Vomiting after intrathecal chemotherapy under anesthesia in pediatric patients with hematologic cancers: A cohort study.

INTRODUCTION: Despite preventive strategies, vomiting is an adverse event affecting patients with cancer. However, literature on the incidence and risk factors for vomiting in pediatric patients with cancer are scarce. AIM: To assess the incidence and risk factors for vomiting within 24 h and goodness of fit for the Eberhart score in pediatric patients with hematologic cancers after receiving intrathecal chemotherapy under deep sedation. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included patients under 20 years of age with hematologic cancers who were scheduled to undergo intrathecal chemotherapy under anesthesia. The primary outcome was the occurrence of vomiting within 24 h after the end of anesthesia. Sociodemographic and procedure data and underlying diseases were collected. Patients were monitored during the procedure, in the postanesthesia care unit, and the day after (by phone call). RESULTS: A total of 139 patients were included, and the incidence of vomiting was 30.9% within 24 h after intrathecal chemotherapy under anesthesia, with 90.7% of vomiting prior to 6 h. Prophylactic ondansetron was administered prior to the procedure to 45.3% of patients. Risk factors for vomiting were female gender (hazard ratio: 2.47, 95% confidence interval: 1.35-4.53, p: .003), consolidation phase of treatment (hazard ratio: 2.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.10-4.24, p: .025), and history of kinetosis (hazard ratio: 2.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.31-4.70, p: .005). Incidence of vomit was higher than estimated by the Eberhart score distribution (observed incidence in patients with a score of zero: 33.3%; with a score of one: 28.8%; with a score of two: 60%). CONCLUSION: A high incidence of vomiting was observed within 24 h after intrathecal chemotherapy under propofol deep sedation. Risk factors for this outcome were established (being female, consolidation phase of treatment, and previous kinetosis), and evidence suggested that the Eberhart score was not suitable for the studied population.

Lumbar punctures in thrombocytopenic children with cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Lumbar punctures (LP) in patients presenting thrombocytopenia are linked to the possibility of bleeding and spinal hematomas. The minimum platelet count required for the safe performance of spinal procedures is still under discussion. Children with some oncology diseases require routinely lumbar punctures; such patients often present thrombocytopenia, making this group an ideal population to study the association between lumbar puncture in thrombocytopenic patients and complications. OBJECTIVES: To determine the platelet count of oncology children undergone lumbar punctures and the occurrence of spinal hematomas. METHOD: Observational longitudinal study. It included a retrospective analysis of electronic medical records of oncology patients submitted to LP for intrathecal chemotherapy between January 2004 and October 2011, carried out at the 'Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira (IMIP)', Recife, Brazil. RESULTS: We evaluated 9088 lumbar punctures performed in 440 patients. The platelet count distribution before lumbar punctures was as follows: 25 punctures had zero to 10,000 platelets per mm(3), 67 punctures had between 10,000 and 20,000 platelets per mm(3), 88 had between 20,000 and 30,000 platelets per mm(3), 92 punctures had between 30,000 and 40,000 platelets per mm(3), 107 punctures had between 40,000 and 50,000 platelets per mm(3), and 729 punctures had between 50,000 and 100,000 platelets per mm(3). In this series, the incidence of bloody tap was 16.9% (1112 lumbar punctures of 6552 had more than ten erythrocytes). No complications were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Even in thrombocytopenic patient, an epidural hematoma would be a relatively rare complication following lumbar puncture. Despite the large number of punctures performed on patients with platelet counts below 100,000 mm(-3) (n = 1108), further studies are necessary in order to determine a lower safe platelet count threshold for the performance of lumbar punctures in healthy patients undergoing neuraxial anesthesia.

Prevalence of post-mastectomy pain syndrome and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional cohort study.

This study was designed to determine the prevalence of post-mastectomy pain and its associated risk factors in women submitted to surgical treatment for breast cancer. A cross-sectional cohort study was conducted involving 250 women treated surgically for breast cancer. The variables evaluated were (a) post-mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) (as a dependent variable or outcome) and (b) the patients' social characteristics (schooling, marital status), biological characteristics (body mass index, skin color, age), prior history of headache and dysmenorrhea, occurrence of acute postoperative pain, and type of surgery (mastectomy or quadrantectomy) (as independent or predictive variables). The prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated as a measure of the risk of PMPS. Multivariate analysis was performed using a hierarchical model of stepwise logistic regression that included possible explanatory variables, calculating the adjusted risk of PMPS from the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% CI at a significance level of 5%. PMPS was found in 44.4% of patients. The variables that remained strongly associated with PMPS following multiple logistic regression analysis were quadrantectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy (OR = 2.83; 95% CI: 1.60-5.02), prior history of headache (OR = 1.92; 95% CI: 1.10-3.34), and age <50 years (OR = 4.37; 95% CI: 2.43-7.86). PMPS is a common condition, particularly in women submitted to quadrantectomy with axillary lymphadenectomy, those under 50 years of age, and those with a prior history of headache. Attention should be paid to these factors at preoperative evaluation and counseling, and they should be taken into consideration in postoperative management.

