International patterns of the public awareness of aphasia.

BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that public awareness of aphasia is vital for extending services, research support, social inclusion and targeted raising of awareness. Earlier studies show that knowledge of aphasia varies across a range of variables, but is very low compared with other conditions. AIMS: To report a series of surveys of public awareness of aphasia from six countries, the largest study conducted this far. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Surveys were conducted in Argentina (N = 800), Canada (N = 831), Croatia (N = 400), Greece (N = 800), Norway (N = 251) and Slovenia (N = 400) using the same methodology requesting information on age, sex and occupation, asking whether respondents had heard of aphasia and where they had heard of it. Respondents were tested on their levels of knowledge of aphasia. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Results revealed low levels of awareness of aphasia in countries surveyed with marked variability that appeared to interact with occupation, country, age and sex. We surveyed 3483 respondents (mean age = 43.16; SD = 17.68). Between 60% (Croatia) and 16% (Slovenia) said they had heard of aphasia (37.1% overall), but those with actual knowledge ranged from 13.9% (Norway) to 1.0% (Argentina). The combined mean of those with basic knowledge was 9.2%. Those who had heard of aphasia were younger; and females had higher levels of awareness. We also found associations between socio-economic status and awareness. Those working in health, social and educational spheres had the highest levels. Respondents mainly heard about aphasia through the media and work or personal contact with aphasia. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: Levels of awareness are low everywhere in absolute terms, and relative to the awareness of other conditions, with significant variability between countries, sex and socio-economic status. We examine how surveys can be utilized to plan ways to increase understanding and discuss the comparison of awareness of aphasia with other conditions.

Assessment and treatment of short-term and working memory impairments in stroke aphasia: a practical tutorial.

BACKGROUND: Aphasia following stroke refers to impairments that affect the comprehension and expression of spoken and/or written language, and co-occurring cognitive deficits are common. In this paper we focus on short-term and working memory impairments that impact on the ability to retain and manipulate auditory-verbal information. Evidence from diverse paradigms (large group studies, case studies) report close links between short-term/working memory and language functioning in aphasia. This evidence leads to the hypothesis that treating such memory impairments would improve language functioning. This link has only recently been acknowledged in aphasia treatment but has not been embraced widely by clinicians. AIMS: To examine the association between language, and short-term and working memory impairments in aphasia. To describe practical ways of assessing short-term and working memory functioning that could be used in clinical practice. To discuss and critically appraise treatments of short-term and working memory reported in the literature. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Taking a translational research approach, this paper provides clinicians with current evidence from the literature and practical information on how to assess and treat short-term and working memory impairments in people with aphasia. Published treatments of short-term and/or working memory in post-stroke aphasia are discussed through a narrative review. MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS: This paper provides the following. A theoretical rationale for adopting short-term and working memory treatments in aphasia. It highlights issues in differentially diagnosing between short-term, working memory disorders and other concomitant impairments, e.g. apraxia of speech. It describes short-term and working memory assessments with practical considerations for use with people with aphasia. It also offers a description of published treatments in terms of participants, treatments and outcomes. Finally, it critically appraises the current evidence base relating to the treatment of short-term and working memory treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The links between short-term/working memory functioning and language in aphasia are generally acknowledged. These strongly indicate the need to incorporate assessment of short-term/working memory functioning for people with aphasia. While the supportive evidence for treatment is growing and appears to highlight the benefits of including short-term/working memory in aphasia treatment, the quality of the evidence in its current state is poor. However, because of the clinical needs of people with aphasia and the prevalence of short-term/working memory impairments, incorporating related treatments through practice-based evidence is advocated.

Shared social identity and perceived social support among stroke groups during the COVID-19 pandemic: Relationship with psychosocial health.

Community-based peer support groups for stroke survivors are common in the United Kingdom and aim to support rehabilitation. This study of 260 stroke survivors across 118 groups nationally used an online survey format, completed on average 3 months into the pandemic. Analysis of both quantitative and open-ended responses provided insights into how stroke group members maintained contact during the COVID-19 pandemic and how the group processes of shared social identity and perceived social support related to psychosocial outcomes (self-esteem, well-being and loneliness). Group members adapted to the pandemic early through telephone calls (61.6% of participants) and internet-based contact (>70% of participants), although also showed a desire for greater contact with their groups. A stronger sense of shared social identity and perceptions of social support from the stroke groups were weakly associated with reductions in loneliness among members, and greater perceived social support was associated with higher self-esteem. However, having poor health and living alone were more strongly associated with more negative psychosocial outcomes. The discussion considers how barriers to contact during pandemics can be managed, including access and use of online communication, limitations imposed by stroke-related disability, and how the experience of feeling supported and social identification can be better nurtured within remote contexts.

