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B cells thwart antigenic aggressions by releasing immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, IgA, and IgE, which deploy well-understood effector functions. In contrast, the role of secreted IgD remains mysterious. We found that some B cells generated IgD-secreting plasma cells following early exposure to external soluble antigens such as food proteins. Secreted IgD targeted basophils by interacting with the CD44-binding protein galectin-9. When engaged by antigen, basophil-bound IgD increased basophil secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, which facilitated the generation of T follicular helper type 2 cells expressing IL-4. These germinal center T cells enhanced IgG1 and IgE but not IgG2a and IgG2b responses to the antigen initially recognized by basophil-bound IgD. In addition, IgD ligation by antigen attenuated allergic basophil degranulation induced by IgE co-ligation. Thus, IgD may link B cells with basophils to optimize humoral T helper type 2-mediated immunity against common environmental soluble antigens.
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Basófilos/imunologia , Galectinas/imunologia , Receptores de Hialuronatos/imunologia , Imunoglobulina D/imunologia , Células Th2/imunologia , Animais , Basófilos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Cultivadas , Galectinas/genética , Galectinas/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/genética , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina D/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/metabolismo , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Interleucina-4/genética , Interleucina-4/imunologia , Interleucina-4/metabolismo , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Ligação Proteica , Células Th2/metabolismoRESUMO
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) regulate stromal cells, epithelial cells and cells of the immune system, but their effect on B cells remains unclear. Here we identified RORγt(+) ILCs near the marginal zone (MZ), a splenic compartment that contains innate-like B cells highly responsive to circulating T cell-independent (TI) antigens. Splenic ILCs established bidirectional crosstalk with MAdCAM-1(+) marginal reticular cells by providing tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin, and they stimulated MZ B cells via B cell-activation factor (BAFF), the ligand of the costimulatory receptor CD40 (CD40L) and the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (DLL1). Splenic ILCs further helped MZ B cells and their plasma-cell progeny by coopting neutrophils through release of the cytokine GM-CSF. Consequently, depletion of ILCs impaired both pre- and post-immune TI antibody responses. Thus, ILCs integrate stromal and myeloid signals to orchestrate innate-like antibody production at the interface between the immune system and circulatory system.
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Formação de Anticorpos , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Baço/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos/sangue , Antígenos T-Independentes/imunologia , Proteínas Sanguíneas/imunologia , Moléculas de Adesão Celular , Comunicação Celular/imunologia , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Fator Estimulador de Colônias de Granulócitos e Macrófagos/metabolismo , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Imunoglobulinas/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mucoproteínas/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Membro 3 do Grupo F da Subfamília 1 de Receptores Nucleares/metabolismo , Picratos/imunologia , Transdução de Sinais/imunologia , Células Estromais/imunologiaRESUMO
Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) enhances host-microbiota symbiosis, whereas SIgM remains poorly understood. We found that gut IgM+ plasma cells (PCs) were more abundant in humans than mice and clonally related to a large repertoire of memory IgM+ B cells disseminated throughout the intestine but rare in systemic lymphoid organs. In addition to sharing a gut-specific gene signature with memory IgA+ B cells, memory IgM+ B cells were related to some IgA+ clonotypes and switched to IgA in response to T cell-independent or T cell-dependent signals. These signals induced abundant IgM which, together with SIgM from clonally affiliated PCs, recognized mucus-embedded commensals. Bacteria recognized by human SIgM were dually coated by SIgA and showed increased richness and diversity compared to IgA-only-coated or uncoated bacteria. Thus, SIgM may emerge from pre-existing memory rather than newly activated naive IgM+ B cells and could help SIgA to anchor highly diverse commensal communities to mucus.
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Angiodisplasia/imunologia , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Neoplasias do Colo/imunologia , Pólipos do Colo/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/metabolismo , Intestinos/imunologia , Plasmócitos/imunologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Células Clonais , Feminino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade nas Mucosas , Imunoglobulina A/metabolismo , Switching de Imunoglobulina , Memória Imunológica , Intestinos/microbiologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SimbioseRESUMO
Neutrophils use immunoglobulins to clear antigen, but their role in immunoglobulin production is unknown. Here we identified neutrophils around the marginal zone (MZ) of the spleen, a B cell area specialized in T cell-independent immunoglobulin responses to circulating antigen. Neutrophils colonized peri-MZ areas after postnatal mucosal colonization by microbes and enhanced their B cell-helper function after receiving reprogramming signals, including interleukin 10 (IL-10), from splenic sinusoidal endothelial cells. Splenic neutrophils induced immunoglobulin class switching, somatic hypermutation and antibody production by activating MZ B cells through a mechanism that involved the cytokines BAFF, APRIL and IL-21. Neutropenic patients had fewer and hypomutated MZ B cells and a lower abundance of preimmune immunoglobulins to T cell-independent antigens, which indicates that neutrophils generate an innate layer of antimicrobial immunoglobulin defense by interacting with MZ B cells.
