Toddlers may be getting enough iron in long day-care services after all.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has suggested that toddlers are not provided with adequate dietary iron in long-day care (LDC) services. However, the iron bioavailability provided is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the amount and bioavailability of iron provided to toddlers aged 2-3 years at LDC services. METHODS: A cross-sectional audit was conducted using a 2-day weighed food record of 30 LDC services. Iron provision (not child intake) in LDC services across Perth, Australia was compared with the estimated average requirements (EAR) and LDC services provision guidelines (50% of EAR = 2 mg/day based on a 14% bioavailability factor). Bioavailability was estimated per mealtime using haem and non-haem iron, ascorbic acid, animal protein, calcium, soy, eggs and phytates using two pre-existing algorithms (by A. P. Rickard and colleagues and H. Hallberg and H. Hulten). RESULTS: Median iron supplied (2.52 mg/day, interquartile range [IQR] = 2.43-3.17) was above the 50% of EAR of 2.0 mg/day (p < 0.001). Median bioavailable iron was 0.6 mg/day (IQR = 0.54-0.8) using the method of Rickard et al. and 0.51 mg/day (IQR = 0.43, 0.76 using that of Hallberg and Hulthen). The top three foods contributing to iron provision were bread, breakfast cereals and beef. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that LDC services in Perth are meeting the minimum recommendation of provision of 50% of the iron EAR, and also that toddlers are provided with sufficient bioavailable iron. Future strategies should focus on promoting food combinations to maintain the iron bioavailability in meals currently served at LDC services.

Investigating the perspectives of older adults in residential aged care on oral health-related quality of life.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to explore how older people living in a residential aged care facility perceived that their oral health influenced their food preferences and attitudes towards food, their social interactions and their self-esteem. BACKGROUND: Poor oral health can have biological, behavioural and social impacts on quality of life among older adults (aged 65+ years). In terms of biological impacts, oral health impairments may cause older adults to avoid many types of foods. This shift in dietary pattern can lead to malnutrition among older people, undermine general health and negatively impact quality of life (QOL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a mixed methods approach, quantitative data from the General Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) were explored and supported by data from semi-structured interviews with 10 older adults from a residential aged care facility in Perth, (Australia) to provide insights into their oral health-related quality of life. Thematic analysis of qualitative data was guided by the conceptual framework informed by Locker. RESULTS: The average GOHAI score was 32.9 ± 3.6, which indicated that participants had an average oral health-related quality of life. Participants coped with oral functional problems by adopting personal strategies and seeking organisational assistance. Some participants appeared to have accepted associated changes to their physical appearance, while others reported significant dissatisfaction and low self-esteem. Perceptions differed on their social interactions at the facility, from being self-conscious about their own oral health problems, to distaste at others' eating behaviours. CONCLUSIONS: Poor oral health had negative biological, behavioural and social impacts on daily activities and quality of life among some participants. However, changes at the organisation level may help to support participant QOL.

Nursing students doing gender: Implications for higher education and the nursing profession.

The average age of women nursing students in Australia is rising. With this comes the likelihood that more now begin university with family responsibilities, and with their lives structured by the roles of mother and partner. Women with more traditionally gendered ideas of these roles, such as nurturing others and self-sacrifice, are known to be attracted to nursing as a profession; once at university, however, these students can be vulnerable to gender role stress from the competing demands of study. A qualitative research design, guided by Gadamer's hermeneutic philosophy, explored the gendered behaviours and experiences of 22 women nursing students, all of whom had children and began university in a heterosexual intimate relationship. The findings reveal traditional ideas of gender were almost universal among participants, and these ideas had a significant influence on the nursing degree experience. Participants commonly prioritised family over the university and practiced maternal gatekeeping (prevention of male partner involvement in domestic work). These traditionally gendered behaviours, coupled with experiences of gender role stress, had a detrimental impact on participants' capacity to study and their personal wellbeing. The importance of these findings to the burgeoning nursing workforce shortage nursing is considered in terms of student retention and the supply of graduates into the profession. The implications to the nursing profession are also explored against the evidence that nursing students with traditional gender beliefs are less likely to develop as autonomous, critical thinking nurses compared to their gender-egalitarian peers. The introduction of gender theory via critical pedagogy in the undergraduate nursing degree curriculum is recommended to enlighten and empower women nursing students and promote the competence, agility, and sustainability of the nursing profession.

