A pleiotropic variant in DNAJB4 is associated with multiple myeloma risk.

Pleiotropy, which consists of a single gene or allelic variant affecting multiple unrelated traits, is common across cancers, with evidence for genome-wide significant loci shared across cancer and noncancer traits. This feature is particularly relevant in multiple myeloma (MM) because several susceptibility loci that have been identified to date are pleiotropic. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify novel pleiotropic variants involved in MM risk using 28 684 independent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from GWAS Catalog that reached a significant association (P < 5 × 10-8 ) with their respective trait. The selected SNPs were analyzed in 2434 MM cases and 3446 controls from the International Lymphoma Epidemiology Consortium (InterLymph). The 10 SNPs showing the strongest associations with MM risk in InterLymph were selected for replication in an independent set of 1955 MM cases and 1549 controls from the International Multiple Myeloma rESEarch (IMMEnSE) consortium and 418 MM cases and 147 282 controls from the FinnGen project. The combined analysis of the three studies identified an association between DNAJB4-rs34517439-A and an increased risk of developing MM (OR = 1.22, 95%CI 1.13-1.32, P = 4.81 × 10-7 ). rs34517439-A is associated with a modified expression of the FUBP1 gene, which encodes a multifunctional DNA and RNA-binding protein that it was observed to influence the regulation of various genes involved in cell cycle regulation, among which various oncogenes and oncosuppressors. In conclusion, with a pleiotropic scan approach we identified DNAJB4-rs34517439 as a potentially novel MM risk locus.

A review of the molecular aspects of melatonin's anti-inflammatory actions: recent insights and new perspectives.

Melatonin is a highly evolutionary conserved endogenous molecule that is mainly produced by the pineal gland, but also by other nonendocrine organs, of most mammals including man. In the recent years, a variety of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have been observed when melatonin is applied exogenously under both in vivo and in vitro conditions. A number of studies suggest that this indole may exert its anti-inflammatory effects through the regulation of different molecular pathways. It has been documented that melatonin inhibits the expression of the isoforms of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase and limits the production of excessive amounts of nitric oxide, prostanoids, and leukotrienes, as well as other mediators of the inflammatory process such as cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules. Melatonin's anti-inflammatory effects are related to the modulation of a number of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and others. Melatonin's effects on the DNA-binding capacity of transcription factors may be regulated through the inhibition of protein kinases involved in signal transduction, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases. This review summarizes recent research data focusing on the modulation of the expression of different inflammatory mediators by melatonin and the effects on cell signaling pathways responsible for the indole's anti-inflammatory activity. Although there are a numerous published reports that have analyzed melatonin's anti-inflammatory properties, further studies are necessary to elucidate its complex regulatory mechanisms in different cellular types and tissues.

Long-term evolution in liver disease markers and immune and lipid profiles in vertically HIV/HCV-coinfected youths with sustained viral response after direct-acting antivirals therapy.

This study aimed to analyse the long-term effect of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in vertically acquired HIV/HCV-coinfected youths. We performed a multicentre, longitudinal and observational study within the Spanish Cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents and vertically HIV-infected patients transferred to Adult Units (CoRISpe-FARO). We included HIV/HCV-coinfected youths (n = 24) that received DAAs between 2015 and 2017 with successful sustained viral response (SVR) with a subsequent follow-up of at least three years. Long-term evolution in liver disease severity and haematologic markers, lipid and immune profiles after SVR were assessed. Study times were the start date of DAAs treatment (baseline, T0) and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years after SVR (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively). We observed global improvements in liver function data that persist over time and a favourable haematologic and immune outcome at the long-term including a constant augment in leucocytes, neutrophils, neutrophils to lymphocytes ratio (NLR) and CD4/CD8 ratio over-time. Regarding the lipid profile, we found a significant increase in total cholesterol T2, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein (HDL) ratio at T4, triglycerides at T5, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) over time, and a decrease in HDL in all patients but with marked higher levels in the subgroup receiving anti-HIV Protease Inhibitor (PI)-based regimens. Comparisons of vertically HIV/HCV-coinfected youths after SVR at 3-year follow-up and a control group of vertically HIV-monoinfected youths never infected by HCV showed no significant differences in most variables analysed, suggesting a possible normalization in all parameters.

