Calcium gluconate and sodium succinate for therapy of sodium fluoroacetate experimental intoxication in cats: clinical and electrocardiographic evaluation.

Sodium fluoroacetate (SFAC) or Compound 1080 is a potent rodenticide, largely used after 1946 for rodent and home pest control. The toxic effects of SFAC are caused by fluorocitrate action, a toxic metabolite, which has a competitive action with aconitase enzyme, leading to citrate accumulation and resulting in interference in energy production by Krebs cycle blockade. In the present study, domestic cats were intoxicated with oral doses of fluoroacetate (0.45 mg/kg). The intoxicated animals presented emesis, diarrhea with abdominal pain posture and an abdominal palpation, tachypnea, bilateral midriasis, hypothermia, hyperexcitability and convulsions. Blood gas analysis indicated decreased pH and bicarbonate levels. Serum ionized calcium was also decreased. ECG showed non-specific changes in ventricular repolarization and ventricular arrhythmias. The survival rate was 75% in the treated group with calcium gluconate and sodium succinate and 37.5% in the nontreated group.

Radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging at 0.5 Tesla of mechanically induced osteoarthritis in rabbit knees.

In the present experimental study we assessed induced osteoarthritis data in rabbits, compared three diagnostic methods, i.e., radiography (XR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and correlated the imaging findings with those obtained by macroscopic evaluation. Ten young female rabbits of the Norfolk breed were used. Seven rabbits had the right knee immobilized in extension for a period of 12 weeks (immobilized group), and three others did not have a limb immobilized and were maintained under the same conditions (control group). Alterations observed by XR, CT and MRI after the period of immobilization were osteophytes, osteochondral lesions, increase and decrease of joint space, all of them present both in the immobilized and non-immobilized contralateral limbs. However, a significantly higher score was obtained for the immobilized limbs (XT: P = 0.016, CT: P = 0.031, MRI: P = 0.0156). All imaging methods were able to detect osteoarthritis changes after the 12 weeks of immobilization. Macroscopic evaluation identified increased thickening of joint capsule, proliferative and connective tissue in the femoropatellar joint, and irregularities of articular cartilage, especially in immobilized knees. The differences among XR, CT and MRI were not statistically significant for the immobilized knees. However, MRI using a 0.5 Tesla scanner was statistically different from CT and XR for the non-immobilized contralateral knees. We conclude that the three methods detected osteoarthritis lesions in rabbit knees, but MRI was less sensitive than XR and CT in detecting lesions compatible with initial osteoarthritis. Since none of the techniques revealed all the lesions, it is important to use all methods to establish an accurate diagnosis.

Effect of diclofenac sodium on the healing process of end-to-end anastomosis in carotid arteries of rabbits. Histopathological and biomechanical studies.

AIM: Diclofenac sodium is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to attenuate painful inflammatory reactions in surgery. However, it may delay healing in the skin and gastrointestinal tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Diclofenac in vascular healing. METHODS: Ninety rabbits had their carotid arteries sectioned and reconstructed by end-to-end anastomosis with interrupted sutures. The animals were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 30 each and treated by intramuscular route with saline (control), 5 mg/kg/day of diclofenac sodium (DS-5), and 10 mg/kg/day of diclofenac sodium (DS-10). Treatment began on the day of surgery and lasted 4 days. Angiography, biomechanical properties (failure load, failure elongation, yield point, yield point elongation, and stiffness were obtained from the load/elongation curve), macroscopic and histological examinations (hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, Calleja, Picrossirius-red), and scanning electron microscopy were studied in both arteries on the 3rd and 15th postoperative days. RESULTS: No significant differences in biomechanical properties were observed either in the 3 groups or the experimental times. The carotid artery healing process was similar in the 3 groups. CONCLUSION: Diclofenac sodium did not cause alterations nor delayed carotid artery healing.

Timed artificial insemination in beef cattle using GnRH agonist, PGF2alpha and estradiol benzoate (EB).