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Linfócitos B/imunologia , Imunoglobulinas/biossíntese , Imunoglobulinas/imunologia , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Baço/imunologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Anticorpos/imunologia , Anticorpos/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Criança , Doenças Transmissíveis/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Switching de Imunoglobulina/imunologia , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Macaca mulatta/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipermutação Somática de Imunoglobulina/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the mammographic features in women with benign breast disease (BBD) and the risk of subsequent breast cancer according to their mammographic findings. METHODS: We analyzed data from a Spanish cohort of women screened from 1995 to 2015 and followed up until December 2017 (median follow-up, 5.9 years). We included 10,650 women who had both histologically confirmed BBD and mammographic findings. We evaluated proliferative and nonproliferative BBD subtypes, and their mammographic features: architectural distortion, asymmetries, calcifications, masses, and multiple findings. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for breast cancer were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. We plotted the adjusted cumulative incidence curves. RESULTS: Calcifications were more frequent in proliferative disease with atypia (43.9%) than without atypia (36.8%) or nonproliferative disease (22.2%; p value < 0.05). Masses were more frequent in nonproliferative lesions (59.1%) than in proliferative lesions without atypia (35.1%) or with atypia (30.0%; p value < 0.05). Multiple findings and architectural distortion were more likely in proliferative disease (16.1% and 4.7%) than in nonproliferative disease (12.8% and 1.9%). Subsequent breast cancer occurred in 268 (2.5%) women. Compared with women who had masses, the highest risk of subsequent breast cancer was found in those with architectural distortions (aHR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.16-4.22), followed by those with multiple findings (aHR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.34-2.66), asymmetries (aHR, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.84-3.28), and calcifications (aHR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.21-2.12). CONCLUSION: BBD subtypes showed distinct mammographic findings. The risk of subsequent breast cancer was high in those who have shown architectural distortion, multiple findings, asymmetries, and calcifications than in women with masses. KEY POINTS: ⢠The presence of mammographic findings in women attending breast cancer screening helps clinicians to assess women with benign breast disease (BBD). ⢠Calcifications were frequent in BBDs with atypia, which are the ones with a high breast cancer risk, while masses were common in low-risk BBDs. ⢠The excess risk of subsequent breast cancer in women with BBD was higher in those who showed architectural distortion compared to those with masses.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Doença da Mama Fibrocística , Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Feminino , Humanos , Mamografia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is more aggressive than other breast cancer subtypes. TNBC is characterized by increased expression of Programmed Death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a signal used by many tumors to escape the immune response. Expression of PD-L1 is a positive predictor of response to immunotherapy; therefore, it should be investigated in TNBC in order to select patients who may benefit from anti-PD-L1 therapies. While many PD-L1 assays are available, only the VENTANA platform with the anti-PD-L1 (SP142) antibody is licensed as a companion diagnostic device for selecting patients with metastatic/advanced TNBC who are candidates for treatment with atezolizumab. In this article, we provide a summary of an expert round-table discussion about PD-L1 testing, using the SP142 antibody in metastatic TNBC.