[Effect of an acute exercise bout on Toll-like receptor 4 and inflammatory mechanisms in rat heart]. / Efecto del ejercicio agudo sobre la expresión del receptor tipo Toll-4 y los mecanismos inflamatorios en corazón de rata.

BACKGROUND: Toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) is a protein located in the cell membrane with an important function in the immune response of the organism. Its activation decreases heart contractility and activates nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kB ). This in turn, increases the synthesis of different pro-inflammatory cytokines and the inducible enzyme nitric oxide (iNOS), which plays an important role in the inflammatory processes when nitric oxide production is enhanced. AIM: To determine if, after one session of acute exercise, expression of TLR-4 and iNOS, and activation of NF-kB are induced in rat cardiac tissue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Exercise and control groups of eight male Wistar rats each, were studied. The exercise group was subjected to an acute exercise bout lasting one hour. After the exercise, the heart was excised to measure the expression of iNOS and TLR-4 genes by quantitative polyme-rase chain reaction, NF-kB activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and p50 by Western blot. RESULTS: After exercise, there was an increase in TLR-4 and of iNOS mRNA levels (+46.7 and +74.3% respectively). NF-kB activation and the nuclear expression of its p50 subunit also increased significantly (+240 and +306% respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Increased expression of TLR4 following a session of acute exercise may contribute to the activation of the NF-kB signaling route, promoting the synthesis of nitric oxide, which could influence negatively the cardiac response to high intensity physical exercise.

Functional Capacity of Tai Chi-Practicing Elderly People.

Research shows that ageing is modifiable or modulable, attending to external modifications and lifestyle factors: physical activity has a unique contribution to functional health and energy balance. Extensive research shows Tai Chi (TC) produced a major physical condition. To determine the impact of lifestyle on functional capacity, comparing the impact of continued long-life practice. 113 individuals (±71.53 years old): (a) PTC (n = 27); senior competitors, life-long training; (b) TC (n = 27); ±4 years; (c) Keep-Fit (KF n = 36); ±4 years; and the control group (d) sedentary individuals (SI n = 23). Five tests from the Senior Fitness Test (SFT) were used to assess the physical condition. The TC group showed significantly better results than the KF group: 30-s chair stand (23.22 ± 3.08 * rep vs. 17.17 ± 2.96 rep), chair sit-and-reach (2.19 ± 4.85 * cm vs. -1.93 ± 5.46 cm) and back scratch (1.02 ± 4.46 * cm vs. -2.43 ± 5.78 cm). The TCP group showed better results than the TC group: 30-s chair stand (27.70 ± 4.98 * rep vs. 23.22 ± 3.08 rep), 30-s arm curl (30.22 ± 4.36 * rep vs. 23.48 ± 3.42 rep), chair sit-and-reach (13.07 ± 4.00 * cm vs. 2.19 ± 4.85 cm) and back scratch (5.48 ± 3.51 * cm vs. 1.02 ± 4.46 cm). Among the different activities analysed, TC showed better results in SFT tests; in particular considering the long-life training of this martial art.

