increase in immunomodulatory therapy (aRR, 0.70; p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: Provider perceptions of telehealth utility in real-world encounters are significantly associated with patient diagnoses, current and prior disease activity, and the need for changes in immunomodulatory therapy. These findings inform efforts to optimize the appropriate utilization of telehealth in rheumatology.

Belimumab use during pregnancy: a summary of birth defects and pregnancy loss from belimumab clinical trials, a pregnancy registry and postmarketing reports.

OBJECTIVE: Describe available data on birth defects and pregnancy loss in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exposed to belimumab. METHODS: Data collected from belimumab clinical trials, the Belimumab Pregnancy Registry (BPR), and postmarketing/spontaneous reports up to 8 March 2020 were described. Belimumab exposure timing, concomitant medications and potential confounding factors were summarised descriptively. RESULTS: Among 319 pregnancies with known outcomes (excluding elective terminations), 223 ended in live births from which birth defects were identified in 4/72 (5.6%) in belimumab-exposed pregnancies and 0/9 placebo-exposed pregnancies across 18 clinical trials, 10/46 (21.7%) belimumab-exposed pregnancies in the BPR prospective cohort (enrolled prior to pregnancy outcome) and 0/4 belimumab-exposed pregnancies in the BPR retrospective cohort (enrolled after pregnancy outcome), and 1/92 (1.1%) in belimumab-exposed pregnancies from postmarketing/spontaneous reports. There was no consistent pattern of birth defects across datasets. Out of pregnancies with known outcomes (excluding elective terminations), pregnancy loss occurred in 31.8% (35/110) of belimumab-exposed women and 43.8% (7/16) of placebo-exposed women in clinical trials; 4.2% (2/48) of women in the BPR prospective cohort and 50% (4/8) in the BPR retrospective cohort; and 31.4% (43/137) of belimumab-exposed women from postmarketing/spontaneous reports. All belimumab-exposed women in clinical trials and the BPR received concomitant medications and had confounding factors and/or missing data. CONCLUSIONS: Observations reported here add to limited data published on pregnancy outcomes following belimumab exposure. Low numbers of exposed pregnancies, presence of confounding factors/other biases, and incomplete information preclude informed recommendations regarding risk of birth defects and pregnancy loss with belimumab use.

How to Provide Sexual and Reproductive Health Care to Patients: Focus Groups With Rheumatologists and Rheumatology Advanced Practice Providers.

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatologists have identified challenges to providing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) care to patients with gestational capacity. We conducted focus groups with rheumatologists and rheumatology advanced practice providers (APPs) to elicit their solutions to overcoming barriers to SRH care. METHODS: Qualitative focus groups were conducted with rheumatologists (3 groups) and APPs (2 groups) using videoconferencing. Discussions were transcribed and 2 trained research coordinators developed a content-based codebook. The coordinators applied the codebook to transcripts, and discrepancies were adjudicated to full agreement. The codes were synthesized and used to conduct a thematic analysis. Differences in codes were also identified between the clinician groups by provider type. RESULTS: A total of 22 clinicians were included in the sample, including 12 rheumatologists and 10 APPs. Four themes emerged: (1) clinicians recommended preparing patients to engage in SRH conversations before and during clinic visits; (2) consultation systems are needed to facilitate rapid SRH care with women's health providers; (3) clinicians advised development of training opportunities and easy-to-access resources to address SRH knowledge gaps; and (4) clinicians recommended that educational materials about SRH in the rheumatology context are provided for patients. Although similar ideas were generated between the APP and rheumatologist groups, the rheumatologists were generally more interested in additional training and education, whereas APPs were more interested in electronic health record prompts and tools. CONCLUSION: Providers identified many potential solutions and facilitators to enhancing SRH care in rheumatology that might serve as a foundation for intervention development.

Using pooled electronic health records data to conduct pharmacoepidemiology safety studies: Challenges and lessons learned.