The present work evaluated low-cost protocols for timed artificial insemination (TAI) in beef cattle. In Experiment 1, cycling nonlactating Nelore cows (Bos indicus, n=98) were assigned to the following groups: GnRH-PGF (GP) and GnRH-PGF-GnRH (GPG), whereas cycling (n=328, Experiment 2) or anestrus (n = 225, Experiment 3) lactating (L) cows were divided into 3 groups: GP-L, GPG-L and GnRH-PGF-Estradiol benzoate (GPE-L). In Experiment 4, lactating cows (n=201) were separated into 3 groups: GP-L, GPE-L and G/2PE-L. Animals from Experiment 1, 3 and 4 were treated (Day 0), at random stages of the estrous cycle, with 8 microg of buserelin acetate (GnRH agonist) intramuscularly (i.m.), whereas in Experiment 2 half of the cows received 8 and the other half 12 microg of GnRH (i.m.). Seven days later (D 7) all animals were treated with 25 mg of dinoprost trometamine (PGF2alpha, i.m.) except those cows from the G/2PE-L group which received only 1/2 dose of PGF2alpha (12.5 mg) via intravulvo-submucosa (i.v.s.m.). After PGF2alpha injection the animals from the control groups (GP and GP-L) were observed twice daily to detect estrus and AI was performed 12 h afterwards. The cows from the other groups received a second GnRH injection (D 8 in GPG-L and d9 in GPG groups) or one injection of estradiol benzoate (EB, 1.0 mg, D 8 in GPE-L group). All cows from GPG and GPG-L or GPE-L groups were AI 20 to 24 or 30 to 34 h, respectively, after the last hormonal injection. Pregnancy was determined by ultrasonography or rectal palpation 30 to 50 days after AI. In the control groups (GP and GP-L) percentage of animals detected in heat (44.5 to 70.3%) and pregnancy rate (20 to 42%) varied according to the number of animals with corpus luteum (CL) at the beginning of treatment. The administration of a second dose of GnRH either 24 (Experiment 2) or 48 h (Experiment 1) after PGF2alpha resulted in 47.7 and 44.9% pregnancy rates, respectively, after TAI in cycling animals. However, in anestrus cows the GPG treatment induced a much lower pregnancy rate (14.9%) after TAI. The replacement of the second dose of GnRH by EB (GPE-L) resulted in a pregnancy rate (43.3%) comparable to that obtained after GnRH treatment (GPG-L, 47.7%, Experiment 2). Furthermore, the use of 1/2 dose of PGF2alpha (12.5 mg i.v.m.s., Experiment 4) resulted in pregnancy rate (43.5%) similar to that observed with the full dose (i.m.). Both protocols GPG and GPE were effective in synchronizing ovulation in cycling Nelore cows and allowed approximately a 45% pregnancy rate after TAI. Additionally, the GPE treatment is a promising alternative to the use of GPG in timed AI of beef cattle, due to the low cost of EB when compared to GnRH agonists.

[Contamination of public squares of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with eggs of Toxocara and Ancylostoma in dog feces]. / Contaminação de praças públicas de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, por ovos de Toxocara e Ancylostoma em fezes de cães.

From February to October 1998, the contamination of public squares of Campo Grande, MS, Brazil, by eggs of Toxocara and Ancylostoma was evaluated in dog fecal samples. Out of the 74 public parks examined, 42 (56.8%) were found to be contaminated with Ancylostoma eggs, 8 (10.8%) with Toxocara eggs and 7 (9.5%) with both.

Some segmental features on the structure of the aortic wall of the dog.

Structural features of segmental parts of the aorta of the dog were studied by light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The variability in the wall architecture composition and vascular thickness of the ascending (T2-3 level), thoracic (T7-8 level) and abdominal (L6-7 infrarenal level) segments of the aorta was analysed. Morphological features such as presence of intimal folds, pattern of the medial myoconnective components with segmental variations in the number of elastic lamellae, whose relative number was higher in the thoracic aorta (ascending and descending parts), compared with the abdominal aorta, and a network of connective (stromal) elements formed by elastic and collagen lamellae and fibres in the adventitia were observed. The results were discussed on a histophysiological basis, because small but significant segmental differences had been characterized in the aortic wall structure of the dog.

Comparação entre método bioquímico e reação em cadeia de polimerase para identificação de Lactobacillus spp., isolados de aves / Comparison between biochemical and polymerase chain reaction methods for the identification of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from chickens

Lactobacilos foram isolados do inglúvio e cecos de reprodutoras pesadas e caracterizados como Gram-positivo, catalase negativo, produtores de gás em glicose e não produtores de H2S em triple sugar iron e pela fermentação de carboidratos. Utilizaram-se os iniciadores: Lac 1/23-10C para detecção de Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus e L. jensenii; Lac 2/LU-1' para L. acidophilus; Fer 3/Fer 4 para L. fermentum; Reu 1/Reu 2 para L. reuteri e Sal 1 e Sal 2 para L. salivarius. L. reuteri e L. salivarius foram identificados pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e pelo teste bioquímico, enquanto L. acidophilus, L. fermentum e Lactobacillus sp. somente pelo teste bioquímico. Os resultados obtidos na PCR foram mais precisos quando comparados aos obtidos com o método bioquímico, que demonstrou ser subjetivo devido às variações na fermentação de carboidratos, principalmente na diferenciação entre L. fermentum e L. reuteri.(AU)