Effects of Citrulline Supplementation on Different Aerobic Exercise Performance Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Supplementation with Citrulline (Cit) has been shown to have a positive impact on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes such as lactate, oxygen uptake (VO2) kinetics, and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), probably due to its relationship to endogenous nitric oxide production. However, current research has shown this to be controversial. The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to analyze and assess the effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes, as well as to show the most suitable doses and timing of ingestion. A structured literature search was carried out by the PRISMA® (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and PICOS guidelines in the following databases: Pubmed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS). A total of 10 studies were included in the analysis, all of which exclusively compared the effects of Cit supplementation with those of a placebo group on aerobic performance, lactate, VO2, and the RPE. Those articles that used other supplements and measured other outcomes were excluded. The meta-analysis was carried out using Hedges' g random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD). The results showed no positive effects of Cit supplementation on aerobic performance (pooled SMD = 0.15; 95% CI (-0.02 to 0.32); I2, 0%; p = 0.08), the RPE (pooled SMD = -0.03; 95% CI (-0.43 to 0.38); I2, 49%; p = 0.9), VO2 kinetics (pooled SMD = 0.01; 95% CI (-0.16 to 0.17); I2, 0%; p = 0.94), and lactate (pooled SMD = 0.25; 95% CI (-0.10 to 0.59); I2, 0%; p = 0.16). In conclusion, Cit supplementation did not prove to have any benefits for aerobic exercise performance and related outcomes. Where chronic protocols seemed to show a positive tendency, more studies in the field are needed to better understand the effects.

Body Composition, Dietary Intake and the Risk of Low Energy Availability in Elite-Level Competitive Rhythmic Gymnasts.

The aim of this study was to analyze dietary intake and body composition in a group of elite-level competitive rhythmic gymnasts from Spain. We undertook body composition and nutritional analysis of 30 elite gymnasts, divided into two groups by age: pre-teen (9-12 years) (n = 17) and teen (13-18 years) (n = 13). Measures of height, weight, and bioimpedance were used to calculate body mass index and percent body fat. Energy and nutrient intakes were assessed based on 7-day food records. The two groups had similar percentages of total body fat (pre-teen: 13.99 ± 3.83% vs. teen: 14.33 ± 5.57%; p > 0.05). The energy availability values for pre-teens were above the recommended values (>40 kcal/FFM/day) 69.38 ± 14.47 kcal/FFM/day, while those for the teens were much lower (34.7 ± 7.5 kcal/FFM/day). The distribution of the daily energy intake across the macronutrients indicates that both groups ingested less than the recommended level of carbohydrates and more than the recommended level of fat. Very low intakes of calcium and vitamin D among other micronutrients were also noted. The main finding is that teenage gymnasts do not consume as much energy as they need each day, which explains their weight and development. Moreover, they are at a high risk of developing low energy availability that could negatively impact their performance and future health.

Influence of Personal Protective Equipment on Wildland Firefighters' Physiological Response and Performance during the Pack Test.

The Pack Test (PT) is a widely used test to establish readiness for work in wildland firefighting. It is common to perform this test dressed in regular exercise clothing. However, wildland firefighters (WFF) have to wear personal protective equipment (PPE) during their deployments, which increases the physiological strain and reduces their work capacity. This study aimed to analyse the impact of full PPE on PT performance. Nine male professional WFF performed in random order a PT walking at the fastest possible self-pace wearing two different clothing configurations: (i) traditional short sports gear (SG) and (ii) the PPE currently used by Spanish WFF. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion and lap time were recorded during the PT. In addition, oxygen uptake (VO2) was estimated through the individual VO2-HR relationship previously obtained during a graded exercise test. There was a significant decrease in the PT performance (i.e., completion time) (~12%, p < 0.05) in PPE. The physiological demands with this configuration were significantly higher (~10%, p < 0.05). WFF spent ~13 min above the anaerobic threshold in PPE vs. ~4 min in SG. A multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that PT performance variation might be explained by the maximal aerobic velocity (84.5%) in PPE and the VO2max (75.9%) in SG. In conclusion, wearing complete PPE increases WFF's physiological strain, which translates into a significant PT performance reduction. Performing the test walking at the fastest possible self-pace wearing the PPE would better reflect the high-intensity effort periods reported in real scenarios.

Melatonin reduces cardiac inflammatory injury induced by acute exercise.