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Anticorpos Monoclonais , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/diagnóstico , Tomada de Decisão Clínica , Gerenciamento Clínico , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Metástase Neoplásica , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/etiologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismo , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/terapiaRESUMO
With the identification of therapeutic targets for lung adenocarcinoma, it has become mandatory to distinguish it from other entities. Some cases remain classified as non-small cell lung carcinoma, not otherwise specified (NSCLC-NOS) with immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy (EM) can be useful, allowing the identification of glandular differentiation. The aim of this study was to determine the complementary value of immunohistochemistry and EM.Forty-eight NSCLC-NOS cases were selected (PSMAR-Biobank, Barcelona, Spain). Immunohistochemistry (TTF-1, p40) was performed. Tissue was retrieved from paraffin blocks. Results were compared to the final diagnosis, derived from combination of light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, EM, molecular studies and resection specimen.Immunohistochemistry concurred with final diagnosis in 36 cases (75%, Kappa = 0.517). EM agreed with final diagnosis in 35 (72.9%, Kappa = 0.471). Immunohistochemistry had a sensitivity = 73%, specificity = 100%, positive predictive value (PPV) = 100% and negative predictive value (NPV) = 52.4% for adenocarcinoma. All adenocarcinoma cases not solved by immunohistochemistry (n = 10) were classified by EM, and vice versa. Data from EM were identical to those of immunohistochemistry: sensitivity = 73%, specificity = 100%, PPV = 100% and NPV = 52.4%. Combining both techniques, 47 cases were coincident with final diagnosis (97.9%, Kappa = 0.943).EM can provide valuable information in subtyping NSCLC-NOS, being particularly useful when immunohistochemistry is inconclusive. EM could be considered as a complementary tool for decision-making in NSCLC-NOS.
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Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/diagnóstico , Imuno-Histoquímica/métodos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/diagnóstico , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão/métodos , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/classificação , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/classificação , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Terapia de Alvo MolecularRESUMO
Assessment of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in histopathologic specimens can provide important prognostic information in diverse solid tumor types, and may also be of value in predicting response to treatments. However, implementation as a routine clinical biomarker has not yet been achieved. As successful use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other forms of immunotherapy become a clinical reality, the need for widely applicable, accessible, and reliable immunooncology biomarkers is clear. In part 1 of this review we briefly discuss the host immune response to tumors and different approaches to TIL assessment. We propose a standardized methodology to assess TILs in solid tumors on hematoxylin and eosin sections, in both primary and metastatic settings, based on the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarker Working Group guidelines for TIL assessment in invasive breast carcinoma. A review of the literature regarding the value of TIL assessment in different solid tumor types follows in part 2. The method we propose is reproducible, affordable, easily applied, and has demonstrated prognostic and predictive significance in invasive breast carcinoma. This standardized methodology may be used as a reference against which other methods are compared, and should be evaluated for clinical validity and utility. Standardization of TIL assessment will help to improve consistency and reproducibility in this field, enrich both the quality and quantity of comparable evidence, and help to thoroughly evaluate the utility of TILs assessment in this era of immunotherapy.
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Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Carcinoma Intraductal não Infiltrante/patologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Segunda Neoplasia Primária/patologia , Animais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Humanos , PatologistasRESUMO
Assessment of the immune response to tumors is growing in importance as the prognostic implications of this response are increasingly recognized, and as immunotherapies are evaluated and implemented in different tumor types. However, many different approaches can be used to assess and describe the immune response, which limits efforts at implementation as a routine clinical biomarker. In part 1 of this review, we have proposed a standardized methodology to assess tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in solid tumors, based on the International Immuno-Oncology Biomarkers Working Group guidelines for invasive breast carcinoma. In part 2 of this review, we discuss the available evidence for the prognostic and predictive value of TILs in common solid tumors, including carcinomas of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, gynecologic system, and head and neck, as well as primary brain tumors, mesothelioma and melanoma. The particularities and different emphases in TIL assessment in different tumor types are discussed. The standardized methodology we propose can be adapted to different tumor types and may be used as a standard against which other approaches can be compared. Standardization of TIL assessment will help clinicians, researchers and pathologists to conclusively evaluate the utility of this simple biomarker in the current era of immunotherapy.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/imunologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/imunologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/imunologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/imunologia , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/imunologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/imunologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/imunologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Melanoma/imunologia , Mesotelioma/imunologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologia , Patologia/métodos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Neoplasias Urogenitais/imunologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Biópsia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas/patologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/patologia , Feminino , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/patologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/patologia , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/patologia , Melanoma/patologia , Mesotelioma/patologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/patologia , Patologia/normas , Fenótipo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Carcinoma de Células Escamosas de Cabeça e Pescoço , Neoplasias Urogenitais/patologiaRESUMO
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether low HLA-I expression and NK cells infiltration are related to prognostic features in breast cancer, as observed in cancers in other locations and non-hormone dependent breast cancers. Particularly, we explored their relation to infiltrated axillary lymph nodes (ALNs), with the aim of finding new predictors helping to decide the extent of axillary surgery. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective correlational analysis of 35 breast cancers from 35 breast cancer patients showing axillary infiltration at diagnosis and with upfront surgery. HLA-I H-score and the number of NK cells x 50 high power fields (HPF) in the biopsy specimen were correlated with pathological variables of the surgical specimen: number of infiltrated ALNs, tumor size, histological type, the presence of ductal carcinoma in situ, focality, histological grade, necrosis, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, Her2Neu status, and the percentages of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, ki67, and p53. Results: All tumors showed hormone receptor expression and three of them Her2Neu positivity. A positive correlation (p=0.001**) was found between HLA-I H-score and TILs and Ki67 expression. HLA H-score increased with histological grade and was higher in unifocal than in multifocal disease (p=0.044 and p=0.011, respectively). No other correlations were found. Conclusion: High HLA-I H-score values correlated with features of poor prognosis in this cohort of luminal breast tumors, but not with infiltrated ALNs. This finding highlights the differences between luminal breast cancer, and cancers in other locations and non-hormone dependent breast cancers, in which low HLA-I expression tends to be associated with poor prognostic features.