Improving the Transition of Older Adults into Residential Aged Care: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVES: The transition into residential aged care (RAC) is often associated with loss, grief, isolation and loneliness. This scoping review aimed to identify quantitative research which focused on reducing the negative effects associated with transition, thereby improving the transition experience. METHODS: A scoping review, which concentrated on quantitative research, was conducted. MEDLINE, CINAHL andPSYCHINFO databases were searched using the initial search terms "olderadults", "residential aged care" and "transition". RESULTS: From the 457 original citations identified, four met the inclusion criteria. The interventions used a range of professionals and clinicians, diverse content, and a mixture of outcomes. The content of the more successful studies were underpinned by mental wellness themes and helped to reduce depressive symptoms among new residents. CONCLUSIONS: Our review provides a summary of interventions aimed at improving the transition experience for older adults moving into RAC and highlights gaps in the literature. This review is limited by the paucity of quantitative research in this area. Further research is required to address the negative psychosocial effects associated with transition into RAC. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Assessing which of the transition phases an individual is in can help individualize interventions to reduce negative symptoms relating to transition.

Applying the 4Ps of social marketing to retain and engage participants in longitudinal cohort studies: generation 2 Raine study participant perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Investigations of participant retention in longitudinal health and medical research, document  strategies that work best but overlook social marketing's capacity to influence participant retention. After applying the social marketing framework: the idea that determining what longitudinal participants 'buy' (product), at what cost (price), in what location (place) and through which communication channels (promotion),  this paper  aims to inform and enhance retention efforts. METHODS: This qualitative study was conducted through in-depth interviews with participants from the Raine Study that began in Western Australia in 1989. The Generation 2 participants, initially enrolled into the Raine Study as babies by their parents (Generation 1), are now young adults invited to attend follow-up studies and tests every few years. Our study defined 'active' participants (n = 17) as those who agreed to attend their 27 year follow-up, and 'inactive' (n = 12) participants as those who had attended neither of the past two follow-ups (22 and 27 years). RESULTS: Raine Study participants experienced core, actual and augmented product benefits. Inactive participants focused on the costs (price) associated with participation, and were more likely to suggest tele-health (place) strategies to overcome barriers to follow-up attendance. Both active and inactive participants found professional processes and friendly staff made the Raine Study environment appealing, suggested that social media (promotion) was underutilised, and offered novel ideas to enhance engagement. CONCLUSIONS: Social marketing can support the development of differentiated strategies addressing the unique needs and wants of active and inactive participants. Sophisticated cohort segmentation can reach participants in a more meaningful way, reinforce the study 'brand' and guard against attrition.

A multifaceted approach increased staff confidence to develop outside of school hours care as a health promoting setting.

BACKGROUND: Outside-of-school-hours-care (OSHC) services are well positioned to influence the health behaviours of 489, 800 Australian children, and are an important setting for health promotion given the current rates of childhood overweight and obesity and associated health risks. OSHC Professionals are ideally placed to become positive influencers in this setting, although they may require training and support to confidently perform this role. This study piloted a multifaceted intervention strategy to increase OSHC Professional's confidence and competencies, to support a health promoting OSHC environment with a nutrition and physical activity focus. METHODS: A mixed methods approach was used. Nineteen OSHC Professionals participated in the study, including a face-to-face workshop, supported by a closed Facebook group and website. Role adequacy (self-confidence) and legitimacy (professional responsibility) were measured pre and post workshop and evaluated using non-parametric statistics. Facebook interactions were monitored, and four participants undertook qualitative exit interviews to discuss their experiences with the intervention. RESULTS: Pre-workshop 68% of participants had not received any OSHC-specific health promotion training. Post-workshop significant improvements in confidence about menu planning, accessing nutrition information, activities and recipes was observed (P < 0.05 for all). A significant improvement was observed in role support and role related training (P < 0.05). A high level of support and interaction was observed between participants on Facebook and the website was reported a useful repository of information. CONCLUSIONS: Health promotion training, combined with positive social connections, shared learning experiences, and a website improved OSHC Professionals confidence and capacity to provide a health promoting OSHC environment. Health promotion professional development for OSHC professionals should be mandated as a minimum requirement, and such learning opportunities should be scaffolded with support available through social media interactions and website access.

