Discovery of facultative parthenogenesis in a new world crocodile.

Over the past two decades, there has been an astounding growth in the documentation of vertebrate facultative parthenogenesis (FP). This unusual reproductive mode has been documented in birds, non-avian reptiles-specifically lizards and snakes-and elasmobranch fishes. Part of this growth among vertebrate taxa is attributable to awareness of the phenomenon itself and advances in molecular genetics/genomics and bioinformatics, and as such our understanding has developed considerably. Nonetheless, questions remain as to its occurrence outside of these vertebrate lineages, most notably in Chelonia (turtles) and Crocodylia (crocodiles, alligators and gharials). The latter group is particularly interesting because unlike all previously documented cases of FP in vertebrates, crocodilians lack sex chromosomes and sex determination is controlled by temperature. Here, using whole-genome sequencing data, we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence of FP in a crocodilian, the American crocodile, Crocodylus acutus. The data support terminal fusion automixis as the reproductive mechanism; a finding which suggests a common evolutionary origin of FP across reptiles, crocodilians and birds. With FP now documented in the two main branches of extant archosaurs, this discovery offers tantalizing insights into the possible reproductive capabilities of the extinct archosaurian relatives of crocodilians and birds, notably members of Pterosauria and Dinosauria.

Breeding behaviour predicts patterns of natural hybridization in North American minnows (Cyprinidae).

Premating barriers such as variation in reproductive behaviour can evolve quickly, but because gametic and postzygotic incompatibilities often evolve more slowly, circumstances that bring gametes into contact can breach the boundaries of premating isolation. In aquatic environments, the gametes of organisms with external fertilization are released into a constantly moving environment and may come into contact with heterospecific gametes. In fishes, nest association (spawning in another species' nest) is a behaviour that brings gametes from different species into close spatiotemporal proximity. These interactions might increase chances of hybridization, especially when multiple species associate with a single nest builder. This study addresses these interactions in the largest clade of North American freshwater fishes, the minnows (Cyprinidae). We compiled a list of over 17,000 hybrid specimens in conjunction with species distribution data, breeding behaviours, and an inferred phylogeny to test if breeding behaviour, in addition to evolutionary history, is an important predictor of hybridization. We find that breeding behaviour is a significant predictor of hybridization, even when phylogenetic relatedness and divergence time are accounted for. Specifically, nest associates are more likely to hybridize with other nest associates whereas non-nesting species had relatively low rates of hybridization.

Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater.

BACKGROUND: Across the tree of life there are numerous evolutionary transitions between different habitats (i.e., aquatic and terrestrial or marine and freshwater). Many of these dramatic evolutionary shifts parallel developmental shifts that require physiological, anatomical and behavioral changes for survival and reproduction. Diadromy (scheduled movement between marine and freshwater) has been characterized as a behavior that acts as an evolutionary intermediate state between marine and freshwater environments, implying that diadromous lineages are evolutionarily transient. This hypothesis comes with assumptions regarding the rates of evolutionary transitions in and out of diadromy as well as rates of speciation and extinction in diadromous fishes. RESULTS: Based on a published phylogeny of 7822 species of ray-finned fishes, state speciation and extinction models of evolutionary transition between marine, freshwater, and diadromous species suggest transition rates out of diadromy are 5-100 times higher that transition between marine and freshwater or into diadromy. Additionally, high speciation and low extinction rates separate diadromous fishes from marine and freshwater species. As a result, net diversification (net diversification = speciation - extinction) is about 7-40 times higher in diadromous fishes compared to freshwater and marine respectively. Together the transition, speciation, and extinction rates suggest diadromy is the least stable of the three states. CONCLUSION: Evolutionary transitions to diadromy are rare in fishes. However, once established, diversification rates in diadromous lineages are high compared to both marine and freshwater species. Diadromous lineages tend to be more transient than marine or freshwater lineages and are found to give rise to marine and freshwater specialists in addition to diadromous descendants. Although diadromy is not a necessary evolutionary intermediate between marine and freshwater, these results support the interpretation of diadromy as an important, occasionally intermediate state, that contributes to biodiversity in fishes in all environments. This evolutionary instability of diadromous lineages is counteracted by their relatively high diversification rates. These findings highlight the importance of integrating the dynamics of diversification and major evolutionary transitions for understanding macroevolutionary patterns.

Insights into genetic variation and demographic history of sharpnose rays: examinations of three species of Telatrygon (Elasmobranchii, Dasyatidae) from the Indo-West Pacific.

Coastal and demersal chondrichthyans (sharks, rays, and skates) are expected to exhibit high levels of genetic differentiation in areas of complex geomorphology. Population genetic studies investigating the extent to which demographic history shapes the genetic structure of these fishes are rare. Here, we combined mitochondrial DNA (Cytb and ND2) and 8 nuclear microsatellite loci from 244 individuals to examine the population genetic structure and demographic history of the 3 Indo-West Pacific species of sharpnose rays (Telatrygon zugei, Telatrygon biasa, and Trygon crozieri). High levels of genetic variation both within and between species were identified. Phylogenetic analysis partitioned haplotypes into 2 lineages supporting divergence of T. zugei from T. crozieri and T. biasa during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, microsatellite-based clustering analyses identified 4 genetic groups (i.e. T. zugei from Japan, T. zugei from coastal China, T. biasa from Gulf of Thailand, and T. crozieri from the Andaman Sea). Measurements of genetic differentiation also support these 4 groups. Additionally, Pleistocene demographic expansions were examined in all genetic groups. The climate oscillations and current hydrologic cycles in the Indo-West Pacific appear to coincide with the hypothesis regarding speciation and the observed demographic history trends of the sharpnose rays. Considering the species group has, until recently, been thought to be one species, these results are critical for defining management units and guiding conservation efforts to preserve stingray biodiversity.