Reliability and validity of the Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life Scale-39 (SAQOL-39) for a Serbian population.

Purpose: Aphasia has a negative impact on a person's quality of life (QOL). The Stroke Aphasia Quality of Life-39 scale (SAQOL-39) is a widely-used measure of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) developed for people with aphasia that has been translated into several languages. Its psychometric properties have been examined not only in English, but also in other languages. This study examined the reliability and validity of a translation and adaptation of the SAQOL-39 into Serbian in Serbian-speaking people with aphasia.Method: Using forward and backward translation, the SAQOL-39 was translated and adapted from English into Serbian and its psychometric properties were examined in 90 Serbian-speaking people with a broad range of times post-onset of aphasia. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability and other analyses were conducted.Result: Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the Serbian version was high (Cronbach's α > 0.9; ICC ≥0.87), which is similar to versions of the scale in other languages.Conclusion: The Serbian translation and adaptation of the SAQOL-39 was shown to be a valid and reliable measure of QOL in people with aphasia with reliable psychometric properties and is suitable for the assessment of Serbian people with aphasia.

The influence of psycholinguistic variables on articulatory errors in naming in progressive motor speech degeneration.

We describe an analysis of speech errors on a confrontation naming task in a man with progressive speech degeneration of 10-year duration from Pick's disease. C.S. had a progressive non-fluent aphasia together with a motor speech impairment and early assessment indicated some naming impairments. There was also an absence of significant phonological or semantic impairment. In order to examine naming difficulties and the factors that influence his speech production errors, we selected 210 words varying in frequency, age of acquisition (AoA), imageability, phonemic length and syllable length and conducted a logistic regression analysis on a range of speech production error types (phone omissions, additions, substitutions, response delays, overall errors). No significant naming errors due to lexical access were found. The only significant predictor of speech articulation errors was phonemic length, with none of the other lexical variables influencing speech production error. The only error type predicted was phone omissions. Results suggest that C.S.'s speech and naming errors indicate compromised speech programming/planning rather than lexical selection and we conclude that this pattern of findings is indicative of problems with motor speech production.

The prehistory of speech and language is revealed in brain damage.

The aim of this paper is to develop further the idea that symptoms that emerge in speech and language processing following brain damage can make a contribution to discussions of the early evolution of language. These diverse impairments are called aphasia, and this paper proposes that the recovery of a non-fluent aphasia syndrome following stroke could provide insights into the course of the pre-history of human language evolution. The observable symptoms emerge during recovery, crucially enabled by (dis)inhibition in parallel with a range of impairments in action processing (apraxias), including apraxia of speech. They are underpinned by changes in cortical and subcortical status following brain damage. It is proposed that the observed recovery mimics ontogenic and phylogenic processes in human speech and language. The arguments put forward provide insights tending to support the motor-gestural model of speech and language evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'Reconstructing prehistoric languages'.

Singing for people with aphasia (SPA): results of a pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial of a group singing intervention investigating acceptability and feasibility.