Mobile phone use and social interactions among caregivers can reduce their ability to provide constant supervision to children at Australian public swimming pools.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Caregivers have a crucial role to play in keeping children safe at public swimming pool facilities, with the most common factor contributing to childhood drowning being a lapse in adult supervision. METHODS: A mixed methods approach was used to collect observations (n = 301) and interviews (n = 10) with caregivers of children aged 0-10 years at two public swimming pool facilities located in the Perth metropolitan area, Western Australia (WA). RESULTS: Of the 449 children observed, children aged 6-10 years were significantly less likely to be provided with ideal supervision (26%) compared to younger children aged 0-5 years (62%). Of the caregivers who were using their mobile phone while supervising children (n = 100, 22% of children observed), none provided ideal supervision. Overall supervision levels among caregivers differed with gender, with only 44% (n = 74) of female caregivers providing ideal supervision, compared to 72% (n = 96) of male caregivers. The 10 interviews revealed several themes, including the following: caregivers' perceptions of their supervision responsibilities; barriers to supervision; and awareness and perceptions of a communications campaign designed by the Royal Life Saving WA Branch, known as Watch Around Water (WAW). CONCLUSION: Caregiver supervision at public swimming pools remains an important issue, particularly the use of mobile phones and its deleterious impact on supervision. The WAW program plays an integral role in educating caregivers of supervision responsibilities. Furthermore, this study adds to the limited evaluation of the WAW program, and thus will help guide future improvements to ensure caregiver supervision is consistent. SO WHAT?: Further research is needed to create strategies to reduce mobile phone use among caregivers, in order to provide safer swimming environments.

Informing retention in longitudinal cohort studies through a social marketing lens: Raine Study Generation 2 participants' perspectives on benefits and barriers to participation.

BACKGROUND: Longitudinal cohort studies have made significant contributions to medical discoveries and provide the impetus for health interventions which reduce the risk of disease. Establishing and maintaining these cohorts is challenging and costly. While some attrition is unavoidable, maintaining a sufficient number of participants ensures that results remain representative and free from bias. Numerous studies have investigated ways to reduce attrition but few studies have sought to understand the experience of participants, and none have examined this through a social marketing framework. This first paper in a two part-series describes participants' experiences according to: benefits, barriers, motivators and influencers. The second paper uses this understanding to address issues relating to the 4Ps (product, price, place, promotion) of social marketing. METHODS: Participants were recruited from the Raine Study, a pregnancy cohort study that has been running in Western Australia since 1989. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 29 active and inactive participants from the Generation 2 cohort, who were originally enrolled in the Raine Study at birth by their parents (Generation 1). 'Active' participants (n = 17) were defined as those who agreed to attend their 27 year follow-up, while 'inactive' (n = 12) participants were defined as those who had not attended either of the past two follow-ups (at 22 and 27 years). RESULTS: There were considerable differences between active and inactive participants, with active participants perceiving far more personal and collective benefits from their participation. Inactive participants described being constrained by structural barriers around work and life, whereas active participants were able to overcome them to attend follow-ups. Inactive participants also described the value of extrinsic incentives which might motivate their attendance, and active participants described the role of their parents as significant influencers in their propensity to remain in the study. CONCLUSIONS: This paper provides rich descriptions of what participation in a long-running study means to participants. Use of a social marketing framework ensured that participants were constructed as 'human consumers' who are influenced by individual and broader social systems. Understanding participants in this way means that differentiated strategies can be tailored to enhance retention.

The study protocol for a pseudo-randomised pre-post designed controlled intervention trial to study the effects of a 7-week cooking program on self-efficacy and biomarkers of health: the ECU lifestyle and biomarkers get connected study (ECULABJMOF) including the Jamie's Ministry of Food WA participant experience.