[Anesthesia and perioperative challenges for surgical separation of thoraco-omphalopagus twins: case report]. / Anestesia e desafios perioperátorios para cirurgia de separação de gêmeos toraco­onfalópagos: relato de caso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Conjoined twins are monozygotic twins physically joined at some part of the body. This is a rare phenomenon, estimated between 1:50,000 to 1:200,000 births. The objective of this report is to present the anesthetic management and the perioperative challenges for a separation surgery. CASE REPORT: Thoraco-omphalopagus twins were diagnosed by ultrasound and were followed by the fetal medicine team of the service. After 11hours of cesarean surgery, the pediatric surgical team chose to separate the twins. They were monitored with cardioscopy, oximetry, capnography, nasopharyngeal thermometer, urinary output, and noninvasive blood pressure. We chose inhaled induction with oxygen and 4% Sevoflurane. T1 patient was intubated with a 3.5 uncuffed endotracheal tube, and, after three unsuccessful intubation attempts of patient T2, a number 1 laryngeal mask was used. After securing the twins' airway, the induction was supplemented with fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium. Mechanical ventilation in controlled pressure mode (6mL.kg-1) and lumbar epidural (L1-L2) with 0.2% ropivacaine (2.5mg.kg-1) were used. The pediatric surgical team initiated the separation of the twins via sternotomy, ligation of hepatic vessels. After 2hours of procedure, the separation was completed, continuing the surgical treatment of T1 and the support of T2 until his death. CONCLUSIONS: Conjoined twin separation surgery is a challenge, which requires planning and coordination of a multidisciplinary team during all stages.

[Difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation: observational study]. / Dificuldade na laringoscopia e na intubação orotraqueal: estudo observacional.

INTRODUCTION: Since anesthesia complications associated with unexpected difficult airway are potentially catastrophic, they should be avoided. The modified Mallampati test and jaw-thrust maneuver enable the identification of difficult airway. The aim of this study was to associate the modified Mallampati test and the jaw-thrust maneuver with laryngoscopy (Cormack-Lehane) in an attempt to identify a better predictor of difficult airway in an adult population undergoing elective surgery. METHOD: A cross-sectional study in which 133 adult patients undergoing elective surgery requiring tracheal intubation were analyzed. The accuracy and specificity of the modified Mallampati test and jaw-thrust maneuver were assessed by correlating them with difficult laryngoscopy (Cormack-Lehane Degrees 3 and 4). RESULTS: In the 133 patients evaluated the difficult intubation rate found was 0.8%; there was association between the two predictive tests proposed (p=0.012). The values of 94.5% for specificity and 95.4% for accuracy were found for the jaw-thrust maneuver and for the modified Mallampati test, the values found were 81.1% and 81.2%, respectively. Kappa agreement identified a result of 0.240 between jaw-thrust maneuver and Cormarck-Lehane, which was considered reasonable. On the other hand, a poor agreement (κ=0.06) was seen between modified Mallampati test and Cormarck-Lehane test. CONCLUSION: The jaw-thrust maneuver presented superior accuracy and agreement than the modified Mallampati test, showing the ability to identify a difficult airway. It is necessary to emphasize the association of tests in the evaluation of patients, emphasizing their complementarity to minimize the negative consequences of repeated laryngoscopies.

Perioperative factors associated with delayed graft function in renal transplant patients.

INTRODUCTION: Successful renal transplant and consequent good graft function depend on a good surgical technique, an anesthetic that ensures the hemodynamic stability of the receiver, and appropriate conditions of graft and recipient. Several factors can interfere with the perfusion of the graft and compromise its viability. The objective of this study was to evaluate perioperative factors associated with delayed graft function (DGF) in renal transplantation patients. METHODS: This is a historical cohort study of patients who underwent renal transplantation between 2011 and 2013. Three hundred and ten transplants were analyzed. DGF was defined as the need for dialysis during the first week post-transplant. Logistic regression with a stepwise technique was used to build statistical models. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis revealed the following risk factor for DGF: combined anesthesia technique (OR = 3.81, 95%CI, 1.71 to 9.19), a fluid regimen < 50 mL·kg-1 (OR = 3.71, 95%CI, 1.68 to 8.61), dialysis for more than 60 months (OR = 4.77, 95%CI, 1.93 to 12.80), basiliximab (OR = 3.34, 95%CI, 1.14 to 10.48), cold ischemia time > 12 hour (OR = 5.26, 95%CI, 2.62 to 11.31), living donor (OR = 0.19, 95%CI, 0.02 to 0.65), and early diuresis (OR = 0.02, 95%CI, 0.008 to 0.059). The accuracy of this model was 92.6%, calculated using the area under the ROC curve. The incidence of DGF in the study population was 76.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Combined anesthesia technique, dialysis for more than 60 months, basiliximab, and cold ischemia time > 12 hours are risk factor for DGF, while liberal fluid regimens and kidneys from living donors are protective factors.

[Low back pain during pregnancy]. / Lombalgia na gestação.