OBJECTIVES: Pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT) for the singing groups for people with aphasia (SPA) intervention to assess: (1) the acceptability and feasibility of participant recruitment, randomisation and allocation concealment; (2) retention rates; (3) variance of continuous outcome measures; (4) outcome measure completion and participant burden; (5) fidelity of intervention delivery; (6) SPA intervention costs; (7) acceptability and feasibility of trial and intervention to participants and others involved. DESIGN: A two-group, assessor-blinded, randomised controlled external pilot trial with parallel mixed methods process evaluation and economic evaluation. SETTING: Three community-based cohorts in the South-West of England. PARTICIPANTS: Eligible participants with post-stroke aphasia were randomised 1:1 to SPA or control. INTERVENTION: The manualised SPA intervention was delivered over 10 weekly singing group sessions, led by a music facilitator and assisted by an individual with post-stroke aphasia. The intervention was developed using the Information-Motivation-Behavioural skills model of behaviour change and targeted psychosocial outcomes. Control and intervention participants all received an aphasia information resource pack. OUTCOME MEASURES: Collected at baseline, 3 and 6 months post-randomisation, candidate primary outcomes were measured (well-being, quality of life and social participation) as well as additional clinical outcomes. Feasibility, acceptability and process outcomes included recruitment and retention rates, and measurement burden; and trial experiences were explored in qualitative interviews. RESULTS: Of 87 individuals screened, 42 participants were recruited and 41 randomised (SPA=20, control=21); 36 participants (SPA=17, control=19) completed 3-month follow-up, 34 (SPA=18, control=16) completed 6-month follow-up. Recruitment and retention (83%) were acceptable for a definitive RCT, and participants did not find the study requirements burdensome. High fidelity of the intervention delivery was shown by high attendance rates and facilitator adherence to the manual, and participants found SPA acceptable. Sample size estimates for a definitive RCT and primary/secondary outcomes were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The SPA pilot RCT fulfilled its objectives, and demonstrated that a definitive RCT of the intervention would be both feasible and acceptable. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03076736.

Outcome of a one-month therapy intensive for chronic aphasia: variable individual responses.

We examined the outcome of a 1-month intensive treatment block for people with chronic aphasia. The selected participants were eight chronically impaired people (mean months post-onset [MPO], 34). We conducted pre- and post-treatment assessments using the English-language version of the Aachen Aphasia Test (EAAT) and the Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI). The group had significant overall improvement following treatment, which was maintained for 1 month, most significant changes seen on the EAAT were mainly in naming, comprehension, and reading and writing. Improvement was also observed on the CETI. Individual responses to treatment were variable, with some participants making more progress than others. Although the more mildly aphasic participant made most gains overall, the most severe and oldest participant made the most gains. We observed significant improvement in some subtests for some participants 1 month after treatment had ceased, suggesting a delayed effect of treatment. We conclude that short-term blocks of intensive treatment for chronically aphasic individuals can be effective.

The Implications of Public Awareness and Knowledge of Aphasia around the World.

BACKGROUND: The services provided and the financial support for research into a health condition is influenced by public awareness of a health condition. There has been a wide range of surveys of the public's and health professional's awareness of aphasia throughout the world to gauge levels of awareness. Findings confirm that awareness of aphasia is universally lower than comparable conditions. OBJECTIVE: To provide a review of international public and health workers' awareness and knowledge of aphasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A narrative review examining known telephone, internet and face-to-face surveys of aphasia to determine international levels of awareness, knowledge and attempts to raise the awareness of aphasia. RESULTS: Awareness is internationally low and actual knowledge is even lower: 1%-66% for awareness and 5%-17% for actual knowledge. While higher than the public, levels of awareness and knowledge are also low among health professionals. A range of demographic variables, like age, sex and socio-economic status, are significantly associated with levels of awareness. People who have some awareness or knowledge of aphasia have gained it from the media or personal and professional contact with aphasia. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Awareness and knowledge of aphasia are low when compared to other communication disorders and comparable neurological conditions, for example, Parkinson's disease. The implications of results for service provision, research funding and awareness-raising programmes are reviewed and further suggestions for awareness-raising are discussed.

Opportunities to say 'yes': rare speech automatisms in a case of progressive nonfluent aphasia and apraxia.

We describe the investigation of speech automatisms in a man with progressive nonfluent aphasia and apraxias. Occurrence of the automatisms yes and right, were analysed across a range of speech tasks varying in length, propositionality, lexical and articulatory complexity, whether tasks engaged internal generation or external triggering and articulatory distortions, and while completing pantomimes/gestures. No differences were found in occurrence across most tasks but there was a significant interaction between automatism production and apraxic speech errors and during limb praxic tasks, suggesting that production of the automatism was unrelated to linguistic or lexical variables, but was related to the presence of speech apraxia coupled with disinhibition.

Revisiting the public awareness of aphasia in Exeter: 16 years on.