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BACKGROUND: The variability in responses to neoadjuvant treatment with anti-HER2 antibodies prompts to personalized clinical management and the development of innovative treatment strategies. Tumor-infiltrating Natural Killer (TI-NK) cells can predict the efficacy of HER2-targeted antibodies independently from clinicopathological factors in primary HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Understanding the mechanism/s underlying this association would contribute to optimizing patient stratification and provide the rationale for combinatorial approaches with immunotherapy. METHODS: We sought to uncover processes enriched in NK cell-infiltrated tumors as compared to NK cell-desert tumors by microarray analysis. Findings were validated in clinical trial-derived transcriptomic data. In vitro and in vivo preclinical models were used for mechanistic studies. Findings were analysed in clinical samples (tumor and serum) from breast cancer patients. RESULTS: NK cell-infiltrated tumors were enriched in CCL5/IFNG-CXCL9/10 transcripts. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, IFNG levels underlie the association between TI-NK cells and pathological complete response to neoadjuvant treatment with trastuzumab. Mechanistically, the production of IFN-É£ by CD16+ NK cells triggered the secretion of CXCL9/10 from cancer cells. This effect was associated to tumor growth control and the conversion of CD16 into CD16-CD103+ NK cells in humanized in vivo models. In human breast tumors, the CD16 and CD103 markers identified lineage-related NK cell subpopulations capable of producing CCL5 and IFN-É£, which correlated with tissue-resident CD8+ T cells. Finally, an early increase in serum CCL5/CXCL9 levels identified patients with NK cell-rich tumors showing good responses to anti-HER2 antibody-based neoadjuvant treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies specialized NK cell subsets as the source of IFN-É£ influencing the clinical efficacy of anti-HER2 antibodies. It also reveals the potential of serum CCL5/CXCL9 as biomarkers for identifying patients with NK cell-rich tumors and favorable responses to anti-HER2 antibody-based neoadjuvant treatment.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Receptor ErbB-2 , Trastuzumab/farmacologia , Células Matadoras Naturais , Resultado do Tratamento , Quimiocina CXCL9/uso terapêutico , Quimiocina CCL5RESUMO
Stromal tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (sTIL) in haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections has been linked to better outcomes and better responses to neoadjuvant therapy in triple-negative and HER2-positive breast cancer (TNBC and HER2 +). However, the infiltrate includes different cell populations that have specific roles in the tumour immune microenvironment. Various studies have found high concordance between sTIL visual quantification and computational assessment, but specific data on the individual prognostic impact of plasma cells or lymphocytes within sTIL on patient prognosis is still unknown. In this study, we validated a deep-learning breast cancer sTIL scoring model (smsTIL) based on the segmentation of tumour cells, benign ductal cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, necrosis, and 'other' cells in whole slide images (WSI). Focusing on HER2 + and TNBC patient samples, we assessed the concordance between sTIL visual scoring and the smsTIL in 130 WSI. Furthermore, we analysed 175 WSI to correlate smsTIL with clinical data and patient outcomes. We found a high correlation between sTIL values scored visually and semi-automatically (R = 0.76; P = 2.2e-16). Patients with higher smsTIL had better overall survival (OS) in TNBC (P = 0.0021). In the TNBC cohort, smsTIL was as an independent prognostic factor for OS. As part of this work, we introduce a new segmentation dataset of H&E-stained WSI.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Linfócitos/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The p53 mutation in breast cancer confers a worse prognosis and is usually associated with p53 overexpression (p53+) on immunohistochemistry. Previous studies have shown that p53+ tumors could be associated with low axillary tumor burden (ATB). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the association between p53+ and ATB in a large series of breast cancers as an aid to personalizing axillary surgical treatment. METHODS: We retrieved 1762 infiltrating breast carcinomas from our database that were treated with upfront surgery in Hospital del Mar from 2004 to 2018. We compared p53+ and p53-negative (p53-) tumors in terms of the percentage of cases with high ATB and overall survival. This comparison was made overall and for each immunophenotype. RESULTS: Overall, 18.7% of breast tumors were p53+. High ATB was less common in p53+ tumors than in p53- tumors in the luminal B-Her2-negative immunophenotype (6.2% versus 16.9%, respectively, P = 0.025), but not in the other immunophenotypes or overall. Overall survival was worse in patients with p53+ breast cancer (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: p53+ breast cancers were associated with worse overall survival. However, low ATB was more common in these tumors than in p53- tumors in the luminal B-Her2-negative subtype. Information on p53 expression could be of use to predict ATB in some breast cancer tumors.