PURPOSE: We assessed the suitability of pooled electronic health record (EHR) data from clinical research networks (CRNs) of the patient-centered outcomes research network to conduct studies of the association between tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) and infections. METHODS: EHR data from patients with one of seven autoimmune diseases were obtained from three CRNs and pooled. Person-level linkage of CRN data and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) fee-for-service claims data was performed where possible. Using filled prescriptions from CMS claims data as the gold standard, we assessed the misclassification of EHR-based new (incident) user definitions. Among new users of TNFi, we assessed subsequent rates of hospitalized infection in EHR and CMS data. RESULTS: The study included 45 483 new users of TNFi, of whom 1416 were successfully linked to their CMS claims. Overall, 44% of new EHR TNFi prescriptions were not associated with medication claims. Our most specific new user definition had a misclassification rate of 3.5%-16.4% for prevalent use, depending on the medication. Greater than 80% of CRN prescriptions had either zero refills or missing refill data. Compared to using EHR data alone, there was a 2- to 8-fold increase in hospitalized infection rates when CMS claims data were added to the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: EHR data substantially misclassified TNFi exposure and underestimated the incidence of hospitalized infections compared to claims data. EHR-based new user definitions were reasonably accurate. Overall, using CRN data for pharmacoepidemiology studies is challenging, especially for biologics, and would benefit from supplementation by other sources.

Hospital Admissions and Mortality in Patients With Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis has reported hospital mortality rates ranging between 10% and 20% with inadequate information regarding causes and outcomes of these hospitalizations. Characterization of outcomes in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis can improve patient care and prognostication following hospitalization. METHODS: A medical records review of all hospitalizations between October 1, 2015, and December 31, 2018, of adults with granulomatosis with polyangiitis or microscopic polyangiitis at a single academic medical center was performed. Chart review confirmed diagnoses in patients identified by International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision code. Vasculitis activity was determined based on clinical data and treatment during the hospitalization. Differences in outcome measures were analyzed using Fisher exact test, t test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: Of the 127 hospitalizations among 54 patients, active vasculitis was identified in 43 hospitalizations (33.9%). A total of 15 patients with active disease, including 10 patients with a new diagnosis, required intensive care unit (ICU)-level care. Of 84 hospitalizations when vasculitis was inactive, infection was diagnosed in 31 admissions (36.9%), with inactive disease representing 44% of all ICU admissions. Overall mortality was 7% for hospitalized patients and 15% for those admitted to the ICU. An additional 5 patients died within 28 days of discharge, for an overall mortality rate of 17%. All 4 hospital deaths and 3 of 5 postdischarge deaths were in the setting of known infection. CONCLUSION: Most hospitalizations and patient deaths were in the context of inactive vasculitis, with infection being the most common cause. Infection and ICU admission were associated with patient death.

Optimizing reproductive health management in lupus and Sjogren's syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: People with childbearing capacity who are diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjogren's syndrome (SS) have specific and important reproductive health considerations. RECENT FINDINGS: Recommendations from the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) and the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) provide rheumatologists and other clinicians with guidance for reproductive health management of patients with rheumatic diseases. Patient-centered reproductive health counseling can help clinicians to operationalize the EULAR and ACR guidelines and enhance patient care. SUMMARY: Disease activity monitoring, risk factor stratification, and prescription of pregnancy-compatible medications during pregnancy help to anticipate complications and enhance pregnancy outcomes in SLE and SS. Assisted reproductive technologies are also safe among people with well-controlled disease. Safe and effective contraceptive methods are available for patients with SLE and SS, and pregnancy termination appears to be safe among these patients.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patterns of outpatient cardiovascular care.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic brought about abrupt changes in the way health care is delivered, and the impact of transitioning outpatient clinic visits to telehealth visits on processes of care and outcomes is unclear. METHODS: We evaluated ordering patterns during cardiovascular telehealth clinic visits in the Duke University Health System between March 15 and June 30, 2020 and 30-day outcomes compared with in-person visits in the same time frame in 2020 and in 2019. RESULTS: Within the Duke University Health System, there was a 33.1% decrease in the number of outpatient cardiovascular visits conducted in the first 15 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with the same time period in 2019. As a proportion of total visits initially booked, 53% of visits were cancelled in 2020 compared to 35% in 2019. However, patients with cancelled visits had similar demographics and comorbidities in 2019 and 2020. Telehealth visits comprised 9.3% of total visits initially booked in 2020, with younger and healthier patients utilizing telehealth compared with those utilizing in-person visits. Compared with in-person visits in 2020, telehealth visits were associated with fewer new (31.6% for telehealth vs 44.6% for in person) or refill (12.9% vs 15.6%, respectively) medication prescriptions, electrocardiograms (4.3% vs 31.4%), laboratory orders (5.9% vs 21.8%), echocardiograms (7.3% vs 98%), and stress tests (4.4% vs 6.6%). When adjusted for age, race, and insurance status, those who had a telehealth visit or cancelled their visit were less likely to have an emergency department or hospital encounter within 30 days compared with those who had in-person visits (adjusted rate ratios (aRR) 0.76 [95% 0.65, 0.89] and aRR 0.71 [95% 0.65, 0.78], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In response to the perceived risks of routine medical care affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, different phenotypes of patients chose different types of outpatient cardiology care. A better understanding of these differences could help define necessary and appropriate mode of care for cardiology patients.