Background: Surveys of awareness of aphasia have been conducted worldwide. There has been no survey of change in awareness in one place over time. A survey in Exeter, UK in 2001 found awareness of aphasia was strikingly low. The aim of this study was to conduct a repeat survey using the same methods in the same city 16 years later to examine changes in awareness and knowledge. Method: We surveyed 167 shoppers in Exeter examining awareness and knowledge of aphasia. Awareness of stroke, stuttering, dyslexia and autism were examined for comparison. Demographic information was collected. Result: Thirty-four percent had heard of aphasia and 5% had some basic knowledge. Awareness of aphasia had improved significantly from 2001 to 2017, but basic knowledge had not. Awareness was higher in professional groups, such as lawyers and academics, and healthcare workers and in those who knew someone with aphasia. Awareness, but not knowledge, was higher in older respondents. Awareness of aphasia was significantly lower than awareness of all other conditions. Conclusion: We found a significant increase in awareness of aphasia in Exeter since 2001, but not knowledge. The implications of ongoing low levels of aphasia awareness, like inadequate funding and difficulty integrating into an ill-informed society, are discussed.

The Methodological Quality of Short-Term/Working Memory Treatments in Poststroke Aphasia: A Systematic Review.

Purpose The aims of this systematic review are to provide a critical overview of short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) treatments in stroke aphasia and to systematically evaluate the internal and external validity of STM/WM treatments. Method A systematic search was conducted in February 2014 and then updated in December 2016 using 13 electronic databases. We provided descriptive characteristics of the included studies and assessed their methodological quality using the Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials quantitative scale ( Tate et al., 2015 ), which was completed by 2 independent raters. Results The systematic search and inclusion/exclusion procedure yielded 17 single-case or case-series studies with 37 participants for inclusion. Nine studies targeted auditory STM consisting of repetition and/or recognition tasks, whereas 8 targeted attention and WM, such as attention process training including n-back tasks with shapes and clock faces as well as mental math tasks. In terms of their methodological quality, quality scores on the Risk of Bias in N-of-1 Trials scale ranged from 4 to 17 ( M = 9.5) on a 0-30 scale, indicating a high risk of bias in the reviewed studies. Effects of treatment were most frequently assessed on STM, WM, and spoken language comprehension. Transfer effects on communication and memory in activities of daily living were tested in only 5 studies. Conclusions Methodological limitations of the reviewed studies make it difficult, at present, to draw firm conclusions about the effects of STM/WM treatments in poststroke aphasia. Further studies with more rigorous methodology and stronger experimental control are needed to determine the beneficial effects of this type of intervention. To understand the underlying mechanisms of STM/WM treatment effects and how they relate to language functioning, a careful choice of outcome measures and specific hypotheses about potential improvements on these measures are required. Future studies need to include outcome measures of memory functioning in everyday life and psychosocial functioning more generally to demonstrate the ecological validity of STM and WM treatments.

Auditory task presentation reveals predominantly right hemispheric fMRI activation patterns during mental calculation.

Neuroimaging and lesion studies suggest that a network of different brain areas are involved in mental calculation processes. Indeed, little is known about the comparability of brain activation across studies because of the variety of different design parameters. The experiment reported in the present study examined response times and fMRI-BOLD activity patterns in normal volunteers for calculation tasks entailing addition, subtraction, multiplication and division tasks of different complexities from auditory stimulation. FMRI data showed activation patterns in bilateral superior frontal, adjacent to medial frontal regions, and in right precuneus as revealed by conjunction analysis. All other regional activations appeared to be operation-specific and distributed in predominantly right hemispheric frontal, parietal and central regions. It is concluded that both operation and task presentation modalities can have significant influence on the mobilization of regional neuronal networks required for mental calculation processes. Therefore, it is suggested that results from different studies should only be compared directly when analogous presentation modalities and operators were used in the applied experimental designs.

Communication impairment in the AIDS dementia complex (ADC): a case report.

UNLABELLED: This article details three examinations of communication impairment over 13 months in a man with AIDS dementia complex (ADC) and compares his performance on standardised language testing with that of two control participants. He had mild language impairments as measured on standardised tests but was severely impaired in pragmatic language skills. When compared with control participants, he was particularly impaired in the skills of topic maintenance and informational redundancy and equally impaired as matched controls with AIDS on the items of non-specific vocabulary and excessive revisions. This man's communication impairment as a result of ADC, which was characterised by poor conversation skills in the absence of frank aphasia or dysarthria, may be related to non-linguistic cognitive impairment. LEARNING OUTCOMES: Readers will be able to: (i) identify and recognise a general process of central nervous system changes and symptoms in ADC; (ii) recognise and describe changes in the language and communication skills in people with dementias resulting from diffuse neuropathology including in those with ADC; (iii) consider any changes in the communicative pragmatic style of people with ADC, in the light of hypothesising their possible links with cognitive changes in the executive functions of the brain e.g. attention and short term memory.

