Disposal of dredged sediments in tropical soils: ecotoxicological effects on earthworms.

The upper limit concentrations of metals established by international legislations for dredged sediment disposal and soil quality do not take into consideration the properties of tropical soils (generally submitted to more intense weathering processes) on metal availability and ecotoxicity. Aiming to perform an evaluation on the suitability of these threshold values in tropical regions, the ecotoxicity of metal-contaminated dredged sediment from the Guanabara Bay (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) was investigated. Acute and avoidance tests with Eisenia andrei were performed with mixtures of dredged sediment with a ferralsol (0.00, 6.66, 13.12, 19.98, and 33.30 %) and a chernosol (0.00, 6.58, 13.16, 19.74, and 32.90 %). Mercury, lead, nickel, chromium, copper, and zinc concentrations were measured in test mixtures and in tissues of surviving earthworms from the acute tests. While ferralsol test mixtures provoked significant earthworm avoidance response at concentrations ≥13.31 %, the chernosol mixtures showed significant avoidance behavior only at the 19.74 % concentration. The acute tests showed higher toxicity in ferralsol mixtures (LC50 = 9.9 %) compared to chernosol mixtures (LC50 = 16.5 %), and biomass increased at the lowest sediment doses in treatments of both test soils. Most probably, the expansive clay minerals present in chernosol contributed to reduce metal availability in chernosol mixtures, and consequently, the ecotoxicity of these treatments. The bioconcentration factors (BCF) for zinc and copper were lower with increasing concentrations of the dredged sediment, indicating the existence of internal regulating processes. Although the BCF for mercury also decreased with the increasing test concentrations, the known no biological function of this metal in the earthworms metabolism lead to suppose that Hg measured was not present in bioaccumulable forms. BCFs estimated for the other metals were generally higher in the highest dredged sediment doses.

Disposição continental de sedimentos de dragagem em solos tropicais: avaliação do risco ecológico de metais baseada em bioensaios com organismos aquáticos e edáficos / Disposal of dredged sediments in tropical soils: metal ecological risk assessment based on bioassays with aquatic and edaphic organisms

A ecotoxicidade associada à disposição continental de sedimentos de dragagem (oriundo da Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro) em latossolos e chernossolos foi estudada através de bioensaios agudos com o cladócero Daphnia similis e o oligoqueta Eisenia andrei; e de bioensaios crônicos com a alga doce Pseudokirchneriella subcaptata. Os teores de metais no dragado estavam acima dos preconizados pela legislação brasileira para disposição de materiais dragados. Os bioensaios empregados sugerem níveis maiores de toxicidade para as misturas de latossolo:dragado, em comparação aos tratamentos de chernossolo:dragado. No caso do chernossolo, a abundância de argilominerais 2:1, associada à alta fertilidade, parece ser capaz de reduzir a ecotoxicidade potencial. Em latossolo, mesmo as menores dosagens de aplicação de sedimento (3,33 e 6,66%) foram capazes de provocar efeitos adversos significativos aos microcrustáceos e às algas. Em misturas de chernossolo, efeitos significativos foram observados somente para doses de 6,58 e 13,16% para microcrustáceos e algas, respectivamente. Tais dados indicaram a ocorrência potencial de risco ecotoxicológico para as comunidades aquáticas vizinhas em cenários em que solos misturados com materiais dragados pudessem ser lixiviados e soluções tóxicas atingissem sistemas fluviais vizinhos. O ensaio agudo de papel de contato com E. andrei também acusou a ocorrência potencial de efeitos adversos sobre a fauna edáfica, a partir das doses de 13,12 e 19,74% em latossolo e chernossolo, respectivamente. O emprego do referido ensaio parece ser extremamente promissor no monitoramento da ecotoxicidade potencial de solos impactados pela disposição de resíduos sólidos e/ou contaminados por metais.

Potential ecotoxicity associated with the disposal of dredged sediments (from the Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) in ferralsols and chernosols was studied through acute bioassays with micro-crustaceans (Daphnia similis) and earthworms (Eisenia andrei); and through chronic assays with algae (Pseudokirchenriella subcaptata). Total metal concentrations in the sediment were higher than the limits established by Brazilian legislation for dredged sediment disposal. The bioassays suggest the occurrence of more significant effects on ferralsols mixtures compared to chernosols treatments. In chernosol mixtures, the abundance of 2:1 clay minerals is apparently able to reduce the ecotoxicity. In ferralsol mixtures, lower dosages of sediment application (3.33 and 6.66%) caused significant effects on micro-crustaceans and algae. In chernosol treatments, adverse effects on in micro-crustaceans and algae were only observed for the doses of 6.58 and 13.16%, respectively. Such data indicate occurrence of potential risks on aquatic biota in the scenario where sediment-amended soils could be leached and such solutions could contaminate surrounding fluvial systems. The bioassay with E. andrei using contact paper also suggests the occurrence of potential adverse effects on edaphic biota. In addition, such tests with E. andrei demonstrate that they are highly applicable as alternative tools to monitor potential ecotoxicity associated with terrestrial disposal of solid residues containing domestic wastes and/or contaminated with metals.