The importance of pregnancy planning in lupus pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: In seeking new approaches to improve lupus pregnancy outcomes, we study the association between pregnancy planning, behaviors recommended by American College of Rheumatology's Reproductive Health Guideline 2020, and pregnancy and infant outcomes. METHODS: Lupus pregnancies in a prospective registry (1/1/2018 to 4/1/2020) were classified as planned or not-planned using the patient-reported London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy. These groups were compared for demographics, pre-pregnancy disease activity, pregnancy planning behaviors, and delivery outcomes. RESULTS: Among 43 women with 43 singleton pregnancies the average age was 29.4 years and 42% were Black. Overall, 60% were planned pregnancies and 40% were not-planned (16 ambivalent, 1 unplanned). Women with not-planned pregnancies had lower age, income, and education, and more required Medicaid. Women with not-planned pregnancies were more likely to conceive when lupus activity was higher (p = 0.001), less likely to receive pre-pregnancy counseling with a rheumatologist (p = 0.02), and less likely to continue pregnancy-compatible medications (p = 0.03). Severe PROMISSE adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and severe neonatal outcomes were higher among women with not-planned than planned pregnancies (43% vs 0% p = 0.003; 70% vs 30% p = 0.06). CONCLUSION: This study identifies pregnancy intention as a potentially modifiable risk factor for poor outcomes in women with lupus. It highlights a unique population of women with lupus at high risk for pregnancy and infant complications: those ambivalent about pregnancy. These women may not be effectively engaging in health behaviors that prevent pregnancy nor those that will prepare for a safe pregnancy. With effective pregnancy planning and contraception guidance, we may decrease their risk for maternal-fetal morbidity and mortality.

Antirheumatic medications in pregnancy and breastfeeding.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: As active rheumatic and musculoskeletal disease during pregnancy increases the risk for pregnancy loss, preterm birth, and maternal illness, ongoing management with pregnancy-compatible medications can improve these outcomes. Selecting and taking these medications can be challenging for rheumatologists and patients due to limited knowledge about potential risks and benefits. RECENT FINDINGS: Fortunately, the American College of Rheumatology, American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology, British Rheumatology Society, and the European League Against Rheumatism have each published recommendations to guide the use of antirheumatic medications in pregnancy and lactation. Each of these groups endorsed the use of hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, sulfasalazine, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in pregnancy. They also agreed that methotrexate, mycophenolate, cyclophosphamide, and leflunomide should be avoided in pregnancy. New medications, including small-molecules and biologics, have limited data to support safety in pregnancy and are not currently recommended during this period. Most antirheumatic medications are compatible with lactation. SUMMARY: Because many patients are hesitant to use antirheumatic medications during pregnancy, honest and accurate discussions about pregnancy planning and management are important to help women make decisions that are in their and their offspring's best interest.

Investigating Health Literacy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: a Descriptive Review.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Inadequate health literacy is common among American adults, but little is known about the impact of health literacy in rheumatic diseases. The purpose of this article is to review studies investigating health literacy and its association with clinical outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). RECENT FINDINGS: Several validated health literacy measures have been examined in SLE patients. Low health literacy is associated with worse patient-reported outcomes and lower numeracy with higher disease activity. Two studies found no association of low health literacy with medication adherence. One randomized controlled trial tested a medication decision aid among patients with low health literacy. We found a paucity of studies exploring health literacy in SLE. Low health literacy is associated with worse patient-reported outcomes and limited numeracy with higher disease activity in SLE. Further studies are needed exploring the impact of low health literacy on clinical outcomes and the effectiveness of literacy-sensitive interventions.