Singing for people with aphasia (SPA): a protocol for a pilot randomised controlled trial of a group singing intervention to improve well-being.

INTRODUCTION: The singing for people with aphasia (SPA) intervention aims to improve quality of life and well-being for people with poststroke aphasia. A definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) is required to assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of SPA. The purpose of this pilot study is to assess the feasibility of such a definitive trial and inform its design. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A two-group, assessor-blinded, randomised controlled external pilot trial with parallel mixed methods process evaluation and economic evaluation. Forty-eight participants discharged from clinical speech and language therapy will be individually randomised 1:1 to SPA (10 group sessions plus a resource booklet) or control (resource booklet only). Outcome assessment at baseline, 3 and 6 months postrandomisation include: ICEpop CAPability measure for adults, Stroke and Aphasia Quality of Life, EQ-5D-5L, modified Reintegration into Normal Living Index, Communication Outcome After Stroke, Very Short Version of the Minnesota Aphasia Test, Service Receipt Inventory and Care Related Quality of Life. Feasibility, acceptability and process outcomes include recruitment and retention rates, with measurement burden and trial experiences being explored in qualitative interviews (15 participants, 2 music facilitators and 2 music champions). Analyses include: descriptive statistics, with 95% CIs where appropriate; qualitative themes; intervention fidelity from videos and session checklists; rehearsal of health economic analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: NHS National Research Ethics Service and the Health Research Authority confirmed approval in April 2017; recruitment commenced in June 2017. Outputs will include: pilot data to inform whether to proceed to a definitive RCT and support a funding application; finalised intervention manual for multicentre replication of SPA; presentations at conferences, public involvement events; internationally recognised peer reviewed journal publications, open access sources and media releases. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03076736.

Common brain regions underlying different arithmetic operations as revealed by conjunct fMRI-BOLD activation.

The issue of how and where arithmetic operations are represented in the brain has been addressed in numerous studies. Lesion studies suggest that a network of different brain areas are involved in mental calculation. Neuroimaging studies have reported inferior parietal and lateral frontal activations during mental arithmetic using tasks of different complexities and using different operators (addition, subtraction, etc.). Indeed, it has been difficult to compare brain activation across studies because of the variety of different operators and different presentation modalities used. The present experiment examined fMRI-BOLD activity in participants during calculation tasks entailing different arithmetic operations -- addition, subtraction, multiplication and division -- of different complexities. Functional imaging data revealed a common activation pattern comprising right precuneus, left and right middle and superior frontal regions during all arithmetic operations. All other regional activations were operation specific and distributed in prominently frontal, parietal and central regions when contrasting complex and simple calculation tasks. The present results largely confirm former studies suggesting that activation patterns due to mental arithmetic appear to reflect a basic anatomical substrate of working memory, numerical knowledge and processing based on finger counting, and derived from a network originally related to finger movement. We emphasize that in mental arithmetic research different arithmetic operations should always be examined and discussed independently of each other in order to avoid invalid generalizations on arithmetics and involved brain areas.

Pragmatic skills in people with HIV/AIDS.

PURPOSE: Carers and health professionals who work with people with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are reported to think that the communication skills of people with HIV are "odd" and a range of difficulties with communication have been identified. However, little research has examined the "pragmatic" skills of people with HIV. METHOD: Five men living with AIDS were assessed on a battery of measures of componential language to exclude aphasia. Their pragmatic appropriateness as judged using the the Pragmatic Protocol was then rated by ten experienced raters from representative portions of a semi-structured interview. RESULTS: All cases were rated by some raters as inappropriate on: Lexical selection specificity/accuracy. 4/5 cases had problems with: fluency, turn taking quantity, turn taking interruption/overlap and vocal quality. 3/5 were scored by some raters as having problems with: intelligibility, lexical selection: cohesion, prosody, turn taking pauses, turn taking repair/revision and vocal intensity. CONCLUSIONS: Several pragmatic behaviours consistent with what might be expected in people with mild diffuse or subcortical brain impairment were clearly observed. Whilst the cause of their perceived pragmatic inappropriateness cannot be established, the results suggest that cognitive-communication problems might be a feature of language use in people with HIV-AIDS even when AIDS-related dementia has not been diagnosed.