OBJECTIVE: Low back pain is a common complaint among pregnant women. It is estimated that about 50% of pregnant women complain of some form of back pain at some point in pregnancy or during the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of low back pain during pregnancy and its characteristics. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with low-risk pregnant women. After approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee and receiving written informed consent, we included pregnant women over 18 years of age and excluded those with psychiatric disorders, previous lumbar pathologies, and receiving treatment for low back pain. RESULTS: We interviewed 97 pregnant women. The frequency of low back pain was 68%. The mean age was 26.2 years and the median gestational age was 30 weeks. Fifty-eight pregnant women declared themselves as brown (58%). Most (88.6%) were married or living in common-law marriage, fifty-six (57.7%) worked outside the home, and 71 (73.2%) had completed high school. Low back pain was more frequent during the second trimester of pregnancy (43.9%), referred to as a "burning" sensation in 37.8% of patients, with intermittent frequency in 96.9% of the women. The symptoms got worse at night (71.2%). Resting reduced low back pain in 43.9% of pregnant women, while the standing position for a long time worsened it in 27.2% of patients. CONCLUSION: Low back pain is common in pregnant women, has specific characteristics, and is more frequent in the second trimester of pregnancy. This indicates the need for prevention strategies that enable better quality of life for pregnant women.

[Anesthesiologists' knowledge about packed red blood cells transfusion in surgical patients]. / Conhecimento dos anestesiologistas sobre transfusão de concentrado de hemácias em pacientes cirúrgicos.

INTRODUCTION: Blood is an important resource in several lifesaving interventions, such as anemia correction and improvement of oxygen transport capacity. Despite advances, packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion still involves risks. The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge of anesthesiologists about the indications, adverse effects, and alternatives to red blood cell transfusion intraoperatively. METHOD: Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire containing multiple choice questions and clinical cases related to relevant factors on the decision whether to perform PRBC transfusion, its adverse effects, hemoglobin triggers, preventive measures, and blood conservation strategies. The questionnaire was filled without the presence of the investigator. Likert scale was used and the average rank of responses was calculated. The Epi Info 7 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS: 79% of the institution's anesthesiologists answered the questionnaire; 100% identified the main adverse effects related to blood transfusion. When asked about the factors that influence the transfusion decision, hemoglobin level had the highest agreement (MR=4.46) followed by heart disease (MR=4.26); hematocrit (MR=4.34); age (RM=4.1) and microcirculation evaluation (MR=4.22). Respondents (82.3%) identified levels of Hb=6g.dL-1 as a trigger to transfuse healthy patient. Regarding blood conservation strategies, hypervolemic hemodilution (MR=2.81) and decided by drugs (MR=2.95) were the least reported. CONCLUSION: We identify a good understanding of anesthesiologists about PRBC transfusion; however, there is a need for refresher courses on the subject.

Intravenous lidocaine for postmastectomy pain treatment: randomized, blind, placebo controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Postoperative pain treatment in mastectomy remains a major challenge despite the multimodal approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine in patients undergoing mastectomy, as well as the postoperative consumption of opioids. METHODS: After approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira in Recife, Pernambuco, a randomized, blind, controlled trial was conducted with intravenous lidocaine at a dose of 3mg/kg infused over 1h in 45 women undergoing mastectomy under general anesthesia. One patient from placebo group was. RESULTS: Groups were similar in age, body mass index, type of surgery, and postoperative need for opioids. Two of 22 patients in lidocaine group and three of 22 patients in placebo group requested opioid (p=0.50). Pain on awakening was identified in 4/22 of lidocaine group and 5/22 of placebo group (p=0.50); in the post-anesthetic recovery room in 14/22 and 12/22 (p=0.37) of lidocaine and placebo groups, respectively. Pain evaluation 24h after surgery showed that 2/22 and 3/22 patients (p=0.50) of lidocaine and placebo groups, respectively, complained of pain. CONCLUSION: Intravenous lidocaine at a dose of 3mg/kg administered over a period of an hour during mastectomy did not promote additional analgesia compared to placebo in the first 24h, and has not decreased opioid consumption. However, a beneficial effect of intravenous lidocaine in selected and/or other therapeutic regimens patients cannot be ruled out.

[Intravenous lidocaine for post-mastectomy pain treatment: randomized, blind, placebo controlled clinical trial]. / Lidocaína intravenosa no tratamento da dor pós-mastectomia: ensaio clínico aleatório encoberto placebo controlado.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Postoperative pain treatment in mastectomy remains a major challenge despite the multimodal approach. The aim of this study was to investigate the analgesic effect of intravenous lidocaine in patients undergoing mastectomy, as well as the postoperative consumption of opioids. METHODS: After approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira in Recife, Pernambuco, a randomized, blind, controlled trial was conducted with intravenous lidocaine at a dose of 3 mg/kg infused over one hour in 45 women undergoing mastectomy under general anesthesia. One patient from placebo group was RESULTS: Groups were similar in age, body mass index, type of surgery, and postoperative need for opioids. Two of 22 patients in lidocaine group and three of 22 patients in placebo group requested opioid (p=0.50). Pain on awakening was identified in 4/22 of lidocaine group and 5/22 of placebo group (p=0.50); in the post-anesthetic recovery room in 14/22 and 12/22 (p=0.37) of lidocaine and placebo groups, respectively. Pain evaluation 24hours after surgery showed that 2/22 and 3/22 patients (p=0.50) of lidocaine and placebo groups, respectively, complained of pain. CONCLUSION: Intravenous lidocaine at a dose of 3 mg/kg administered over a period of an hour during mastectomy did not promote additional analgesia compared to placebo in the first 24hours, and has not decreased opioid consumption. However, a beneficial effect of intravenous lidocaine in selected and/or other therapeutic regimens patients can not be ruled out.