Lactobacilli were isolated from crops and ceca of broiler breeders and characterized by positive Gram staining, negative catalase test, production of gas from glucose, and negative for H2S production from triple sugar iron, and carbohydrates fermentation. Primers: Lac1/23-10C for detecting Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus, and L. jensenii; Lac2/LU-1' for L. acidophilus; Fer3/Fer4 for L. fermentum; Reu1/Reu2 for L. reuteri, and Sal1/Sal2 for L. salivarius were used. L. reuteri and L. salivarius were identified by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical tests. However, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and Lactobacillus sp. were only identified by biochemical tests. PCR results were more precise, considering the variability of carbohydrate fermentation among the strains, especially for identifying L. fermentum and L. reuteri.(AU)

Comparação entre método bioquímico e reação em cadeia de polimerase para identificação de Lactobacillus spp., isolados de aves / Comparison between biochemical and polymerase chain reaction methods for the identification of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from chickens

Lactobacilos foram isolados do inglúvio e cecos de reprodutoras pesadas e caracterizados como Gram-positivo, catalase negativo, produtores de gás em glicose e não produtores de H2S em triple sugar iron e pela fermentação de carboidratos. Utilizaram-se os iniciadores: Lac 1/23-10C para detecção de Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus e L. jensenii; Lac 2/LU-1' para L. acidophilus; Fer 3/Fer 4 para L. fermentum; Reu 1/Reu 2 para L. reuteri e Sal 1 e Sal 2 para L. salivarius. L. reuteri e L. salivarius foram identificados pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e pelo teste bioquímico, enquanto L. acidophilus, L. fermentum e Lactobacillus sp. somente pelo teste bioquímico. Os resultados obtidos na PCR foram mais precisos quando comparados aos obtidos com o método bioquímico, que demonstrou ser subjetivo devido às variações na fermentação de carboidratos, principalmente na diferenciação entre L. fermentum e L. reuteri.

Lactobacilli were isolated from crops and ceca of broiler breeders and characterized by positive Gram staining, negative catalase test, production of gas from glucose, and negative for H2S production from triple sugar iron, and carbohydrates fermentation. Primers: Lac1/23-10C for detecting Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus, and L. jensenii; Lac2/LU-1' for L. acidophilus; Fer3/Fer4 for L. fermentum; Reu1/Reu2 for L. reuteri, and Sal1/Sal2 for L. salivarius were used. L. reuteri and L. salivarius were identified by both polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biochemical tests. However, L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and Lactobacillus sp. were only identified by biochemical tests. PCR results were more precise, considering the variability of carbohydrate fermentation among the strains, especially for identifying L. fermentum and L. reuteri.

The effect of changing the mode of ventilation on the arterial-to-end-tidal CO2 difference and physiological dead space in laterally and dorsally recumbent horses during halothane anesthesia.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of changing the mode of ventilation from spontaneous to controlled on the arterial-to-end-tidal CO2 difference [P(a-ET)CO2] and physiological dead space (VD(phys)/VT) in laterally and dorsally recumbent halothane-anesthetized horses. STUDY DESIGN; Prospective, experimental, nonrandomized trial. ANIMALS: Seven mixed breed adult horses (1 male and 6 female) weighing 320 +/- 11 kg. METHODS: Horses were anesthetized in 2 positions-right lateral and dorsal recumbency-with a minimum interval of 1 month. Anesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen for 180 minutes. Spontaneous ventilation (SV) was used for 90 minutes followed by 90 minutes of controlled ventilation (CV). The same ventilator settings were used for both laterally and dorsally recumbent horses. Arterial blood gas analysis was performed every 30 minutes during anesthesia. End-tidal CO2 (PETCO2) was measured continuously. P(a-ET)CO2 and VD(phys)NT were calculated. Statistical analysis included analysis of variance for repeated measures over time, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls test. Comparison between groups was performed using a paired t test; P < .05 was considered significant. RESULTS: P(a-ET)CO2 and VD(phys)/VT increased during SV, whereas CV reduced these variables. The variables did not change significantly throughout mechanical ventilation in either group. Dorsally recumbent horses showed greater P(a-ET)CO2 and VD(phys)/VT values throughout. PaCO2 was greater during CV in dorsally positioned horses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Changing the mode of ventilation from spontaneous to controlled was effective in reducing P(a-ET)CO2 and physiological dead space in both laterally and dorsally recumbent halothane-anesthetized horses. Dorsal recumbency resulted in greater impairment of effective ventilation. Capnometry has a limited value for accurate estimation of PaCO2 in anesthetized horses, although it may be used to evaluate pulmonary function when paired with arterial blood gas analysis.