Cardiac muscle tissue, when stimulated by acute exercise, presents increased signs of cell damage. This study was designed to investigate whether overexpression of inflammatory mediators induced in the heart by acute exercise could be prevented by melatonin and whether the protective effect of melatonin was related with inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation. Male Wistar rats received melatonin i.p. at a dose of 1.0 mg/kg body weight 3 min before being exercised for 60 min on a treadmill at a speed of 25 m/min and a 10% slope. Exercise was associated with a significant increase in myeloperoxidase activity and in TNF-alpha, IL-1 and IL-6 mRNA levels. Both mRNA level and protein concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 were also significantly elevated. A significant activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) was observed in exercised rats. These effects were totally or partially prevented by melatonin administration. Data obtained indicate that melatonin protects against heart damage caused by acute exercise. Impaired production of noxious mediators involved in the inflammatory process and down-regulation of the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway appear to contribute to the beneficial effects of melatonin.

Fractional Contribution of Wildland Firefighters' Personal Protective Equipment on Physiological Strain.

Activities performed by wildland firefighters are carried out wearing a personal protective equipment (PPE). Although the PPE protects workers from a wide variety of hazards, it may increase their physiological response and limit their performance. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the protective clothing (PPC) and the rest of the PPE elements (i.e., helmet, neck shroud, gloves, goggles, and mid-calf leather boots) on the wildland firefighters' thermophysiological response during a moderate-intense exercise. Six male wildland firefighters performed, in a counterbalanced order, a 120 min graded exercise test wearing three different clothing configurations: (i) a traditional short sports gear (SG), (ii) a PPC, and (iii) a complete firefighters' PPE. Trials were conducted on separate days at the same time of the day (12:00-15:00 h) and under climate-controlled conditions (∼30°C and ∼30% relative humidity). Heart rate, respiratory gas exchange, gastrointestinal and skin temperature, blood lactate concentration were recorded throughout the tests. Additionally, parameters of heat balance were estimated. Exercise time was shorter (p < 0.001) wearing the PPE (62.4 ± 13.3 min) than with the PPC (115.5 ± 5.0 min) and SG (118.2 ± 20.7 min). The increment of gastrointestinal temperature with the PPE (1.8 ± 0.3°C) was greater (p < 0.05) than the observed in PPC (1.2 ± 0.6°C) and SG (1.0 ± 0.2°C). The use of PPC increased (p < 0.05) subjects' metabolic demand and skin temperature versus SG during the last 20 min of the test. The sweat retention in the PPE (1,045.7 ± 214.7 g) and PPC (978.3 ± 330.6 g) was significantly higher than that obtained in the SG (510.0 ± 210.0 g). Sweat efficiency decreased (p < 0.05) in the following order: PPE (45.6 ± 18.3%), PPC (64.3 ± 7.8%), and SG (79.3 ± 7.0%). These results highlight the importance of the PPE elements in the subjects' thermal strain. The reduction in the sweat evaporation produced by the PPE, together with the ensemble mass caused a substantial increase in the subjects' thermophysiological response. As a consequence the performance was reduced by ∼50%.

The anti-inflammatory flavones quercetin and kaempferol cause inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and reactive C-protein, and down-regulation of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway in Chang Liver cells.

We examined the ability of the flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol to modulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and reactive C-protein (CRP) expression, and to induce changes in the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) pathway in the human hepatocyte-derived cell line Chang Liver. Cells were incubated with a cytokine mixture supplemented with quercetin or kaempferol (5 to 200 micromol/l). Kaempferol produced a significant concentration-dependent decrease of iNOS, COX-2 and CRP protein level at all concentrations, but the percentage of inhibition induced by quercetin was reduced at high concentrations. Both flavonoids significantly inhibited mRNA level of iNOS, COX-2, and CRP. Inhibitory effects by quercetin and kaempferol were also observed on NF-kappaB activation and on protein concentration of the phosphorylated form of the inhibitor IkappaB alpha and of IKK (IkappaB kinase)alpha. The present study suggests that the modulation of iNOS, COX-2 and CRP by quercetin or kaempferol may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of these two structurally similar flavonoids in Chang Liver cells, via mechanisms likely to involve blockade of NF-kappaB activation and the resultant up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory genes. Our data also indicate that the minor structural differences between both compounds determine differences in their inhibitory capacity.