BACKGROUND: Australia, like other nations, has experienced a shift in dietary patterns away from home cooking of nutritious foods, towards a reliance on pre-prepared convenience meals. These are typically energy-dense, nutrient-poor and contribute to the rising prevalence of obesity and chronic disease burden. The aims of this study were to evaluate whether a community-based cooking program instigated a change to participants' skills, attitudes, knowledge, enjoyment and satisfaction of cooking and cooking confidence (self-efficacy). METHODS: The pseudo-random, pre-post study design consisted of an intervention and a control group. Participant recruitment and group allocation was based on their program start dates. Intervention participants were surveyed three times (baseline, 7 weeks and 6 months) and the control group were surveyed at baseline and 5 weeks. All participants were registered via an online website and were 18 years or over. Upon consent, participants were offered four levels of commitment, defined by different assessments. The minimum participation level included an online survey and levels 2, 3 and 4 involved attendance at a clinic with increasing functional, anthropometric and biomarker measurements. Primary endpoints were participants' cooking confidence as a proxy for self-efficacy. Secondary endpoints were dietary intake, physical activity levels, body composition, anthropometry, blood, urine and faecal biomarkers of systemic, physical and mental health. DISCUSSION: The community cooking program provided participants with information and advice on food sourcing, preparation and nutrition to improve home cooking skills. The study was designed to explore whether food literacy programs are efficacious in improving participant physical health and well-being in order to combat the rise in obesity and diet-related disease. It will support future use of public health cooking program initiatives aimed at improving food literacy, self-efficacy and physical and mental health. The extensive data collected will inform future research into the relationship between diet, the gut-microbiota and human health. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered on 16.08.2019 with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). ACTRN12619001144101 . Protocol version 4.

Fat talk: Influences on body image in childcare.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: This research explored the use of "fat talk" by early childhood educators and their awareness of their potential influence on the developing body image of young children. METHODS: Mixed methods comprising focus groups, telephone interviews and demographic surveys with 44 early childhood educators Australia-wide. RESULTS: Findings showed many educators in this research recognised that they had a role to play in the development of children's body image, though some were unsure when body image began to develop. Educators engaged widely in "fat talk," in the vicinity of children or other educators, and accepted such talk as normal. DISCUSSION: "Fat talk" features in the workplace and is commonly used by early childhood educators. Its influence on the development of body image on young children did not appear to be well understood by early years' educators or of a concern to them. CONCLUSIONS: Since body image develops in children from around three years of age, the role of early childhood educators in its development should not be overlooked. SO WHAT? RELEVANCE TO HEALTH PROMOTION: Body image is a misunderstood public health concern, with long-term impacts on weight, mental health and physical health. Promotion of positive body image and the early recognition of body image disturbance are crucial, as children who exhibit body dissatisfaction in their formative years have a greater risk of severe body image disturbance as they progress through childhood and adolescence. Since early childhood educators spend significant time with children, encouraging them to avoid engaging in "fat talk" and instead to promote positive body image is warranted.

Measuring food provision in Western Australian long day care (LDC) services: a weighed food record method/protocol at a service level.

BACKGROUND: There are currently 1.3 million children utilising Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) services in Australia. Long day care (LDC), family day care and out of school hours care currently provide this service in different environments. This research reports findings from a LDC perspective. Children can consume 40-67% of their food intake whilst at LDC services, this highlights the importance of monitoring food provision at a service level. There are several methods to measure food provision which typically focus on intake at an individual level. There is limited evidence of measuring food provision accurately at a service level and for young children. Accurate and consistent dietary assessment methods are required to determine compliance with dietary guidelines and to provide rigour for comparison between studies. METHODS: Convenience sampling was used to recruit 30 LDC services and food provision assessed over two consecutive days. To ensure consistency, trained researchers weighed raw food ingredients used in food preparation at each service. Food and food weights were allocated to food groups to determine average serves of food group provision at morning tea, lunch and afternoon tea per child. All data were entered into Foodworks for dietary analysis and compliance with dietary guidelines was assessed using Wilcoxon signed-rank and one-sample t-tests (SPSS). DISCUSSION: This paper outlines the process of data collection for the measurement and auditing of food provision and food waste at a service level. There is an urgent need to ensure that food provision at a service level complies with current dietary guidelines and is accurately assessed. Following a standard method of data collection will allow a more accurate comparison between studies and allow change to be monitored more accurately over time to guide decision makers. TRIAL REGISTRATION: As this research project is conducted at a service level and not a clinical trial, registration was not required.

Social determinants of health: Social forces that shape women and men's knowledge of reproductive health in a resource-limited setting.

Social forces shape people's reproductive health in many ways. We examined people's knowledge about reproductive health using focus group data collected from 93 participants in rural districts of Malawi. Participants' perspectives were contextualized by explaining the socioeconomic, cultural, and gender factors that determine reproductive health for rural Malawians. Strategies to improve reproductive health care in environments lacking in health infrastructure, staff, and economic resources are then provided. We call for a reproductive health agenda to target preventive care by providing information about anatomy and biology, communicating information in culturally competent ways, and educating men and women over the life course.

Communities of practice to facilitate change in health professions education: A realist synthesis.