Efeito protetor da microbiota cecal congelada e liofilizada sobre a infecção experimental de frangos de corte por Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis

The effects of anaerobic cecal microflora lyophilized (AML) or frozen (AMF) on the digestive tract infection of broilers by Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) were studied. AML and AMF were used without previous bacterial identification. SE infection was more evident in ceca, followed by crop and duodenum. The infection was self limited both in treated and control groups. No significant difference between the positive control and the treated with AML group or AMF was observed. However, there was a reduction of the chick digestive system SE colonization, especially in the ceca, as well as in SE fecal excretion in the treated groups with AML and AMF, in comparison with the positive control group. No significant variation between the treatments with AML and AMF, in none of the evaluated parameters was observed. SE reduced body weight gain in the inoculated birds. The treatments with AML and AMF minimized weight reduction in the infected groups.

Estudaram-se os efeitos do tratamento de frangos de corte com microbiota cecal anaeróbia liofilizada (MCL) e congelada (MCC) sobre a infecção do trato digestivo das aves por Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis. Foi usada microbiota intestinal sem prévia identificação bacteriana. A infecção foi persistente, em ordem, no ceco, inglúvio e duodeno. A infecção também foi autolimitante nos grupos tratados e no controle. Não ocorreu diferença entre o grupo-controle positivo e os tratados com MCL ou MCC. Houve redução da colonização do ceco no período de 12 dias após o desafio nos grupos tratados com MCL e MCC, o que não ocorreu no grupo-controle positivo. Não houve variação entre os tratamentos com MCL e MCC quanto às características pesquisadas. A S. Enteritidis reduziu o ganho de peso médio nas aves inoculadas. Os tratamentos com MCL e MCC minimizaram a redução de peso nos grupos infectados.

Efeito protetor da microbiota cecal congelada e liofilizada sobre a infecçäo experimental de frangos de corte por Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis / Protection by anaerobic cecal microflora frozen or lyophilized against experimental infection by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in broilers

Estudaram-se os efeitos do tratamento de frangos de corte com microbiota cecal anaeróbia liofilizada (MCL) e congelada (MCC) sobre a infecçäo do trato digestivo das aves por Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis. Foi usada microbiota intestinal sem prévia identificaçäo bacteriana. A infecçäo foi persistente, em ordem, no ceco, inglúvio e duodeno. A infecçäo também foi autolimitante nos grupos tratados e no controle. Näo ocorreu diferença entre o grupo-controle positivo e os tratados com MCL ou MCC. Houve reduçäo da colonizaçäo do ceco no período de 12 dias após o desafio nos grupos tratados com MCL e MCC, o que näo ocorreu no grupo-controle positivo. Näo houve variaçäo entre os tratamentos com MCL e MCC quanto às características pesquisadas. A S. Enteritidis reduziu o ganho de peso médio nas aves inoculadas. Os tratamentos com MCL e MCC minimizaram a reduçäo de peso nos grupos infectados

EFFECTS OF YOHIMBINE AND ATIPAMEZOLE ON PLASMATIC GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION AND BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS IN DOGS INTOXICATED WITH TRIATOX®

Este estudo comparou a eficácia entre ioimbina e atipamezole na reversão da hiperglicemia e das alterações de hemogasometria induzida pelo Triatox®. Trinta cães foram divididos igualmente em 3 grupos (T, TY, e TA). Grupo T recebeu Triatox® a 2.5% IV na dose de 1 mg/kg; Grupo TY recebeu a mesma dose de Triatox® e após 30 min ioimbina na dose de 0.1mg/kg (2 mg/mL) IV; e Grupo TA recebeu a mesma dose de amitraz e após 30 min atipamezole na dose de 0.2 mg/kg (5 mg/mL) IV. Amostras de sangue de cada animal foram coletadas para análise da concentração de glicose plasmática e hemogasometria nos tempos 0, 30, 60, 120 e 360 minutos após a administração de Triatox®. A hiperglicemia, induzida pelo amitraz e observada nos três grupos, foi revertida no grupo da ioimbina (grupo TY) e, de maneira menos afetiva, no do atipamezole (grupo TA). Não houve alteração significante (p