An assessment of the nutritional intake of soccer referees.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to analyze the eating habits and attitudes of a group of soccer referees and linesmen. METHOD: A nutritional study was undertaken of thirty-five soccer referees (aged between 18 and 50) refereeing at different levels, from the Spanish national third division down to the provincial second division. Through the use of a 3-day food diary and 24-hour recall, this study analyzed the intake and distribution of macro- and micro-nutrients and of dietary fiber consumed on different types of day (normal, training, and match days). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in calorie intake related to the three types of day (normal, training, and match days). This was true both of overall amounts (2371.1 kcal, 2479.7 kcal, and 2368.4 kcal, respectively) and amounts per unit of body weight (32.4 kcal/kg, 33.9 kcal/kg, and 32.4 kcal/kg, respectively). In respect of macro-nutrient intake, more specifically carbohydrates, the subjects consumed a diet with an insufficient amount of carbohydrates: 279 g, as against the 371 g (REC1) or 540 g (REC2) recommended according to physical activity levels. Slight increases were observed on game days, but were not statistically significant. Consideration of micro-nutrients showed that the quantities of three vitamins (B6, B12, and C) consumed were above the recommended amounts. However, this was not an issue, since the figures related to water-soluble vitamins. Finally, the amounts of minerals (Ca, Mg, and Fe) and fiber consumed were close to recommended values, regardless of the type of day being considered. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the group of referees investigated consumed a diet that did not have sufficient calories from carbohydrates, in view of their occupation. This poor nutritional status might interfere with the development of their sporting performance and ultimately increase the risk of injury. This implies a need to design and implement a diet and to introduce educational programs on nutrition for these sportspeople.

Whole-body vibration improves the anti-inflammatory status in elderly subjects through toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling pathways.

Regular physical exercise has anti-inflammatory effects in elderly subjects. Yet, the inflammatory responses after whole body vibration (WBV) training, a popular exercise paradigm for the elderly, remain to be elucidated. This study assessed the effects of WBV training on the inflammatory response associated with toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways. Twenty-eight subjects were randomized to a training group (TG) or a control group (CG). TG followed an 8-week WBV training program. Blood samples were obtained before and after the training period in both groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and mRNA and protein levels of makers involved in the TLR2/TLR4 myeloid differentiation primary response gen 88 (MyD88) and TIR domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon (TRIF)-dependent pathways were analyzed. Plasma TNFα and C-reactive protein levels were also assessed. The WBV program reduced protein expression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, p65, TRIF and heat shock protein (HSP) 60, while HSP70 content increased. IL-10 mRNA level and protein concentration were upregulated, and TNFα protein content decreased, after WBV training. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and TNFα decreased in the TG. The current data suggest WBV may improve the anti-inflammatory status of elderly subjects through an attenuation of MyD88- and TRIF-dependent TLRs signaling pathways.

Aging's effects on marathon performance insights from the New York City race.

Most studies on aging and marathon have analyzed elite marathoners, yet the latter only represent a very small fraction of all marathon participants. In addition, analysis of variance or unpaired Student t tests are frequently used to compare mean performance times across age groups. In this report the authors propose an alternative methodology to determine the impact of aging on marathon performance in both nonelite and elite marathoners participating in the New York City Marathon. In all, 471,453 data points corresponding to 370,741 different runners over 13 race editions (1999-2011) were retrieved. Results showed that the effect of aging on marathon performance was overall comparable in both sexes, the effect of aging differed between the fastest and slowest runners in both sexes, and the magnitude of the sex differences was higher in the slowest runners than in the fastest ones. Current data suggest that the biological differences between sexes allow men to have better marathon performance across most of the human life span.