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Neoplasias da Mama , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Carga Tumoral , Prognóstico , Imuno-Histoquímica , Receptor ErbB-2/genética , Receptor ErbB-2/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: Some studies suggested that the patients included in the Z0011 trial may represent patients with ultrasound-negative axillary nodes and axillary invasion diagnosed by sentinel node (SN) biopsy. Nevertheless, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend SN mapping if 1 or 2 suspicious lymph nodes are identified on axillary ultrasound (AU). The aim of this preliminary phase of the Multimodal Targeted Axillary Surgery (MUTAS) trial was to establish the accuracy of SN mapping in patients with axillary involvement undergoing upfront surgery. Methods: Between September 2019 and March 2022, we recruited patients with biopsy-proven metastatic axillary nodes and upfront surgery from a single center. We performed SN mapping in these patients before the surgical intervention, which included axillary lymph node dissection. The biopsy-proven metastatic node, SNs and the remaining axillary nodes were excised separately. SN status was considered representative of the status of the remaining axillary nodes. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and positive predictive value of the SN, overall and in patients with palpable nodes, in those with non-palpable nodes and an AU leading to diagnosis of axillary involvement, in those with 1 or 2 suspicious nodes on AU, and in patients with a single suspicious node on AU. We evaluated clinical, imaging and pathology features as predictors of the status of the remaining axillary nodes, false-negatives, and false-positives. Results: We included 25 patients in this phase. The false-negative rate of SN mapping was 28% overall, 21.42% for patients with palpable nodes, 36.36% for patients with non-palpable nodes and an AU diagnosis of axillary involvement, 28.75% for those with 1 or 2 suspicious nodes on AU, and 15.38% in patients with a single suspicious node on AU. The negative predictive value was highest in patients with a single suspicious node on AU (75%). The only significant predictive factor was that FN showed a higher Ki67 index score. Conclusions: In this study, SN mapping was not reliable in patients with biopsy-proven metastatic axillary nodes and upfront surgery for any of the subgroups studied. Further research should elucidate the best staging pathways in these patients to avoid premature de-escalation.
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Stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) are a robust prognostic and predictive biomarker in triple-negative breast carcinoma. However, the sTIL compartment comprises different cell populations. The aim of the study is to characterize the distribution of T cells (CD3+ and CD8+), B cells, and plasma cells and explore their association with outcome in the surgical specimen of 62 patients. Furthermore, programmed death ligand 1 expression and the presence of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are explored. Patients with higher sTILs achieve better progression-free survival (PFS) (P = .0013), and tumors have more plasma cells in the infiltrate. Specifically, higher counts of T cells (both CD3+ and CD8+) have better PFS (P = .002 and P = .0086, respectively) as it is observed in tumors with higher infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the tumor core (P = .035). Higher infiltration by B cells and plasma cells shows a positive tendency toward increased PFS (P = .06 and P = .058). Programmed death ligand 1 (SP142) is positive in 56% of tumors. Tumors with at least 1 TLS (42%) show higher CD8+ T cell infiltration in the tumor core and the sTIL value doubles compared to tumors devoid of TLSs [sTIL mean: 36 ± 11% and 18 ± 5% (CI [Confidence Interval]: 95%), respectively]. Our study demonstrates that the characterization of the immune cell infiltration is as relevant as its distribution. Moreover, the importance of considering different immune cell types for classification is emphasized. Therefore, a new classification of triple-negative breast carcinoma immune infiltration with CD8+ T cell and plasma cell densities in the tumor core and infiltrative margin is proposed.