This study compared the effectiveness of either yohimbine or atipamezole in the reversion of hyperglycemia and blood gas alterations induced by Triatox®. Thirty dogs were equally divided into 3 groups (T, TY, and TA). Group T was given 2.5% Triatox® i.v. at 1 mg/kg; Group TY received the same dose of Triatox® followed by 0.1 mg/kg (2 mg/mL) yohimbine i.v. 30 minutes later; and Group TA received the same dose of Triatox® followed by 0.2 mg/kg (5 mg/mL)atipamezole i.v. 30 minutes later. Blood samples of every animal were drawn to measure plasma glucose concentration and blood gases at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 360 minutes after amitraz administration. Hyperglycemia was observed in group T (Triatox®); yohimbine (group TY) reverted the hyperglycemia induced by Triatox®, whereas atipamezole(group TA) was less effective than yohimbine to do so. There were no significant (p < 0.05) changes on blood gas analysis in all studied groups. Our results demonstrate the importance of more studies regarding the reversion of amitraz-induced hyperglycemia by the a2-adrenergic antagonists yohimbine and atipamezole. This procedure may be a crucial factor in the treatment of patients with alterations of the cardiorespiratory parameters and increased blood glucose levels owing to intoxication by this acaricide.KEY-WORDS: Amitraz. Yohimbine. Atipamezole. Glucose. Blood gas analysis. Triatox®.

Efeito da vacina contra coccidiose sobre a colonização de Salmonella enteritidis em frangos de corte tratados com microbiota cecal anaeróbia

The effect of a coccidiosis vacine on the ability of the anaerobic cecal microflora (ACM) administered (treated birds) through different ways, to protect broiler chicks against Salmonella enteritidis (Se) colonization was studied. One hundred twenty broiler chicks were divided into six groups: for group A, ACM was given by spray after vaccination against coccidiosis and challenge with Se; for group B, ACM was given by intra-esophagus to coccidiosis vaccinated and Se challenged chicks; for group C, ACM given by drinking water to coccidiosis vaccinated and Se challenged chicks; for group D, chicks were not ACM treated, but coccidiosis vaccinated and Se challenged; for group E, chicks were not ACM treated, not vaccinated against coccidiosis but Se challenged and, for group F, not vaccinated, not challenged, and not treated chicks were used (negative control). The colonization of the digestive system and the presence of Se in feces were used as parameters, as well as body weight of the chicks, evaluated at two, seven and 12 days after challenge. Se count in feces and cecal colonization were reduced in ACM treated groups, mainly through spraying and by intra-esophagus routes, indicating that the actions of ACM against cecal colonization and fecal excretion of Se are not affected by the use of vaccine against coccidiosis in broiler chicks, and that the association ACM/coccidiosis vaccine can be used without reduction of the effectiveness of ACM. In the groups that did not receive ACM, vaccinated or not against coccidiosis, there was an increase of cecal colonization, as well as fecal excretion of Se. The cecum was the main site of colonization and persistence of Se. ACM given by spraying or intra-esophagus route reduced Se in the feces and cecum, as compared with chicks that received ACM by drinking water, although only this treatment has determined a significantly higher body weight than the not treated, not vaccinated but challenged group, probably indicating that the paratyphoids Salmonella may not interfere with broiler performance. No differences on body weight between not ACM treated, Se challenged and vaccinated or not groups were observed, suggesting that the vaccine did not influence the weight gain of the chicks challenged with Salmonela enteriditis.