Quercetin prevents oxidative stress and NF-kappaB activation in gastric mucosa of portal hypertensive rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of quercetin on oxidative stress and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) in an experimental model of portal hypertensive gastropathy induced by partial portal vein ligation (PPVL). Portal pressure was significantly elevated in PPVL rats. Transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activities were not significantly modified, indicating absence of liver injury. Histological analysis of gastric sections showed a lost of normal architecture, with edema and vasodilatation. The cytosolic concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the lipoperoxidation measurement by chemiluminiscence were significantly increased. Superoxide dismutase activity in gastric mucosa was significantly reduced. Portal hypertensive gastropathy induced a marked activation of NF-kappaB, accompanied by a decrease in IkappaB protein levels and a significant induction of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein. Administration of quercetin markedly alleviated histological abnormalities and inhibited oxidative stress and NF-kappaB activation. IkappaB decrease and induction of iNOS protein were partially prevented by quercetin. Quercetin treatment, by abolishing the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway, may block the production of noxious mediators involved in the pathogenesis of portal hypertensive gastropathy.

[Benefits of strength training for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia]. / Beneficios del entrenamiento de fuerza para la prevención y tratamiento de la sarcopenia.

Sarcopenia is a syndrome characterized by a gradual loss and generalized skeletal muscle mass and strength at risk for adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life and mortality. It has several contributing factors: the aging process throughout life, influences on development in the early stages of life, eating sub optimal, bed rest or sedentary lifestyle, chronic diseases and certain drug treatments. Sarcopenia represents a deterioration of health status with a high personal cost: mobility disorders, increased risk of falls and fractures, impaired ability to perform everyday activities, disability, loss of independence and increased risk of death. The strength training is currently one of the most effective methods for combating sarcopenia by stimulating hypertrophy and increase strength. The strength training programs in older people themselves are probably one of the most effective preventive measures to delay the onset of sarcopenia. In this literature review different factors related sarcopenia and strength training as a preventive method is analyzed.

La sarcopenia es un síndrome que se caracteriza por una pérdida gradual y generalizada de la masa muscular esquelética y la fuerza, con riesgo de presentar resultados adversos como discapacidad física, calidad de vida deficiente y mortalidad. Existen varios factores que contribuyen: el proceso de envejecimiento a lo largo de la vida, influencias sobre el desarrollo en las etapas iniciales de la vida, una alimentación inadecuada, el reposo en cama o sedentarismo, enfermedades crónicas y determinados tratamientos farmacológicos. La sarcopenia representa un deterioro del estado de salud con un costo personal elevado: trastornos de la movilidad, mayor riesgo de caídas y fracturas, deterioro de la capacidad de realizar actividades cotidianas, discapacidad, perdida de independencia y mayor riesgo de muerte. El entrenamiento de la fuerza es actualmente uno de los métodos más eficaces para combatir la sarcopenia mediante la estimulación de la hipertrofia e incremento de la fuerza. Los programas de entrenamiento de fuerza en personas mayores probablemente constituyen, por sí mismos, una de las medidas preventivas más eficaces para retrasar la aparición de sarcopenia. En la presente revisión bibliográfica se analizarán diferentes factores relacionados con la sarcopenia y el entrenamiento de la fuerza como método preventivo.

Whole-body vibration training increases physical fitness measures without alteration of inflammatory markers in older adults.

This study investigated in older adults whether whole-body vibration (WBV) training results in significant increases of physical fitness measures without alterations in markers of inflammation. Sixteen volunteers completed a WBV programme 3 d.wk(-1) during 9 weeks. The programme consisted of lower and upper-body unloaded static and dynamic exercises. Training improved significantly several tests which evaluate physical fitness, such as 30-s chair stand, arm curl or chair sit and reach test. There was a significant increase in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) between pre- and post-training conditions. Muscle power values, reached at 20, 40 and 60% MVIC, were also significantly greater after training. However, mRNA or protein levels for C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin-1ß, tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-10 did not significantly differ from basal values. Our data confirm the usefulness of WBV training for counteracting the loss of muscle strength associated with sarcopenia in older adults and show that WBV training could be a safe training method which induces no inflammatory effects.