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Plasmócitos , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Plasmócitos/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Prognóstico , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Neoadjuvant and adjuvant immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) have recently become standard of care in resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Yet, biomarkers that inform patients who benefit from this approach remain largely unknown. Here, we interrogated the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in early-stage NSCLC patients that underwent up-front surgery. METHODS: A total of 185 treatment-naïve patients with early-stage NSCLC, that underwent up-front surgical treatment between 2006 and 2018 at Hospital del Mar were included. 124 lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs), and 61 squamous cell carcinoma (LUSCs) were included in a tissue microarray. Immunohistochemistry for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD68, CD80, CD103, FOXP3, PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2 and HLA class II were evaluated by digital image analysis (QuPath software). TIME was categorized into four groups using PD-L1 expression in tumor cells (<1 % or ≥1 %) and tumor resident memory (CD103+) immune cells (using the median as cut-off). We explored the association between different TIME dimensions and patient's clinicopathological features and outcomes. RESULTS: We found increased levels of T cell markers (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ cells), functional immune markers (FOXP3+ cells) as well as, higher HLA-II tumor membrane expression in LUADs compared to LUSCs (p < 0.05 for all). In contrast, LUSCs displayed higher percentage of intratumor macrophages (CD68+ cells) as well as, higher PD-L1 and PD-L2 tumor membrane expression (p < 0.05 for all). Unsupervised analysis revealed three different tumor subsets characterized by membrane tumor expression of PD-L1, PD-L2 and HLA-class II. Enrichment of T cells (CD3+, CD8+ cells), regulatory T cells (FOXP3+ cells) and macrophages (CD68+ cells) was observed in the CD103+/PD-L1+ group (p < 0.05 for all). Multivariate analysis showed that infiltration by CD103+ immune cells was associated with improved OS (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: TIME analysis in resected NSCLC highlighted differences by histology, PD-L1 expression and molecular subgroups. Biomarker studies using IHC might aid to individually tailor adjuvant treatment in early-stage NSCLC.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Humanos , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Adenocarcinoma de Pulmão/metabolismo , Biomarcadores , Fatores de Transcrição Forkhead/metabolismo , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , Linfócitos do Interstício TumoralRESUMO
PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and exploratory biomarkers of continuing palbociclib plus endocrine therapy (ET) beyond progression on prior palbociclib-based regimen in patients with hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative (HR+/HER2-) advanced breast cancer (ABC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: The multicenter, open-label, phase II BioPER trial included women who had experienced a progressive disease (PD) after having achieved clinical benefit on the immediately prior palbociclib plus ET regimen. Palbociclib (125 mg, 100 mg, or 75 mg daily orally for 3 weeks and 1 week off as per prior palbociclib-based regimen) plus ET of physician's choice were administered in 4-week cycles until PD or unacceptable toxicity. Coprimary endpoints were clinical benefit rate (CBR) and percentage of tumors with baseline loss of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein expression. Additional endpoints included safety and biomarker analysis. RESULTS: Among 33 patients enrolled, CBR was 34.4% [95% confidence interval (CI), 18.6-53.2; P < 0.001] and 13.0% of tumors (95% CI, 5.2-27.5) showed loss of Rb protein expression, meeting both coprimary endpoints. Median progression-free survival was 2.6 months (95% CI, 1.8-6.7). No new safety signals were reported. A signature that included baseline mediators of therapeutic resistance to palbociclib and ET (low Rb score, high cyclin E1 score, ESR1 mutation) was independently associated with shorter median progression-free survival (HR, 22.0; 95% CI, 1.71-282.9; P = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining palbociclib after progression on prior palbociclib-based regimen seems to be a reasonable, investigational approach for selected patients. A composite biomarker signature predicts a subset of patients who may not derive a greater benefit from palbociclib rechallenge, warranting further validation in larger randomized controlled trials.
Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Neoplasias da Mama , Feminino , Humanos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Piperazinas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCOR) mediates normal and malignant breast stem cell differentiation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) generate phenotypic heterogeneity and drive therapy resistance, yet their role in immunotherapy is poorly understood. Here we show that immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy selects for LCORlow CSCs with reduced antigen processing/presentation machinery (APM) driving immune escape and ICB resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We unveil an unexpected function of LCOR as a master transcriptional activator of APM genes binding to IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in an IFN signaling-independent manner. Through genetic modification of LCOR expression, we demonstrate its central role in modulation of tumor immunogenicity and ICB responsiveness. In TNBC, LCOR associates with ICB clinical response. Importantly, extracellular vesicle (EV) Lcor-messenger RNA therapy in combination with anti-PD-L1 overcame resistance and eradicated breast cancer metastasis in preclinical models. Collectively, these data support LCOR as a promising target for enhancement of ICB efficacy in TNBC, by boosting of tumor APM independently of IFN.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/farmacologia , Imunoterapia , Interferons/farmacologia , Melanoma , Proteínas Repressoras/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma Maligno CutâneoRESUMO
Snail1 is a transcriptional factor required for epithelial to mesenchymal transition and activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). Apart from that, tumor endothelial cells also express Snail1. Here, we have unraveled the role of Snail1 in this tissue in a tumorigenic context. Methods: We generated transgenic mice with an endothelial-specific and inducible Snail1 depletion. This murine line was crossed with MMTV-PyMT mice that develop mammary gland tumors and the consequence of Snail1 depletion in the endothelium were investigated. We also interfere Snail1 expression in cultured endothelial cells. Results: Specific Snail1 depletion in the endothelium of adult mice does not promote an overt phenotype; however, it delays the formation of mammary gland tumors in MMTV-PyMT mice. These effects are associated to the inability of Snail1-deficient endothelial cells to undergo angiogenesis and to enhance CAF activation in a paracrine manner. Moreover, tumors generated in mice with endothelium-specific Snail1 depletion are less advanced and show a papillary phenotype. Similar changes on onset and tumor morphology are observed by pretreatment of MMTV-PyMT mice with the angiogenic inhibitor Bevacizumab. Human breast papillary carcinomas exhibit a lower angiogenesis and present lower staining of Snail1, both in endothelial and stromal cells, compared with other breast neoplasms. Furthermore, human breast tumors datasets show a strong correlation between Snail1 expression and high angiogenesis. Conclusion: These findings show a novel role for Snail1 in endothelial cell activation and demonstrate that these cells impact not only on angiogenesis, but also on tumor onset and phenotype.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/genética , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Fibroblastos Associados a Câncer/metabolismo , Carcinogênese/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/fisiologia , Feminino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neovascularização Patológica/patologia , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismoRESUMO
Tumors are complex tissues composed of transformed epithelial cells as well as cancer-activated fibroblasts (CAF) that facilitate epithelial tumor cell invasion. We show here that CAFs and other mesenchymal cells rely much more on glutamine than epithelial tumor cells; consequently, they are more sensitive to inhibition of glutaminase. Glutamine dependence drove CAF migration toward this amino acid when cultured in low glutamine conditions. CAFs also invaded a Matrigel matrix following a glutamine concentration gradient and enhanced the invasion of tumor cells when both cells were cocultured. Accordingly, glutamine directed invasion of xenografted tumors in immunocompromised mice. Stimulation of glutamine-driven epithelial tumor invasion by fibroblasts required previous CAF activation, which involved the TGFß/Snail1 signaling axis. CAFs moving toward Gln presented a polarized Akt2 distribution that was modulated by the Gln-dependent activity of TRAF6 and p62 in the migrating front, and depletion of these proteins prevented Akt2 polarization and Gln-driven CAF invasion. Our results demonstrate that glutamine deprivation promotes CAF migration and invasion, which in turn facilitates the movement of tumor epithelial cells toward nutrient-rich territories. These results provide a novel molecular mechanism for how metabolic stress enhances invasion and metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer-associated fibroblasts migrate and invade toward free glutamine and facilitate invasion of tumor epithelial cells, accounting for their movement away from the hostile conditions of the tumor towards nutrient-rich adjacent tissues. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/2/438/F1.large.jpg.