Avaliou-se o efeito da vacina contra coccidiose sobre a habilidade da microbiota cecal anaeróbia (MCA), administrada por diferentes vias (aves tratadas), em proteger pintos de corte da colonização por Salmonella enteritidis (Se). Utilizaram-se 120 aves assim divididas: grupo A, pulverização de MCA em aves vacinadas contra coccidiose e desafiadas com Se, grupo B, inoculação endoesofágica de MCA em aves vacinadas e desafiadas, grupo C, MCA na água de bebida de aves vacinadas e desafiadas, grupo D, aves não tratadas, vacinadas e desafiadas, grupo E, aves não tratadas, não vacinadas e desafiadas e, grupo F, aves não tratadas, não vacinadas e não desafiadas (controle negativo). Utilizaram-se como parâmetros a colonização do trato digestivo por Se e sua presença nas fezes, bem como o peso corporal das aves, avaliados aos dois, sete e 12 dias após o desafio. Nas aves tratadas com MCA, especialmente por meio de pulverização e inoculação endoesofágica, a colonização do ceco por Se e sua presença nas fezes foram menores, mostrando que a ação da MCA contra a colonização de ceco e excreção fecal não foi afetada pelo uso da vacina contra coccidiose em pintos de corte e que a associação MCA/vacina contra coccidiose pode ser utilizada sem que haja comprometimento na eficácia da MCA. Nos grupos que não receberam MCA, vacinados ou não contra coccidiose, houve aumento da colonização cecal, bem como excreção fecal da amostra desafio. O ceco foi o local de maior presença e persistência da Se. O resultado de administração de MCA pela água de bebida não foi tão eficiente, mas somente este tratamento resultou em peso corporal das aves significativamente superior ao das aves do grupo não tratado, não vacinado e desafiado, indicando que a presença de salmonelas paratifóides não interfere na produtividade de frangos de corte. Não se observou diferença no peso das aves dos grupos D (vacinados contra coccidiose) e E (não vacinadas) desafiadas com Se, demonstrando que a vacina não influenciou negativamente o ganho de peso das aves desafiadas com Salmonela enteriditis.

Efeito da vacina contra coccidiose sobre a colonizaçäo de Salmonella enteritidis em frangos de corte tratados com microbiota cecal anaeróbia / Effect of coccidiosis vaccine on Salmonella enteritidis colonization in broiler chicks inoculated with anaerobic cecal microflora

Avaliou-se o efeito da vacina contra coccidiose sobre a habilidade da microbiota cecal anaeróbia (MCA), administrada por diferentes vias (aves tratadas), em proteger pintos de corte da colonizaçäo por Salmonella enteritidis (Se). Utilizaram-se 120 aves assim divididas: grupo A, pulverizaçäo de MCA em aves vacinadas contra coccidiose e desafiadas com Se, grupo B, inoculaçäo endoesofágica de MCA em aves vacinadas e desafiadas, grupo C, MCA na água de bebida de aves vacinadas e desafiadas, grupo D, aves näo tratadas, vacinadas e desafiadas, grupo E, aves näo tratadas, näo vacinadas e desafiadas e, grupo F, aves näo tratadas, näo vacinadas e näo desafiadas (controle negativo). Utilizaram-se como parâmetros a colonizaçäo do trato digestivo por Se e sua presença nas fezes, bem como o peso corporal das aves, avaliados aos dois, sete e 12 dias após o desafio. Na aves tratadas com MCA, especialmente por meio de pulverizaçäo e inoculaçäo endoesofágica, a colonizaçäo do ceco por Se e sua presença nas fezes foram menores, mostrando que a açäo da MCA contra a colonizaçäo de ceco e excreçäo fecal näo foi afetada pelo uso da vacina contra coccidiose em pintos de corte e que a associaçäo MCA/vacina contra coccidiose por ser utilizada sem que haja comprometimento na eficácia da MCA. Nos grupos que näo receberam MCA, vacinados ou näo contra coccidiose, houve aumento da colonizaçäo cecal, bem como excreçäo fecal da amostra desafio. O ceco foi o local de maior presença e persistência da Se. O resultado de administraçäo de MCA pela água de bebida näo foi täo eficiente, mas somente este tratamento resultou em peso corporal das aves significativamente superior ao das aves do grupo näo tratado, näo vacinado e desafiado, indicando que a presença de salmonelas paratifóides näo interfere na produtividade de frangos de corte. Näo se observou diferença no peso das aves dos grupos D (vacinados contra coccidiose) e E ( näo vacinadas) desafiadas com Se, demonstrando que a vacina näo influenciou negativamente o ganho de peso das aves desafiadas com Salmonela enteriditis

Radiography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging at 0.5 Tesla of mechanically inducedosteoarthritis in rabbit knees