Squaring the round: An unusual progressive graphomotor impairment with post-mortem findings.

Investigations of neurodegenerative disorders may reveal functional relationships in the cognitive system. C.S. was a 63-year-old right-handed man with post-mortem confirmed Pick's disease with a range of progressive impairments including non-fluent aphasia, speech, limb, oculomotor, and buccofacial apraxia, but mostly intact intelligence, perception, orientation, memory, semantics, and phonology. During progression, agrammatism in writing with impairments in syntactic comprehension emerged in parallel with an unusual graphomotor deficit in drawing and writing, with an increasing deterioration of graphic short-term memory. We investigated C.S.'s graphomotor deficit longitudinally using tests of writing and drawing on letters, words, and sentences and drawing to command and copying. We also tested C.S.'s short-term graphemic buffer experimentally. Analysis showed deficits on selective aspects of graphomotor implementation of writing and drawing, mainly affecting the production of circles and curves, but not short straight lines in drawing and writing, and graphomotor short-term memory, which paralleled impairments of written syntax and syntactic comprehension. We believe this to be the first detailed analysis of such an unusual progressive impairment in graphomotor production, which may be related to problems with agrammatic agraphia and impairments affecting shared components of cognition reflecting damage to shared neural networks. Alternatively, they may simply reflect the effects of coincidental damage to separate mechanisms responsible for aspects of writing, drawing, and syntactic processing. Longitudinal investigations of emerging deficits in progressive conditions like C.S.'s provides an opportunity to examine the progressive emergence of symptoms in an individual with multiple progressive impairments as they appear and examine putative relationships between them.

Extending knowledge of the public awareness of aphasia in the Balkans: Serbia and Montenegro.

PURPOSE: Public awareness of aphasia has been surveyed in a number of countries revealing that it is universally low. We report results of surveys in the Balkan countries Serbia and Montenegro and compare results with data from Croatia and Slovenia. METHODS: Convenience surveys of the general public were conducted in public places like shopping centers/malls and parks in Serbia (N = 400) and Montenegro (N = 500) using an adapted version of the public awareness of aphasia survey questionnaire. Respondents were asked whether they have heard of aphasia and tested with questions about aphasia. Information on gender, age, occupation and education was recorded. OUTCOMES: Twelve percent (Serbia) and 11% (Montenegro) had heard of aphasia, but just 4% (Serbia) and 3.2% (Montenegro) had a basic knowledge of aphasia. Age, gender and occupation interacted variably with awareness. Between 16% (Slovenia) and 60% (Croatia) said they had heard of aphasia (10.5% overall mean for the four countries) and basic knowledge of aphasia across the four countries ranged between 3.2 and 7%. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of awareness of aphasia in the Balkans are low and variably associated with age, gender, socio-economic and educational levels. Respondents with some knowledge of aphasia gained it through personal or professional interaction with aphasia or the media. The data provide a basis for awareness raising in Balkan countries to reduce stigmatization, improve community access and understanding. Implications for rehabilitation Awareness of aphasia is low universally, even among healthcare workers. Low public awareness of a condition, like aphasia, results in under-funded research and service provision. In order to raise public awareness of aphasia we need to know how many members of the general public know about it. Improvements in public awareness could positively affect funding, the quality of services, and the public understanding and acceptance of individuals with aphasia in the community. Improving awareness of aphasia in those who come into contact with aphasic people, like healthcare workers, could significantly improve the healthcare experience of people with aphasia and their families.

Jackson's Parrot: Samuel Beckett, Aphasic Speech Automatisms, and Psychosomatic Language.

This article explores the relationship between automatic and involuntary language in the work of Samuel Beckett and late nineteenth-century neurological conceptions of language that emerged from aphasiology. Using the work of John Hughlings Jackson alongside contemporary neuroscientific research, we explore the significance of the lexical and affective symmetries between Beckett's compulsive and profoundly embodied language and aphasic speech automatisms. The interdisciplinary work in this article explores the paradox of how and why Beckett was able to search out a longed-for language of feeling that might disarticulate the classical bond between the language, intention, rationality and the human, in forms of expression that seem automatic and "readymade".