Knowledge of anaesthesiologists in Recife with respect to potential risks in the operating room-cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: the health care should be a safe act, free of adverse events. However, in daily practice an excessive exposure to factors that endanger the health of the professional is observed. The surgical center stands out as one of the sites where the professional involved is more vulnerable. This environment is the anaesthesiologist's workplace, and this professional must deal with its potential complicators. This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge of anaesthesiologists in Recife on various situations of risk in the workplace. METHOD: a cross-sectional study in which structured questionnaires, completed voluntarily and anonymously by the anesthesiologist itself, were applied to assess the knowledge of the potential risks in the operating room. Data were analyzed using Epi Info version 7. RESULTS: a total of 162 anaesthesiologists responded to the questionnaire, 38.02% of these professionals registered at Cooperative of Anaesthesiologists of Pernambuco. Of these, 3.7% read the manual of the Committee on Hospital Infection Control (Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar) of their institution and 40.74% chose the correct option, "technical director", as responsible for ensuring proper working conditions. Of the total, 5.56% stated that the anaesthetics' pollution index in the operating theater was monitored. Only 1.85% of the sample was subjected to periodic screening for tuberculosis. By analyzing the hypothetical situation of contamination with a patient with hepatitis C, only 43.83% knew that there is no effective post-exposure prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: educational campaigns should be implemented to improve the knowledge of health professionals and clarify institutions and professionals' rights and duties.

Is the anesthesiologist actually prepared for loss of airway or respiratory function? A cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To identify compliance with the procedures for securing the airway of patients submitted to anesthesia, defined as highly recommended in the World Health Organization Surgical Safety Checklist. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted with 87 patients aged 18 to 60 years, classified as ASA grade 1 or 2 according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Physical Status Classification. The study variables consisted of: whether the Mallampati test had been performed, whether equipment was readily available for orotracheal intubation, whether the correct placement of the endotracheal tube was verified, whether patient ventilation was monitored and whether fasting was confirmed. Prevalence ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated as measures of relative risk. Statistical significance was defined at 5%. RESULTS: It was found that in 87.4% of patients, the airway was not evaluated using the Mallampati classification and in 51.7% of cases, preoperative fasting was not confirmed. In 29.9% of cases, the ready availability of equipment for orotracheal intubation was not verified. In all of the cases in which the availability of this equipment was not checked, the patient was submitted to regional anesthesia, with a statistically significant difference compared to the cases in which the patient was submitted to general anesthesia. CONCLUSION: Measures considered essential for the safety of the patient during surgery are still being ignored.

Anesthesia and perioperative challenges for surgical separation of thoraco-omphalopagus twins: case report / Anestesia e desafios perioperátorios para cirurgia de separação de gêmeos toraco-onfalópagos: relato de caso

Abstract Background and objectives: Conjoined twins are monozygotic twins physically joined at some part of the body. This is a rare phenomenon, estimated between 1:50,000 and 1:200,000 births. The objective of this report is to present the anesthetic management and the perioperative challenges for a separation surgery. Case report: Thoraco-omphalopagus twins were diagnosed by ultrasound and were followed by the fetal medicine team of the service. After 11 h of cesarean surgery, the pediatric surgical team chose to separate the twins. They were monitored with cardioscopy, oximetry, capnography, nasopharyngeal thermometer, urinary output, and non-invasive blood pressure. We chose inhaled induction with oxygen and 4% Sevoflurane. T1 patient was intubated with a 3.5 uncuffed endotracheal tube, and, after three unsuccessful intubation attempts of patient T2, a number 1 laryngeal mask was used. After securing the twins' airway, the induction was supplemented with fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium. Mechanical ventilation in controlled pressure mode (6 mL.kg−1) and lumbar epidural (L1-L2) with 0.2% ropivacaine (2.5 mg.kg−1) were used. The pediatric surgical team initiated the separation of the twins via sternotomy, ligation of hepatic vessels. After 2 hours of procedure, the separation was completed, continuing the surgical treatment of T1 and the support of T2 until his death. Conclusions: Conjoined twin separation surgery is a challenge, which requires planning and coordination of a multidisciplinary team during all stages.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: Gêmeos conjugados são gêmeos monozigóticos conectados por alguma parte do corpo. Esse é um fenômeno raro, estimado entre 1:50.000 a 1:200.000 nascimentos. O objetivo deste relato é apresentar o manejo anestésico e os desafios perioperatórios para cirurgia de separação. Relato de caso: Gêmeos toraco-onfalópagos foram diagnosticados por ultrassonografia e acompanhados pela equipe de medicina fetal do serviço. Após 11 horas da cesárea, a equipe cirúrgica pediátrica optou pela separação dos gêmeos. Foram monitorados com cardioscopia, oximetria, capnografia, termômetro nasofaríngeo, débito urinário e pressão arterial não invasiva. Optou-se por indução inalatória com oxigênio e sevoflurano a 4%. O G1 foi intubado com tubo orotraqueal 3,5 sem cuff e após três tentativas de intubação do G2 sem sucesso usou-se máscara laríngea número 1. Após obtenção da via aérea nos gêmeos, complementou-se indução com fentanil, propofol e rocurônio. Ventilação mecânica no modo pressão controlada 6 ml.kg-1 e peridural lombar L1-L2 com ropivacaína 0,2% (2,5 mg.kg-1). A equipe cirúrgica pediátrica iniciou a separação dos gêmeos através de esternotomia, ligadura de vasos hepáticos. Após duas horas de procedimento, a separação foi concluída, prosseguiram-se o tratamento cirúrgico de G1 e os cuidados de G2 até o óbito. Conclusões: A cirurgia de separação de gêmeos conjugados é um desafio, requer planejamento e coordenação de uma equipe multidisciplinar durante todos os estágios.