In the present experimental study we assessed induced osteoarthritis data in rabbits, compared three diagnostic methods, i.e., radiography (XR), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and correlated the imaging findings with those obtained by macroscopic evaluation. Ten young female rabbits of the Norfolk breed were used. Seven rabbits had the right knee immobilized in extension for a period of 12 weeks (immobilized group), and three others did not have a limb immobilized and were maintained under the same conditions (control group). Alterations observed by XR, CT and MRI after the period of immobilization were osteophytes, osteochondral lesions, increase and decrease of joint space, all of them present both in the immobilized and non-immobilized contralateral limbs. However, a significantly higher score was obtained for the immobilized limbs (XT: P = 0.016, CT: P = 0.031, MRI: P = 0.0156). All imaging methods were able to detect osteoarthritis changes after the 12 weeks of immobilization. Macroscopic evaluation identified increased thickening of joint capsule, proliferative and connective tissue in the femoropatellar joint, and irregularities of articular cartilage, especially in immobilized knees. The differences among XR, CT and MRI were not statistically significant for the immobilized knees. However, MRI using a 0.5 Tesla scanner was statistically different from CT and XR for the non-immobilized contralateral knees. We conclude that the three methods detected osteoarthritis lesions in rabbit knees, but MRI was less sensitive than XR and CT in detecting lesions compatible with initial osteoarthritis. Since none of the techniques revealed all the lesions, it is important to use all methods to establish an accurate diagnosis.

Effect of fibrin glue derived from snake venom on the viability of autogenous split-thickness skin graft

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of snake venom derived from fibrin glue on the viability of split-thickness skin graft. Nine crossbreed dogs were used. Full-thickness skin segments measuring 4 x 4 cm were bilaterally excised from the proximal radial area on each dog. A split-thickness skin graft was harvestedfrom left lateral thoracic area using a freehand graft knife, and was secured to the left recipient bed using several simple interrupted sutures of 3-0 nylon (sutured graft). A split-thickness skin graft was harvested from the right lateral thoracic area using a graft knife. Fibrin glue derived from snake venom was applied to the recipient bed, and 8 equidistant simple interrupted sutures of 3-0 nylon were used to secure the skin graft (glued graft). Viable and nonviable areas were traced on a transparent sheet and measured using a Nikon Photomicroscope connected to a KS-300 image analysis system. The skin graft and recipient bed were collected from three dogs at day 7, 15, and 30 postoperative. The glued grafts had statistically higher graft viability than sutured grafts. Histological examination showed that the tissue repair process in the glued grafts was more accentuated than sutured grafts. It was possible to conclude that fibrin glue derived from snake venom increased survival of autogenous split-thickness skin graft.

Effect of fibrin glue derived from snake venom on the viability of autogenous split-thickness skin graft

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of snake venom derived from fibrin glue on the viability of split-thickness skin graft. Nine crossbreed dogs were used. Full-thickness skin segments measuring 4X4 cm were bilaterally excised from the proximal radial area on each dog. A split-thickness skin graft was harvested from left lateral thoracic area using a freehand graft knife, and was secured to the left recipient bed using several simple interrupted sutures of 3-o nylon (sutured graft). A split-thickness skin graft was harvested from the right lateral thoracic area using a graft knife. Fibrin glue derived from snake venom was applied to the recipient bed, and 8 equidistant simple interrupted sutures of 3-0 nylon were used to secure the skin graft (glued graft). Viable and nonviable areas were traced on a transparent sheet and measured using a Nikon Photomicroscope connected to a KS-300 image analysis system. The skin graft and recipient bed were collected from three dogs at day 7,15, and 30 postoperative. The glued grafs had statistically higher graft viability than sutured grafts. Histological examination showed that the tissue repair process in the glued grafts was more accentuated than sutured grafts. It was possible to conclude that fibrin glue derived from snake venom increased survival of autogenous split-thickness skin graft.

Fixação de enxerto cutâneo em malha de espessura total com sutura ou cola de fibrina / Fixation of full-thickness mesh skin using suture or fibrin glue

Avaliou-se a influência da cola de fibrina, derivada do veneno de serpente, na fixação e integração de enxerto de pele. Foram utilizados nove cães, sem raça definida, com peso médio de 15kg. Foi induzida ferida de 4I4cm de área, na face crânio-proximal dos antebraços direito e esquerdo. Um enxerto de espessura total foi colhido da região torácica e expandido por meio de expansor de pele. No membro direito o enxerto foi estabilizado no leito receptor por meio de pontos isolados simples; no esquerdo foi fixado pela aplicação de cola de fibrina e oito pontos de sutura. O sítio doador foi fechado empregando-se retalho cutâneo bipediculado. As bandagens do leito receptor foram oclusivas e não aderentes e aplicou-se pomada de neomicina com bacitracina. A troca de bandagens ocorreu diariamente até o sétimo dia de pós-operatório e, posteriormente, a cada três dias. A área de sobrevivência do enxerto foi obtida pela subtração das áreas não viáveis e total medidas com fotomicroscópio Nikon conectado a um sistema de análise de imagem KS-300 aos três, sete, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Para a avaliação microscópica, a área do enxerto foi colhida em três animais aos sete, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Não houve diferença entre momentos de avaliação e técnicas de fixação quanto à área de enxerto viável. Os enxertos fixados com cola apresentaram estágio de reparação mais avançado em todos os momentos. Concluiu-se que a cola de fibrina derivada do veneno de serpente tem moderado poder adesivo e, pela análise microscópica, favorece a integração do enxerto cutâneo em malha de espessura total.