BACKGROUND: Communities of practice could contribute to transformations in health professions education to meet complex and emerging challenges. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of communities of practice in this setting, and how context influences outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To understand when, why and how communities of practice with health professions education faculty work to facilitate higher education change. DESIGN: A realist synthesis according to the RAMESES standards and steps described by Pawson and colleagues. REVIEW METHODS: Early scoping of the literature informed the development of an initial program theory to describe underlying assumptions about how communities of practice in higher education, implemented with health professions education faculty, were likely to work. The theory was tested and further refined through a realist synthesis. A systematic search for evidence using search terms 'faculty', 'communities of practice' and 'higher education' and related terms was supplemented with citation tracking and hand searching of significant authors and journals. Following study appraisal, data were extracted and synthesised from 21 manuscripts describing 16 communities of practice. The realist synthesis focused on identifying patterns in context-mechanism-outcome interactions, and the alignment with substantive theory. RESULTS: From the included manuscripts, ten context-mechanism-outcome configurations were identified that describe a range of individual, interpersonal and institutional outcomes of communities of practice with health professions education faculty and context-mechanism interactions that contribute to achieving these outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This study expands theoretical understandings of how and why communities of practice work. There is value in communities of practice in the higher education sector, primarily in the field of health professions education. Communities of practice implemented in the context of complex change with participants who have a desire to participate can facilitate change in health professions education, including institutional level changes, through reflection, experiential learning and creating a shared agenda for change. Findings from this study can be used by policy and decision-makers within health education to best apply communities of practice to achieve meaningful outcomes.

Australian older adults' views on using social media for reducing social isolation and loneliness in hearing impaired older adults: A community conversation.

OBJECTIVE(S): The objective of this study was to conduct a community conversation to identify the views of the community members when designing an online community using Facebook to support the psychosocial well-being of hearing-impaired older adults. METHODS: A community conversation was held with 40 older adults aged more than 60 years. The participants were divided into groups of five and asked to discuss three open-ended questions. The researchers facilitated the discussions. RESULTS: The overwhelming response from this group was that they did not use Facebook or social media as a tool for social connection and did not see the benefits of social media applications. They preferred phone calls or in-person events to maintain their social relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for areas of future research and interventions that target loneliness in older adults are discussed.

Fruit and vegetable intake is inversely associated with perceived stress across the adult lifespan.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Poor nutritional habits are linked to higher perceived stress, but the relationship between fruit and vegetable (FV) intake and stress is uncertain. The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the relationship between FV intake and perceived stress in a population-based cohort of men and women aged ≥25 years from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study. A secondary aim was to investigate the relationship between serum carotenoids, biomarkers of FV intake, and perceived stress. METHODS: In Australian men and women, dietary intake was assessed using a Food Frequency Questionnaire in 1999-2000 (n = 8689). Perceived stress was assessed using a validated Perceived Stress Questionnaire [PSQ index values ranging from 0 (lowest) to 1 (highest)]. Serum carotenoids were measured in a subset of participants (n = 1187) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multivariable-adjusted linear and logistic regression were performed to investigate the associations between FV intake and perceived stress. RESULTS: Mean age of participants was 47.4 (SD 14.1) years (49.8% females). Participants with the highest intakes of FV had 10% lower PSQ index values than those with the lowest intake [Q4: 0.27 ± 0.004 vs. Q1: 0.30 ± 0.004 (mean ± SE), p = 0.004]. Similar associations were found for fruits and vegetables, analysed separately. In subgroup analyses higher FV intake was associated with lower perceived stress in the middle-aged adults [≥45-<65 years (p = 0.004)], but not in the younger (<45 years) and older participants (≥65 years). Higher FV intake was also significantly associated with lower perceived stress in men (p = 0.009) and women (p = 0.012), separately. Serum carotenoid levels were inversely associated with perceived stress before, but not after adjusting for age and other confounding factors. CONCLUSION: In Australian adults, higher FV intake was associated with lower perceived stress, particularly in the middle-aged adults. These findings support current recommendations that fruit and vegetables are essential for health and well-being.

Increasing Food Expenditure in Long Day-care by an Extra $0.50 per Child/Day Would Improve Core Food Group Provision.