Association of pain catastrophizing with the incidence and severity of acute and persistent perineal pain after natural childbirth: longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vaginal birth delivery may result in acute and persistent perineal pain postpartum. This study evaluated the association between catastrophizing, a phenomenon of poor psychological adjustment to pain leading the individual to magnify the painful experience making it more intense, and the incidence and severity of perineal pain and its relationship to perineal trauma. METHOD: Cohort study conducted with pregnant women in labor. We used the pain catastrophizing scale during hospitalization and assessed the degree of perineal lesion and pain severity in the first 24 hours and after 8 weeks of delivery using a numerical pain scale. RESULTS: We evaluated 55 women, with acute pain reported by 69.1%, moderate/severe pain by 36.3%, and persistent pain by 14.5%. Catastrophizing mean score was 2.15 ± 1.24. Catastrophizing patients showed a 2.90 relative risk (RR) for perineal pain (95% CI: 1.08-7.75) and RR: 1.31 for developing persistent perineal pain (95% CI: 1.05-1.64). They also showed a RR: 2.2 for developing acute and severe perineal pain (95% CI: 1.11-4.33). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of acute and persistent perineal pain after vaginal delivery is high. Catastrophizing pregnant women are at increased risk for developing acute and persistent perineal pain, as well as severe pain. Perineal trauma increased the risk of persistent perineal pain.

Association of pain catastrophizing with the incidence and severity of acute and persistent perineal pain after natural childbirth: longitudinal cohort study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Vaginal birth delivery may result in acute and persistent perineal pain postpartum. This study evaluated the association between catastrophizing, a phenomenon of poor psychological adjustment to pain leading the individual to magnify the painful experience making it more intense, and the incidence and severity of perineal pain and its relationship to perineal trauma. METHOD: Cohort study conducted with pregnant women in labor. We used the pain catastrophizing scale during hospitalization and assessed the degree of perineal lesion and pain severity in the fi rst 24 hours and after 8 weeks of delivery using a numerical pain scale. RESULTS: We evaluated 55 women, with acute pain reported by 69.1%, moderate/severe pain by 36.3%, and persistent pain by 14.5%. Catastrophizing mean score was 2.15 } 1.24. Catastrophizing patients showed a 2.90 relative risk (RR) for perineal pain (95% CI: 1.08-7.75) and RR: 1.31 for developing persistent perineal pain (95% CI: 1.05-1.64). They also showed a RR: 2.2 for developing acute and severe perineal pain (95% CI: 1.11-4.33). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of acute and persistent perineal pain after vaginal delivery is high. Catastrophizing pregnant women are at increased risk for developing acute and persistent perineal pain, as well as severe pain. Perineal trauma increased the risk of persistent perineal pain.

Difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation: observational study / Dificuldade na laringoscopia e na intubação orotraqueal: estudo observacional

Abstract Introduction: Since anesthesia complications associated with unexpected difficult airway are potentially catastrophic, they should be avoided. The modified Mallampati test and jaw-thrust maneuver enable the identification of difficult airway. The aim of this study was to associate the modified Mallampati test and the jaw-thrust maneuver with laryngoscopy (Cormack-Lehane) in an attempt to identify a better predictor of difficult airway in an adult population undergoing elective surgery. Method: A cross-sectional study in which 133 adult patients undergoing elective surgery requiring tracheal intubation were analyzed. The accuracy and specificity of the modified Mallampati test and jaw-thrust maneuver were assessed by correlating them with difficult laryngoscopy (Cormack-Lehane Degrees 3 and 4). Results: In the 133 patients evaluated the difficult intubation rate found was 0.8%; there was association between the two predictive tests proposed (p = 0.012). The values of 94.5% for specificity and 95.4% for accuracy were found for the jaw-thrust maneuver and for the modified Mallampati test, the values found were 81.1% and 81.2%, respectively. Kappa agreement identified a result of 0.240 between jaw-thrust maneuver and Cormack-Lehane, which was considered reasonable. On the other hand, a poor agreement (κ = 0.06) was seen between modified Mallampati test and Cormack-Lehane test. Conclusion: The jaw-thrust maneuver presented superior accuracy and agreement than the modified Mallampati test, showing the ability to identify a difficult airway. It is necessary to emphasize the association of tests in the evaluation of patients, emphasizing their complementarity to minimize the negative consequences of repeated laryngoscopies.