Effect of pregnancy on disease flares in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

OBJECTIVE: Prior studies found conflicting results about whether lupus is likely to flare during or after pregnancy. Using a large cohort of pregnant and non-pregnant women with lupus, we estimated the effect of pregnancy on disease flares in systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS: Data were collected in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort 1987-2015. Women aged 14-45 years with >1 measurement of disease activity were included. The time-varying exposures were classified as pregnancy, postpartum or non-pregnant/non-postpartum periods. Flares were defined as: (1) change in Physician Global Assessment (PGA)≥1 from previous visit and (2) change in Safety of Estrogens in Lupus National Assessment-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI)≥4 from previous visit. A stratified Cox model estimated HRs with bootstrap 95% CIs. RESULTS: There were 1349 patients, including 398 pregnancies in 304 patients. There was an increased rate of flare defined by PGA during pregnancy (HR: 1.59; 95% CI 1.27 to 1.96); however, this effect was modified by hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use, with the HR of flares in pregnancy compared with non-pregnant/non-postpartum periods estimated to be 1.83 (95% CI 1.34 to 2.45) for patients with no HCQ use and 1.26 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.69) for patients with HCQ use. The risk of flare was similarly elevated among non-HCQ users in the 3 months postpartum, but not for women taking HCQ after delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Our study supports and extends previous findings that the incidence of flare is increased during pregnancy and within the 3 months postpartum. Continuing HCQ, however, appeared to mitigate the risk of flare during and after pregnancy.

Power in numbers.

Collecting useful data on a sufficiently large cohort of pregnancies in women with rheumatic disease is a challenge. The original manuscripts that demonstrated the dangers of pregnancy in women with lupus were relatively small case series. As larger prospective cohorts were collected by university-based experts, however, greater safety was demonstrated and the current norms of treatment were determined. In recent years, larger administrative databases have been tapped to study pregnancies not managed within university clinics and to study the long-term impact of maternal rheumatic disease on the offspring. Each of these methods of study has both strengths and weaknesses, adding a unique piece of data to our overall knowledge. We will discuss a range of approaches to the study of rheumatic disease in pregnancy, covering the potential benefits that each brings as well as the biases that can impact study results. When the results of studies are viewed through these lenses, each can contribute to our larger understanding of the rheumatic diseases in pregnancy.

The prevention, screening and treatment of congenital heart block from neonatal lupus: a survey of provider practices.

Objective: To survey an international sample of providers to determine their current practices for the prevention, screening, and treatment of congenital heart block (CHB) due to maternal Ro/SSA antibodies. Methods: A survey was designed by the organizing committee of the 9th International Conference of Reproduction, Pregnancy and Rheumatic Diseases. It was sent to attendants of the conference and authors of recent publications or abstracts at ACR 2012, 2013 or 2014 on rheumatic diseases and pregnancy. Results: In anti-Ro/SSA positive women, 80% of 49 respondents recommended screening by serial fetal echocardiogram (ECHO), with most starting at week 16 (59%) and stopping at week 28 (25%), although the time to stop varied widely. For women without a prior infant with neonatal lupus, respondents recommend every other week (44%) or weekly (28%) fetal ECHOs. For women with a prior infant with neonatal lupus, 80% recommend weekly fetal ECHOs. To prevent CHB, HCQ was recommended by 67% of respondents and most would start pre-pregnancy (62%). Respondents were asked about medications to treat varying degrees of CHB in a 20-week pregnant, anti-Ro and La positive SLE patient. For first degree, respondents recommended starting dexamethasone (53%) or HCQ (43%). For second degree, respondents recommended starting dexamethasone (88%). For third degree, respondents recommended starting dexamethasone (55%) or IVIg (33%), although 27% would not start treatment. Conclusion: Despite the absence of official guidelines, many physicians with a focus on pregnancy and rheumatic disease have developed similar patterns in the screening, prevention and treatment of CHB.