Early childhood education and care services are a significant feature of Australian family life, where nearly 1.4 million children attended a service in 2019. This paper reports on the cost of food provided to children in long day-care (LDC) services and extrapolates expenditure recommendations to support food provision compliance. A cross-sectional audit of LDC services in metropolitan Perth was conducted to determine food group provision by weighing raw ingredients of meal preparation-morning tea, lunch, and afternoon tea (MT, L, AT). Ingredients were costed at 2017 online metropolitan pricing from a large supermarket chain. Across participating services, 2 days of food expenditure per child/day ranged between $1.17 and $4.03 across MT, L, AT, and averaged $2.00 per child/day. Multivariable analysis suggests that an increase of $0.50 per child/day increases the odds of a LDC service meeting >50% of Australian Dietary Guideline (ADG) recommendations across ≥4 core food groups by fourfold (p = 0.03). Given the fact that the literature regarding food expenditure at LDC services is limited, this study provides information about food expenditure variation that impacts planning and provision of nutritionally balanced menus recommended for children. An average increase of food expenditure of $0.50 per child/day would increase food provision compliance.

Sharing is Caring: A Study of Food-Sharing Practices in Australian Early Childhood Education and Care Services.

Food connects people, and can significantly impact the physical, social and emotional development of young children. Food sharing and family-style mealtimes can support healthy eating practices and psychological well-being among young children, and carersother than family members, such as Early Childhood Education and Care staff, play an important role in the provision of these practices. Despite increasing numbers of Australian children attending Early Childhood Education and Care services, there is often reluctance among staff to promote such mealtime practices, to the detriment of children's social and emotional development. The aim of this paper was to focus on the potential role of Early Childhood Education and Care services in facilitating food sharing and family-style mealtime practices in the earliest stages of the lifespan. A qualitative, netnographic approach was used, and data was collected as part of the broader 'Supporting Nutrition for Australian Childcare' (SNAC) study, via online conversation threads, observations and qualitative interviews. Findings demonstrated that whilst many Early Childhood Education and Care services are committed to supporting food sharing and family-style mealtime practices, a number of barriers were reported. These included the perception that babies and toddlers could not participate in these practices, concerns about food hygiene and cross contamination of allergens, and negative parental influences on food sharing. In conclusion, this paper supports the practice of food sharing in Early Childhood Education and Care settings and calls for them to become embedded in everyday operations to support the physical, social and emotional development of Australia's future generations.

'A lot better than medicine' - Self-organised ocean swimming groups as facilitators for healthy ageing.

Exercise, spending time in nature and feeling part of a supportive community all contribute to better physical and mental health and to healthy ageing. This focused ethnography investigates how participation in self-organised ocean swimming groups contributes to healthy ageing amongst older men and women in the Australian coastal city of Perth. It explores the ways marine life, personal experiences and social connectedness mediate their group use of public blue space, and highlights that group membership promotes participants' enhanced health and wellbeing, and supports development of self-efficacy and resilience. These findings suggest that more inclusive access to ocean swimming and other forms of active or adventure-based leisure activities should be advocated from a public health perspective.

The influence of intimate partnerships on nurse student progression: An integrative literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the best available evidence on the influence of intimate partnerships (marriage or de facto relationships) on nurse student progression. BACKGROUND: Projections of future nursing workforce shortages have provided renewed impetus to study pre-registration nurse student progression. Factors external to the university are highly influential for non-traditional student groups such as nursing. As the average age of nurse students' rise, the influence of intimate partnerships requires investigation. DATA SOURCES: An international integrative review was conducted in literature from 1990 to 2015 across a range of databases. REVIEW METHODS: A structured approach was used for data collection, analysis and evaluation, resulting in a selection of 17 international papers. RESULTS: There were few common definitions, and little agreement regarding measurement of key factors and variables across the literature. Research into partnership influences on nurse student progression was minimal however findings across a range of disciplines revealed partner support as a principal influence; enabling or hindering the student's social and academic university involvement. Given that nursing is a highly feminised profession, the finding that support was less forthcoming from female students' male partners than vice versa was a particular concern. Women students reported challenging their partners' traditional domestic gender role expectations, which sometimes led, to relationship conflict and breakdown, further impeding their ability to progress. CONCLUSION: Lesser support from their male partners may have unwelcome implications for the progression of the increasing population of mature-age women nurse students. The comparatively few studies and their diversity limit the applicability of the review findings to current nurse education. With workforce sustainability threatened, studies directly investigating the influence of partnerships on nurse student progression are required, employing standardised and transparent terms and measurements.