[Nutritional study of a third division soccer team]. / Estudio nutricional de un equipo de fútbol de tercera división.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the nutritional habits and attitudes of a semiprofessional soccer team. METHOD: Nutritional study of 21 semiprofessional soccer players (18-35 years) by analyzing the daily energy intake and expenditure also the distribution of macro and micro-nutrients, differentiated type of day (normal, training or competition). RESULTS: The energy balance is negative in the three days studied (- 31%, - 38% and -31% respectively). There were significant differences in caloric intake between the day of competition, a normal day and a day of training. These differences are observed both in absolute values (2,438 kcal vs 2,127 y 2,221 kcal respectively) as referring to body weight (30.5 kcal/kg vs 27 y 28 kcal/kg respectively). Regarding macronutrient intake, the samples eat a diet with an insufficient amount of carbohydrates (328 g vs 371 and 540 g recommended in function of physical activity). There were no significant differences in the composition of micronutrients. CONCLUSIONS: The football players studied show a negative energy balance with a diet low in carbohydrates. This poor nutritional status may interfere with the development of their sporting performance and, ultimately, increase the risk of lesions. This implies the need for design and implementation of a diet and introducing nutritional education programs for these athletes.

Objetivo: Analizar los hábitos y actitudes nutricionales de un equipo de fútbol semiprofesional. Método: Se realizó el estudio nutricional de 21 jugadores semiprofesionales de fútbol (18-35 AÑOs) analizando la ingesta y gasto energético diario así como la distribución de los macro- y micronutrientes diferenciado el tipo de día (normal, entrenamiento y competición). Resultados: El balance energético es negativo en los tres días estudiados (-31%; -38 % y 31-% respectivamente). Se observan diferencias significativas en la ingesta calórica el día de la competición respecto al día normal y al de entrenamiento tanto en valores absolutos (2.438 kcal vs 2.127 y 2.221 kcal respectivamente) como referida al peso corporal (30,5 kcal/kg vs 27 y 28 kcal/kg respectivamente). Con respecto a la ingesta de macronutrientes la muestra ingiere una dieta con una cantidad insuficiente de hidratos de carbono (328 g vs 371 y 540 g recomendados según actividad física). No se obtuvieron diferencias significativas en la composición de micronutrientes Conclusiones: Los jugadores de fútbol estudiados presentan un balance energético negativo con una dieta pobre en hidratos de carbono. Este estado nutricional deficiente puede interferir en el desarrollo de su prestación deportiva y a la larga incrementar el riesgo de lesiones. Esto implica la necesidad de realizar un diseño e implementación de la dieta y la introducción de programas de educación nutricional para este tipo de deportistas.

[Functional properties and health benefits of lycopene]. / Propiedades funcionales y beneficios para la salud del licopeno.

INTRODUCTION: Lycopene is a carotenoid, which is found mainly in tomatoes, retains its functional properties after processing, is not toxic and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and chemotherapeutics effects in cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases and in some cancers. However, it seems that its intake through the diet is inadequate. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this review is to highlight the properties of lycopene and provide recommendations to improve its health benefits. METHODS: We performed a literature review related to the topic through Pub Med database. RESULTS: The WHO and national governments promote through food guides the daily consumption of 400 g of fruits and vegetables because of their contain in antioxidants including lycopene. Lycopene intake widely varies, with an average consumption between 5 and 7 mg/day. Controversy arises from the ranger of figures between different studies and the fact that there is no recommended amount, precluding comparisons of national and international level and the establishment of policies and strategies to ensure its consumption. CONCLUSION: Lycopene intake can be seen as a preventive measure and non pharmacological therapy for different types of diseases, but the work of professionals in nutrition and health is required to increase its intake through food education and to propose daily intakes from results of scientific research.