Resumo Introdução: As complicações anestésicas associadas às vias aéreas difíceis inesperadas por serem potencialmente catastróficas devem ser evitadas. O teste de Mallampati modificado e a manobra de protrusão mandibular possibilitam a identificação da via aérea difícil. O objetivo deste estudo foi associar o teste de Mallampati modificado e a manobra de protrusão mandibular com a laringoscopia (Cormack-Lehane) e tentar identificar um melhor preditor de via aérea difícil na população adulta submetida à cirurgia eletiva. Método: Estudo corte transversal, foram analisados 133 pacientes adultos submetidos a cirurgias eletivas que necessitavam de intubação orotraqueal. Avaliaram-se a acurácia e especificidade do teste de Mallampati modificado e da manobra de protrusão mandibular, correlacionados com laringoscopia difícil (Cormack-Lehane Graus 3 e 4). Resultados: Entre os 133 pacientes avaliados, a taxa de intubação difícil encontrada foi 0,8%, houve associação entre os dois testes preditores propostos (p = 0,012). Foram encontrados os seguintes valores para a especificidade 94,5% e a acurácia 95,4% na manobra de protrusão mandibular. Já para o teste de Mallampati modificado valores de 81,1% e de 81,2% respectivamente. A análise de concordância Kappa identificou entre manobra de protrusão mandibular e Cormarck-Lehane um resultado de 0,240; considerado razoável. Por outro lado, observou-se uma fraca (κ = 0,06) concordância entre o teste de Mallampati modificado e o Cormarck-Lehane. Conclusão: A manobra de protrusão mandibular apresentou acurácia e concordância superiores ao teste de Mallampati modificado, mostrou a capacidade de identificar uma via aérea difícil. Faz-se necessário enfatizar a associação dos testes na avaliação do paciente, destacar a complementariedade deles, minimizar as consequências negativas de laringoscopias repetidas.

Perioperative factors associated with delayed graft function in renal transplant patients / Fatores perioperatórios associados à função retardada do enxerto em pacientes transplantados renais

ABSTRACT Introduction: Successful renal transplant and consequent good graft function depend on a good surgical technique, an anesthetic that ensures the hemodynamic stability of the receiver, and appropriate conditions of graft and recipient. Several factors can interfere with the perfusion of the graft and compromise its viability. The objective of this study was to evaluate perioperative factors associated with delayed graft function (DGF) in renal transplantation patients. Methods: This is a historical cohort study of patients who underwent renal transplantation between 2011 and 2013. Three hundred and ten transplants were analyzed. DGF was defined as the need for dialysis during the first week post-transplant. Logistic regression with a stepwise technique was used to build statistical models. Results: Multivariate analysis revealed the following risk factor for DGF: combined anesthesia technique (OR = 3.81, 95%CI, 1.71 to 9.19), a fluid regimen < 50 mL·kg-1 (OR = 3.71, 95%CI, 1.68 to 8.61), dialysis for more than 60 months (OR = 4.77, 95%CI, 1.93 to 12.80), basiliximab (OR = 3.34, 95%CI, 1.14 to 10.48), cold ischemia time > 12 hour (OR = 5.26, 95%CI, 2.62 to 11.31), living donor (OR = 0.19, 95%CI, 0.02 to 0.65), and early diuresis (OR = 0.02, 95%CI, 0.008 to 0.059). The accuracy of this model was 92.6%, calculated using the area under the ROC curve. The incidence of DGF in the study population was 76.1%. Conclusions: Combined anesthesia technique, dialysis for more than 60 months, basiliximab, and cold ischemia time > 12 hours are risk factor for DGF, while liberal fluid regimens and kidneys from living donors are protective factors.

