Combining Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Systemic Monocyte Evaluation for the Implementation of GBM Management.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for glioblastoma (GBM) patient evaluation. Additional non-invasive diagnostic modalities are needed. GBM is heavily infiltrated with tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that can be found in peripheral blood. FKBP51s supports alternative-macrophage polarization. Herein, we assessed FKBP51s expression in circulating monocytes from 14 GBM patients. The M2 monocyte phenotype was investigated by qPCR and flow cytometry using antibodies against PD-L1, CD163, FKBP51s, and CD14. MRI assessed morphologic features of the tumors that were aligned to flow cytometry data. PD-L1 expression on circulating monocytes correlated with MRI tumor necrosis score. A wider expansion in circulating CD163/monocytes was measured. These monocytes resulted in a dramatic decrease in patients with an MRI diagnosis of complete but not partial surgical removal of the tumor. Importantly, in patients with residual tumor, most of the peripheral monocytes that in the preoperative stage were CD163/FKBP51s- had turned into CD163/FKBP51s+. After Stupp therapy, CD163/FKBP51s+ monocytes were almost absent in a case of pseudoprogression, while two patients with stable or true disease progression showed sustained levels in such circulating monocytes. Our work provides preliminary but meaningful and novel results that deserve to be confirmed in a larger patient cohort, in support of potential usefulness in GBM monitoring of CD163/FKBP51s/CD14 immunophenotype in adjunct to MRI.

Neuro-Oncology Multidisciplinary Tumor Board: The Point of View of the Neuroradiologist.

BACKGROUND: The multi-disciplinary tumor board (MTB) is essential to quality cancer care and currently recommended to offer the best personalized clinical approach, but little has been published regarding MTBs in neuro-oncology (nMTBs). The aim of the present paper is to describe our nMTB, to evaluate its impact on clinical management decisions, and to assess the role of neuroradiologists. METHODS: The retrospective evaluation of the cases discussed at our nMTB from March 2017 to March 2020. From the electronic records, we extracted epidemiological, clinical and other specific data of nMTB. From the radiological records, we calculated data relating to the number, time for revision, and other specifications of MRI re-evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: a total of 447 discussions were analyzed, representing 342 patients. The requests for case evaluations came from radiation oncologists (58.8%) and neurosurgeons (40.5%), and were mainly addressed to the neuroradiologist (73.8%). The most frequent questions were about the treatment's changes (64.4%). The change in patient treatment was reported in 40.5% of cases, 76.8% of these were based on the neuroradiologic assessment. A total of 1514 MRI examinations were re-evaluated, employing approximately 67 h overall. The median of the MRI exams reviewed per patient was 3 (min-max 1-12). CONCLUSIONS: Our study supported that the multidisciplinary approach to patient care can be particularly effective in managing brain tumors. A review by an expert neuroradiologist impacts patient management in the context of nMTBs, but has costs in terms of the time and effort spent preparing for it.

Color-coded multiphase computed tomography angiography may predict outcome in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether arterial and venous color-coded mCTA score may predict clinical outcome in anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: Consecutive patients referred to the emergency department with anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke (AIS) were retrospectively reviewed at our center. All patients underwent multimodal brain computed tomography (CT) imaging, including non-contrast CT (NCCT) and multiphase computed tomography angiography (mCTA). Baseline collateral scores of color-coded mCTA, also known as ColorViz, and conventional mCTA were recorded. mCTA was assessed by a 6-point scale whereas color-coded mCTA was assessed by a 3-point scale. In the Color-coded maps, a different color is assigned to intracranial vessels based on the arrival time of the contrast medium and on a per-person adaptive threshold technique. We compared the radiological and clinical features of a group of patients who reached independency (defined as modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 2) with those of patients who did not. A multivariate logistic regression model was then used to assess the potential of color-coded mCTA scores to predict patients' outcome after AIS. RESULTS: A total of 86 patients (36 M, 50 F) were enrolled in the study. Multivariate logistic regression showed that score 3 at Color-coded mCTA was a good predictor of favorable outcome (p = 0.003). Moreover, NIHSS at onset (p = 0.004) and discharge (p < 0.001) along with ischemic core area (p = 0.011) were significant predictors of favorable prognosis. CONCLUSION: our data confirm that ColorViz is a useful and easily understandable neuroimaging tool that might have a predictive role in assessing the outcome of anterior circulation acute ischemic stroke patients regardless of revascularization therapy.

Role of Favorable Perfusion Imaging in Predicting the Outcome of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke due to Large Vessel Occlusion Undergoing Effective Thrombectomy: A Single-Center Study.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to verify the predicting role of a favorable profile on computed tomography perfusion (CTP) in the outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to large vessel occlusion (LVO) undergoing effective mechanical thrombectomy (MT). METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 25 patients with AIS due to LVO and with a CTP study showing the presence of ischemic penumbra who underwent effective MT, regardless of the time of onset. The controls were 25 AIS patients with overlapping demographics and clinical and computed tomography angiography features at admission who had undergone successful MT within 6 h from onset and without a previous CTP study. The outcome measure was the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at 90 days. RESULTS: Sixty-four percent of the study patients had an mRS score of 0-1 at 90 days versus 12% of the control patients (p < 0.001). Patients of the study group had a more favorable distribution of disability scores (median mRS [IQR] score of 0 [0-2] vs. 2 [2-3]). Multivariate analysis showed that the selection of patients based on a favorable CTP study was strongly associated (p < 0.001) with a better neurological outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In our small-sized and retrospective study, the presence of ischemic penumbra was associated with a better clinical outcome in patients with AIS due to LVO after MT. In the future, a larger and controlled study with similar criteria of enrollment is needed to further validate the role of CTP in patient selection for MT, regardless of the time from the onset of symptoms.

ColorViz, a New and Rapid Tool for Assessing Collateral Circulation during Stroke.

Prognosis of patients with acute ischemic stroke is strictly related to the patency and prominence of the collateral leptomeningeal pathways distal to the arterial occlusion. The gold standard for assessment of collateral circulation is conventional angiography, but it is invasive and used in selected cases. To date, the most reliable technique is multiphase CTA; currently, the available classifications of collateral circles are often complex, time-consuming, and require a trained observer. The purpose of our work is to establish the effectiveness of a new semi-automatic post-processing software (ColorViz FastStroke, GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) in evaluation of collateral circulation compared to the six-point classifications of multiphase CTA already validated in literature. We selected 86 patients with anterior ischemic stroke symptoms who underwent multiphasic CTA in our emergency department. Two radiologists separately evaluated the collateral leptomeningeal vessels, analyzing respectively, the multiphase CTA (using the six-point scale and its trichotomized form) and ColorViz (using a three-point scale). Then the results were matched. We found a good correlation between the two different analyses; the main advantage of ColorViz is that, while maintaining fast diagnostic times, it allows a simpler and more immediate evaluation of collateral circulation, especially for less experienced radiologists.