RESUMO
In the current study, we identified five sheep flocks with fasciolosis in the province of León (northwestern Spain) in order to determine the anthelmintic resistance status to three commonly used anthelmintics, namely albendazole (ABZ), triclabendazole (TCBZ) and clorsulon (CLOR). The identification of one flock resistant to ABZ and CLOR was shown after the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The reductions in eggs per gram values were -17.6% and -68% against immature and adult flukes, respectively, after ABZ treatment; 85.15% and 44.91% against immature and adult flukes, respectively, after CLOR treatment; and 97.06% against both stages, after the administration of TCBZ. As an alternative to control the infection, two combinations of ABZ and CLOR were tested. In the first, both drugs were administered at the recommended dose of each; in this case, the efficiency reached values above 95% against both immature and adult flukes. However, when the combined drugs were administered at half the recommended dose of each, the efficiency of the combination was very low, i.e. 16.67% and -11.11% against mature and immature flukes, respectively. In conclusion, this preliminary report suggests a possible interaction between ABZ and CLOR after their joint administration. However, these results should be confirmed in other flocks.
Assuntos
Albendazol/uso terapêutico , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Fasciola hepatica/efeitos dos fármacos , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfanilamidas/uso terapêutico , Administração Oral , Albendazol/administração & dosagem , Albendazol/farmacologia , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/administração & dosagem , Benzimidazóis/farmacologia , Benzimidazóis/uso terapêutico , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Fasciolíase/tratamento farmacológico , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Sulfanilamidas/administração & dosagem , Sulfanilamidas/farmacologia , TriclabendazolRESUMO
The aim of this work was to know the anthelmintic resistance (AR) status of a Spanish sheep flock infected by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and the possible cross resistance among anthelmintics of the macrocyclic lactones (ML) family. The Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was carried out to check the efficacy of albendazole (Zodalben®), levamisole (LEV) (Endex®) and an oral formulation of ivermectin (IVM) (Oramec®), at the recommended dose rates. Then, the study was extended to check the cross resistance between drugs of the ML family: injectable IVM (Ivomec®), oral moxidectin (Cydectin®), injectable moxidectin (Biodectin®) and doramectin (Dectomax®), at the recommended dose rates. The GIN species were identified after faecal cultures in all groups. The FECRT showed the resistance of a Teladorsagia circumcincta isolate against LEV (39-58%), IVM (88-92%) and doramectin (85%). This study is the first report to confirm the side resistance between these MLs, which belong to the avermectin chemical group, in a Spanish sheep flock. The in vitro efficacy of LEV and IVM was measured by the Larval Feeding Inhibition Assay (LFIA) using the IC(50) measurement (concentration needed to inhibit the ingestion of 50% L1). The values of the multidrug resistant isolate were 0.25 µg/ml for LEV and 3 ng/ml for IVM. Both results were higher than the values obtained with a susceptible isolate, which could be indicative of AR. However, further research examining the response of a greater range of susceptible and resistant nematodes isolates should be carried out to establish a discrimination threshold.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Ovinos/parasitologia , Trichostrongyloidea/efeitos dos fármacos , Trichostrongyloidea/isolamento & purificação , Administração Oral , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Fezes/microbiologia , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Injeções Intravenosas , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas , EspanhaRESUMO
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a single treatment with a long-acting injectable formulation of moxidectin (MOX) at 1.0 mg/kg bodyweight (b.w.) against natural infection by nasal bots (Oestrus ovis) in sheep with special attention to first instar larvae (L1). Firstly, a local farm with clinical history of oestrosis was chosen to conduct the assay. A total of 49 sheep were pre-selected at the end of the summer according to the presence of evident clinical signs of infection and confirmed later by means of an indirect ELISA against excretory-secretory products from L1 to detect IgG antibodies. After that, 24 sheep were chosen to carry out the study on the basis of positive serology and age since the oldest ones were selected. The day 0 of the assay, the treatment group was administered with the MOX formulation by subcutaneous injection at the base of the left ear and the control group was administered with a saline solution in the same way. All sheep were slaughtered on day 28 post-treatment (pt). At the necropsy, the head of all sheep were cut off and split into two sagital sections and all larvae from nasal passages, septum, middle meatus, conchae and sinuses were recovered. After the necropsy, a significant number of L1 was only found in the control group and therefore the efficacy of the MOX formulation was only calculated against this stage. As a result, the formulation was 90.2% effective against L1 for sheep slaughtered at day 28 pt.
Assuntos
Dípteros/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrolídeos/uso terapêutico , Miíase/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologia , Animais , Preparações de Ação Retardada , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Larva/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrolídeos/administração & dosagem , Miíase/tratamento farmacológico , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to update the anthelmintic resistance (AR) status in sheep flocks infected by gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) by means of in vivo and in vitro methods in the northwest of Spain. With this objective, we studied the efficacy of benzimidazoles (BZs), imidazothiazoles (IMs) and macrocyclic lactones (MLs), between 2006 and 2011. The sampling area was the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León but the majority of the flocks were located in the province of León. When the mean of GIN eggs per gram (epg) in faeces in a flock was higher than 150, the in vivo Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was carried out. According to this test, AR was present in 63.6% of flocks, independently of the anthelmintic used. Flocks were mainly resistant to levamisole (LEV) (59.0%), followed by ivermectin (IVM) (27.3%) and albendazole (13.6%). Multidrug-resistance was also observed in 27.2% of the flocks, one of them being resistant to all anthelmintic families, including long-acting moxidectin. Comparing the evolution of AR in the last decade, between 1999 and 2011, the level of resistance to BZs and MLs was fairly constant throughout the time by means of the FECRT. However, the resistance to LEV increased significantly in only one decade since during the period 1999-2003 the percentage was 38.5%. The AR status was also measured by in vitro techniques in those flocks with an egg output lower than 150 epg. The prevalence of AR to BZs reached the 35.3% by Egg Hatch Assay. However, the level of resistance reported for LEV and IVM was 61.5% and 23.5%, respectively, by using the Larval Feeding Inhibition Assay, percentages very similar to those reported with the FECRT.
Assuntos
Anti-Helmínticos/farmacologia , Anti-Helmínticos/uso terapêutico , Resistência a Medicamentos , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Nematoides/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Doenças dos Ovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Fezes/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Nematoides/tratamento farmacológico , OvinosRESUMO
We have evaluated the efficacy in sheep of a combination drench formulation at the recommended dose rate of 0.2 mg moxidectin/kg bodyweight and 10 mg triclabendazole/kg bodyweight against an experimental infection with Fasciola hepatica and a natural infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. We confirmed that the efficacy of reducing fecal egg output was 98.3% for trichostrongyle eggs and 100% for F. hepatica eggs. Based on adult worm and fluke recovery, the efficacy varied according to the target species. A reduction was found in the number of Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus spp., Nematodirus spp., and Trichuris spp. greater than 95%, but the efficacy for Oesophagostomum spp. varied, with values below 90%. The reduction in F. hepatica was higher than 95% for all stages. The effectiveness of the formulation was also confirmed by an increase in total proteins and albumin following treatment.