RESUMO Introdução: O sucesso do transplante renal e a boa função do enxerto dependem de uma boa técnica cirúrgica, anestesia que assegure a estabilidade hemodinâmica do receptor e condições adequadas de enxerto e receptor. Diversos fatores podem interferir na perfusão do enxerto e comprometer sua viabilidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os fatores perioperatórios associados à função retardada do enxerto (FRE) em pacientes transplantados renais. Métodos: Estudo de coorte histórica em 310 pacientes submetidos a transplante entre 2011 e 2013. A FRE foi definida como a necessidade de diálise durante a primeira semana pós-transplante. Utilizou-se regressão logística e técnica Stepwise para construir modelos estatísticos. Resultados: A análise multivariada revelou fatores associados à FRE: técnica de anestesia combinada (OR = 3,81,95% CI, 1,71 a 9,19), regime de fluidos < 50 mL.kg-1 (OR = 3,71,95% CI, 1,68 a 8,61), diálise por mais de 60 meses (OR = 4,77,95% IC, 1,93 a 12,80), basiliximab (OR = 3,34,95% IC, 1,14 a 10,48), tempo de isquemia fria > 12 horas (OR = 5,26,95 % IC, 2,62 a 11,31), doador vivo (OR = 0,19,95% CI, 0,02 a 0,65) e diurese precoce (OR = 0,02,95% IC, 0,008 a 0,059). A precisão desse modelo é de 92,6%, calculada usando a área sob a curva ROC. A incidência de FRE na população estudada foi de 76,1%. Conclusões: Técnica combinada de anestesia, diálise por mais de 60 meses, basiliximab e tempo de isquemia fria> 12 horas são fatores de risco para FRE; regimes de fluidos liberais e rins de doadores vivos são protetores.

Prevalence of neuropathic pain in patients with cancer / Prevalência da dor neuropática em pacientes com câncer

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with neuropathic pain in cancer patients METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted from August 2016 to July 2017, with 267 cancer patients above 18 years of age, with pain. Diabetic patients and patients with previous chronic pain unrelated to the current neoplasia were excluded. The demographic and disease information was obtained from the medical records and directly with the patient. The Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions questionnaire and the numeric pain scale were later applied. RESULTS: The prevalence of neuropathic pain in the study population was 53%. The average age of patients was 55.3 years. Of the 267 patients, 76% were female. There was no significant difference in the occurrence of neuropathic pain among gender, age, histological type of cancer and type of treatment. Of the patients, 35.5% who underwent chemotherapy had neuropathic pain, and there was no statistical difference between the types of chemotherapy performed. Twenty-four patients who reported pain at the radiotherapy site were diagnosed with neuropathic pain. Of the total, 63 patients who reported pain at the surgical site, 36 were classified with neuropathic pain. An increasing trend of neuropathic pain was observed when treatments were associated. The intensity of this pain was reported as moderate to severe by the majority of patients in the various types of treatment: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. CONCLUSION: When compared to other studies, a high prevalence of neuropathic pain was observed in more than half of the patients evaluated.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à dor neuropática em pacientes oncológicos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal prospectivo realizado no período de agosto de 2016 a julho de 2017. Participaram 267 pacientes oncológicos maiores de 18 anos que apresentavam dor, e excluídos os pacientes diabéticos e portadores de dor crônica pregressa sem relação com a neoplasia atual. Foram obtidas informações demográficas e sobre a doença no prontuário e diretamente com o paciente. Posteriormente foi aplicado o questionário Douleur Neuropathique en 4 questions e a escala numérica da dor. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da dor neuropática na população de estudo foi de 53%. A idade média dos pacientes foi 55,3 anos. Dos 267 pacientes, 76% eram do sexo feminino. Não houve diferença significativa de ocorrência de dor neuropática entre os sexos, idade, tipo histológico do câncer e o tipo de tratamento. Dos pacientes, 35,5% que realizaram quimioterapia tinham dor neuropática, não havendo diferença estatística entre os tipos de quimioterapia realizada. Vinte e quatro pacientes que referiam dor no local do tratamento radioterápico apresentaram o diagnóstico de dor neuropática. Do total, 63 pacientes que referiam dor na área cirúrgica, 36 foram classificados com dor neuropática. Observou-se tendência crescente de dor neuropática quando os tratamentos foram associados. A intensidade dessa dor foi referida como moderada a intensa pela maioria dos pacientes nos diversos tipos de tratamento: quimioterapia, radioterapia e cirurgia. CONCLUSÃO: Quando comparada a outros estudos, foi observada alta prevalência de dor neuropática, em mais da metade dos pacientes avaliados

Anesthesiologists' knowledge about packed red blood cells transfusion in surgical patients / Conhecimento dos anestesiologistas sobre transfusão de concentrado de hemácias em pacientes cirúrgicos

Abstract Introduction Blood is an important resource in several lifesaving interventions, such as anemia correction and improvement of oxygen transport capacity. Despite advances, packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion still involves risks. The aim of this study was to describe the knowledge of anesthesiologists about the indications, adverse effects, and alternatives to red blood cell transfusion intraoperatively. Method Cross-sectional study using a questionnaire containing multiple choice questions and clinical cases related to relevant factors on the decision whether to perform PRBC transfusion, its adverse effects, hemoglobin triggers, preventive measures, and blood conservation strategies. The questionnaire was filled without the presence of the investigator. Likert scale was used and the average rank of responses was calculated. The Epi Info 7 software was used for data analysis. Results 79% of the institution's anesthesiologists answered the questionnaire; 100% identified the main adverse effects related to blood transfusion. When asked about the factors that influence the transfusion decision, hemoglobin level had the highest agreement (MR = 4.46) followed by heart disease (MR = 4.26); hematocrit (MR = 4.34); age (RM = 4.1) and microcirculation evaluation (MR = 4.22). Respondents (82.3%) identified levels of Hb = 6 g.dL-1 as a trigger to transfuse healthy patient. Regarding blood conservation strategies, hypervolemic hemodilution (MR = 2.81) and decided by drugs (MR = 2.95) were the least reported. Conclusion We identify a good understanding of anesthesiologists about PRBC transfusion; however, there is a need for refresher courses on the subject.