Introducción: El licopeno es un carotenoide que se encuentra principalmente en el tomate, conserva sus propiedades funcionales después de ser procesado, no presenta toxicidad y posee efectos antioxidantes, antiinflamatorios y quimioterapéuticos sobre las enfermedades cardiovasculares, neurodegenerativas y algunos tipos de cáncer. Sin embargo, parece que su consumo a través de la dieta es insuficiente. Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión es destacar las propiedades del licopeno y las recomendaciones para su aprovechamiento en beneficio de la salud. Métodos: Se realizó la revisión bibliográfica relacionada con el tema a través de la base de datos Pub Med. Resultados: La OMS y los gobiernos nacionales promueven a través de las guías alimentarias el consumo diario de 400 g de frutas y verduras por su contenido en sustancias antioxidantes entre ellas el licopeno. La ingesta de licopeno es muy variada con un consumo promedio entre 5 y 7 mg/día. Esta cifra causa controversia debido a que los diferentes estudios presentan grandes diferencias y no existe una cantidad recomendada, lo que impide hacer comparaciones de nivel nacional e internacional y establecer políticas y estrategias que aseguren su consumo. Conclusión: La ingesta de licopeno puede considerarse como una medida preventiva y terapéutica no farmacológica para diferentes tipos de enfermedades, pero se requiere el trabajo de los profesionales de la nutrición y la salud para incrementar su consumo a través de la educación alimentaria y proponer a partir de los resultados de investigaciones científicas sus niveles de ingesta diaria.

Whole-body vibration training as complement to programs aimed at weight loss.

INTRODUCTION: Whole-body vibration training (WBVT) has been shown to be an extremely useful tool for increasing muscle mass, bone tissue, muscle power, flexibility, and strength, among others. However, to date, there are few studies on the effects of WBVT on energy metabolism and whether this tool could be able to enhance weight loss in addition to a nutritional plan and/or exercise. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this review is to analyse the most recent studies on vibration training in order to determine whether this method constitutes a reliable complement to programs aimed at weight loss. METHODS: An updated literature search was conducted using PubMed, SciELO and SPORTDiscus. In addition, a detailed search was also performed from references given in selected studies. RESULTS: WBVT appears to be associated with three pathways involved in weight loss: inhibition of adipogenesis and reduction of fat mass, increased energy expenditure, and increase in muscle mass. After analysing the literature, none of the results for the proposed pathways are consistent, and indeed are often contradictory. CONCLUSION: Further in-depth research is required on this subject. However, WBVT would appear to be a safe method, and may possibly yield benefits, mainly as regards muscle mass, which in turn might promote weight loss when combined with a nutritional plan and a traditional exercise program.

Introducción: El entrenamiento de vibraciones de cuerpo completo (EVCC) ha demostrado ser de gran utilidad para aumentar la masa muscular, el tejido óseo, la potencia muscular, la flexibilidad, y la fuerza, entre otros. No obstante, hasta la fecha es escasa la literatura respecto a sus efectos sobre el metabolismo energético y si esta herramienta podría ser capaz de potenciar la pérdida de peso como complemento a un programa nutricional y/o de ejercicio físico. Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar los últimos estudios sobre el EVCC con la finalidad de determinar si puede ser un método fiable para complementar los programas orientados a la reducción del peso corporal. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en Pubmed, Scielo y SPORTDiscus, así como una búsqueda manual entre las referencias de los estudios seleccionados. Resultados: El EVCC parece estar vinculado a tres vías relacionadas con la reducción del peso corporal: inhibición de la adipogénesis y reducción de la masa grasa, aumento del gasto energético y aumento de la masa muscular. Tras analizar la literatura, ninguna de las vías propuestas es consistente, y en muchas ocasiones los resultados son contradictorios. Conclusión: Se concluye que es necesario profundizar sobre esta línea de investigación. No obstante, el EVCC parece ser un método seguro y posiblemente tendría beneficios, principalmente sobre la masa muscular, lo que podría promover la pérdida de peso si se combina con un plan nutricional y un programa de ejercicio tradicional.