Fixação de enxerto cutâneo em malha de espessura total com sutura ou cola de fibrina / Fixation of full-thickness mesh skin using suture or fibrin glue

Avaliou-se a influência da cola de fibrina, derivada do veneno de serpente, na fixação e integração de enxerto de pele. Foram utilizados nove cães, sem raça definida, com peso médio de 15kg. Foi induzida ferida de 4×4cm de área, na face crânio-proximal dos antebraços direito e esquerdo. Um enxerto de espessura total foi colhido da região torácica e expandido por meio de expansor de pele. No membro direito o enxerto foi estabilizado no leito receptor por meio de pontos isolados simples; no esquerdo foi fixado pela aplicação de cola de fibrina e oito pontos de sutura. O sítio doador foi fechado empregando-se retalho cutâneo bipediculado. As bandagens do leito receptor foram oclusivas e não aderentes e aplicou-se pomada de neomicina com bacitracina. A troca de bandagens ocorreu diariamente até o sétimo dia de pós-operatório e, posteriormente, a cada três dias. A área de sobrevivência do enxerto foi obtida pela subtração das áreas não viáveis e total medidas com fotomicroscópio Nikon conectado a um sistema de análise de imagem KS-300 aos três, sete, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Para a avaliação microscópica, a área do enxerto foi colhida em três animais aos sete, 15 e 30 dias de pós-operatório. Não houve diferença entre momentos de avaliação e técnicas de fixação quanto à área de enxerto viável. Os enxertos fixados com cola apresentaram estágio de reparação mais avançado em todos os momentos. Concluiu-se que a cola de fibrina derivada do veneno de serpente tem moderado poder adesivo e, pela análise microscópica, favorece a integração do enxerto cutâneo em malha de espessura total.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of fibrin glue, derived from snake venom, on fixation and integration of skin graft. Nine crossbred dogs, with average weight of 15kg were used. Wounds measuring 4×4 cm were induced at the cranioproximal aspect of the right and left forelimb. Full-thickness skin grafts were harvested from thoracic area, and meshed with a commercial mesh dermatome. The graft was secured to the recipient bed using several simple interrupted sutures on the right forelimb. On the left forelimb fibrin glue and eight simple interrupted sutures were used. The bed was closed using bipedicle advancement flap. The non-adherent occlusive bandage and neomycin-bacitracin ointment were used on receptor bed. The bandage was changed every day until the seventh day postoperative and every three days afterwards. The graft survival area was obtained by subtraction of total and nonviable areas measured with a Nikon Photomicroscope connected to a KS-300 image analysis system at 3, 7, 15 and 30 days postsurgically. For microscopic evaluation, the skin graft, recipient bed and adjacent surrounding skin were collected at 7, 15 and 30 days postsurgery. No statistical difference was detected for the viable graft area, in each evaluation moment and between fixation methods. However, based on microscopic evaluation, fibrin glue enhanced the tissue repair process in all evaluation moments. It was possible to conclude that fibrin glue derived from snake venom has moderate adhesive capacity, and, based on microscopic examination, improves the integration of full-thickness mesh skin grafts.(AU)

La región epididimaria de la paloma (columbia livia): análisis morfológico y morfométrico / The epididymal region of the pigeon (columba livia): morphological and morphometrical evaluation

La vía espermática extratesticular de la paloma está formada por los conductores eferentes proximales y distales, y Por el conducto epididimario. Los conductos eferentes están revestidos por epitelio pseudo-estratificado, estereocilado y el conducto Epididimario por epitelio columnar bajo, pseudo-estratificado. El análisis morfométrico demostró que los conductores eferentes proximales Poseen mayor diámetro medio entre los túbulos de la región epididimaria (X: 283,64 um); teniendo este hecho una probable implicancia Fisiológica en el proceso de reabsorción del fluido seminífero