Resumo Introdução O sangue é importante recurso em diversas intervenções mantenedoras da vida, como corrigir a anemia e melhorar a capacidade de transporte de oxigênio. Apesar dos avanços, a transfusão de concentrado de hemácias (TCH) ainda envolve riscos. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o conhecimento dos anestesiologistas sobre as indicações, os efeitos adversos e as opções ao procedimento de transfusão de concentrado de hemácias no intraoperatório. Método Estudo transversal que usou questionário com perguntas de múltipla escolha e casos clínicos, referentes a fatores relevantes na decisão de transfundir concentrado de hemácias, seus efeitos adversos, gatilhos de hemoglobina, suas medidas preventivas e estratégias de conservação de sangue. Respondido sem a presença do pesquisador. Usada a escala de Likert e feito cálculo do ranking médio das respostas. Análise dos dados feita com programa Epi Info 7. Resultados Dos anestesiologistas da instituição, 79% responderam ao questionário e 100% identificaram os principais efeitos adversos relacionados à hemotransfusão. Questionados sobre os fatores que influenciariam na decisão de transfundir, o nível de hemoglobina obteve a maior concordância (RM = 4,46), seguido de cardiopatia (RM = 4,26), níveis de hematócrito (RM = 4,34), idade (RM = 4,1) e avaliação da microcirculação (RM = 4,22). Dos entrevistados, 82,3% identificaram níveis de Hb = 6 g.dL-1 como gatilho para transfundir paciente sadio. Quanto às estratégias de conservação de sangue, a hemodiluição hipervolêmica (RM = 2,81) e a deliberada por medicamentos (RM = 2,95) foram as menos citadas. Conclusão Identificou-se uma boa compreensão dos anestesiologistas a respeito da TCH. No entanto, há necessidade de cursos de atualização sobre o tema.

Low back pain during pregnancy / Lombalgia na gestação

Abstract Objective: Low back pain is a common complaint among pregnant women. It is estimated that about 50% of pregnant women complain of some form of back pain at some point in pregnancy or during the postpartum period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of low back pain during pregnancy and its characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional study with low-risk pregnant women. After approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee and receiving written informed consent, we included pregnant women over 18 years of age and excluded those with psychiatric disorders, previous lumbar pathologies, and receiving treatment for low back pain. Results: We interviewed 97 pregnant women. The frequency of low back pain was 68%. The mean age was 26.2 years and the median gestational age was 30 weeks. Fifty-eight pregnant women declared themselves as brown (58%). Most (88.6%) were married or living in common-law marriage, 56 (57.7%) worked outside the home, and 71 (73.2%) had completed high school. Low back pain was more frequent during the second trimester of pregnancy (43.9%), referred to as a "burning" sensation in 37.8% of patients, with intermittent frequency in 96.9% of the women. The symptoms got worse at night (71.2%). Resting reduced low back pain in 43.9% of pregnant women, while the standing position for a long time worsened it in 27.2% of patients. Conclusion: Low back pain is common in pregnant women, has specific characteristics, and is more frequent in the second trimester of pregnancy. This indicates the need for prevention strategies that enable better quality of life for pregnant women.

Resumo Objetivo: A lombalgia é uma queixa comum entre grávidas. Estima-se que cerca de 50% das gestantes queixam-se de algum tipo de dor lombar em algum momento da gravidez ou durante o puerpério. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência da lombalgia na gestação e suas características. Método: Estudo de corte transversal com gestantes de baixo risco. Após a aprovação pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos e a assinatura do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, foram incluídas maiores de 18 anos e alfabetizadas e excluídas gestantes com distúrbios psiquiátricos, com patologias lombares prévias e em tratamento para dor lombar. Resultados: Foram entrevistadas 97 gestantes. A frequência de dor lombar foi 68%. A média de idade foi 26,2 anos e a mediana da idade gestacional de 30 semanas; 58 consideraram-se pardas (58%). A maioria (88,6%) era casada ou vivia em união estável, 56 (57,7%) trabalhavam fora e 71 (73,2%) tinham o ensino médio completo. A lombalgia foi mais frequente durante o segundo trimestre gestacional (43,9%), referida como "em queimação" por 37,8% das pacientes e com frequência intermitente em 96,9%. Os sintomas pioravam no período noturno (71,2%). O repouso reduzia a dor lombar em 43,9%, enquanto a posição ortostática por longo tempo agravava em 27,2%. Conclusão: A lombalgia é comum em gestantes, apresenta características específicas e é mais frequente no segundo trimestre. Isso alerta para a necessidade de serem instituídas estratégias de prevenção que possibilitem melhor qualidade de vida para a gestante.